State v. Coffee , 2023 Ohio 474 ( 2023 )

[Cite as State v. Coffee, 2023-Ohio-474.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
CLARK COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
:
Appellee : C.A. Nos. 2022-CA-54; 2022-CA-55
:
v. : Trial Court Case Nos. 22-CR-0018;
: 22-CR-0245(A)
ROBERT COFFEE :
: (Criminal Appeal from Common Pleas
Appellant : Court)
:
...........
OPINION
Rendered on February 17, 2023
...........
IAN A. RICHARDSON, Attorney for Appellee
JOHNNA M. SHIA, Attorney for Appellant
.............
WELBAUM, P.J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Robert Coffee, appeals from his convictions in the
Clark County Court of Common Pleas after pleading guilty to one count of aggravated
trafficking in drugs in Case No. 22-CR-0018 and to one count each of aggravated
trafficking in drugs and tampering with evidence in Case No. 22-CR-0245(A). After this
-2-
court consolidated Coffee’s appeals, on August 10, 2022, Coffee’s appellate counsel filed
a brief under the authority of Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d
493 (1967), asserting the absence of any non-frivolous issues for appeal. On October
11, 2022, this court notified Coffee that his counsel had found no meritorious claims to
present on appeal and granted Coffee 60 days to file a pro se brief in order to raise any
assignments of error for this court’s review. Coffee, however, did not file a pro se brief.
After conducting an independent review of the record as required by Anders, this court
finds no issues with arguable merit for Coffee to advance on appeal. Therefore, the
judgments of the trial court will be affirmed.
Facts and Course of Proceedings
{¶ 2} On August 4, 2022, Coffee entered guilty pleas in Clark C.P. Nos. 22-CR-
0018 and 22-CR-0245(A). In Case No. 22-CR-0018, Coffee pled guilty to one second-
degree-felony count of aggravated trafficking in drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2).
In Case No. 22-CR-0245(A), Coffee pled guilty to an additional second-degree-felony
count of aggravated trafficking in drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A(2) and to one third-
degree-felony count of tampering with evidence in violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1).
{¶ 3} Coffee’s guilty pleas were made pursuant to a plea agreement. In exchange
for the guilty pleas, the State agreed to dismiss indicted counts in Case No. 22-CR-0018
for aggravated possession of drugs, trafficking in cocaine, possession of cocaine,
trafficking in a fentanyl related compound, and possession of a fentanyl related
compound. The State also agreed to dismiss indicted counts in Case No. 22-CR-
-3-
0245(A) for aggravated possession of drugs, endangering children, and failure to comply
with the order or signal of a police officer.
{¶ 4} The parties’ plea agreement also included agreed sentences for each case.
For Case No. 22-CR-0018, the parties agreed that Coffee would serve an indefinite prison
term of a minimum of 5 years to a maximum of 7.5 years for the single count of aggravated
trafficking in drugs; Coffee also agreed to forfeit $1,027 that was seized from his person.
For Case No. 22-CR-0245(A), the parties agreed to an indefinite prison term of a minimum
of 3 years to a maximum of 4.5 years for aggravated trafficking in drugs and to a definite
term of 2 years in prison for tampering with evidence. The parties also agreed that the
prison terms in Case No. 22-CR-0245(A) would be served consecutively for an aggregate,
indefinite term of 5 to 6.5 years in prison. The parties further agreed that the 5-to-7.5-
year term in Case No. 22-CR-0018 and the aggregate 5-to-6.5-year term in Case No. 22-
CR-00245(A) would be served consecutively to each other.
{¶ 5} After conducting a plea colloquy and accepting Coffee’s guilty pleas as being
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily entered, the trial court accepted the agreed-upon
prison sentences proposed by the parties and sentenced Coffee accordingly. After
imposing the agreed-upon sentences, the trial court notified Coffee that he would be
required to serve a mandatory term of postrelease control for up to three years but not
less than 18 months. The trial court also notified Coffee that he would be credited for jail
time served from January 25, 2022.
Following his sentencing hearing, Coffee filed timely appeals from his convictions
in both cases. On August 17, 2022, this court ordered the appeals to be consolidated.
-4-
In proceeding with the consolidated appeals, Coffee’s appellate counsel filed an Anders
brief asserting the absence of any non-frivolous issues for appeal. In the Anders brief,
counsel asserted three potential assignments of error for this court’s review: (1) whether
Coffee’s guilty pleas were valid; (2) whether the trial court properly sentenced Coffee; and
(3) whether the indefinite sentencing scheme set forth in the Reagan Tokes Law is
constitutional.
Anders Standard of Review
{¶ 6} Pursuant to Anders, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493, we are
charged with conducting an independent review of the record “to determine whether any
issues involving potentially reversible error that are raised by appellate counsel or by a
defendant in his pro se brief are ‘wholly frivolous.’ ” State v. Marbury, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 19226, 2003-Ohio-3242, ¶ 7, quoting Anders at 744. An issue is wholly
frivolous if it lacks arguable merit, meaning that “on the facts and law involved, no
responsible contention can be made that it offers a basis for reversal.” Id. at ¶ 8, citing
State v. Pullen, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19232, 2002-Ohio-6788, ¶ 4. “An issue does
not lack arguable merit merely because the prosecution can be expected to present a
strong argument in reply, or because it is uncertain whether a defendant will ultimately
prevail on that issue on appeal.” Id. If we find that any issue—whether presented by
appellate counsel, presented by the appellant, or found through an independent
analysis—is not wholly frivolous, we must appoint different appellate counsel to represent
the appellant. Id. at ¶ 7, citing Pullen.
-5-
Potential Assignment of Error No. 1: Guilty Plea
{¶ 7} When reviewing a plea, “[a]n appellate court must determine whether the
record affirmatively demonstrates that a defendant’s plea was knowing, intelligent, and
voluntary[.]” State v. Russell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25132, 2012-Ohio-6051, ¶ 7,
citing Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 243, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969). “If
a defendant’s plea is not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary, it ‘has been obtained in
violation of due process and is void.’ ” State v. Carter, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2021-CA-36,
2022-Ohio-206, ¶ 19, quoting Russell at ¶ 7. “In order for a plea to be given knowingly
and voluntarily, the trial court must follow the mandates of Crim.R. 11(C).” State v.
Brown, 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos. 24520, 24705, 2012-Ohio-199, ¶ 13. Pursuant to
Crim.R. 11(C)(2), the trial court may not accept a defendant’s guilty plea to a felony
offense without first addressing the defendant personally and doing all of the following:
(a) Determining that the defendant is making the plea voluntarily, with
understanding of the nature of the charges and of the maximum
penalty involved, and if applicable, that the defendant is not eligible
for probation or for the imposition of community control sanctions at
the sentencing hearing.
(b) Informing the defendant of and determining that the defendant
understands the effect of the plea of guilty or no contest, and that the
court, upon acceptance of the plea, may proceed with judgment and
sentence.
-6-
(c) Informing the defendant and determining that the defendant
understands that by the plea the defendant is waiving the rights to jury
trial, to confront witnesses against him or her, to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in the defendant’s favor, and to
require the state to prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt at a trial at which the defendant cannot be compelled to testify
against himself or herself.
Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a)-(c).
{¶ 8} A defendant is generally “not entitled to have his plea vacated unless he
demonstrates he was prejudiced by a failure of the trial court to comply with the provisions
of Crim.R. 11(C).” State v. Dangler, 162 Ohio St.3d 1, 2020-Ohio-2765, 164 N.E.3d 286,
¶ 16, citing State v. Nero, 56 Ohio St.3d 106, 108, 564 N.E.2d 474 (1990). There are,
however, two exceptions to this rule. Id. at ¶ 14-16. The first exception concerns the
constitutional rights advisement under Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c). “When a trial court fails to
explain the constitutional rights that a defendant waives by pleading guilty or no contest,
we presume that the plea was entered involuntarily and unknowingly, and no showing of
prejudice is required.” Id. at ¶ 14, citing State v. Clark, 119 Ohio St.3d 239, 2008-Ohio-
3748, 893 N.E.2d 462, ¶ 31.
{¶ 9} The second exception applies when a trial court completely fails to comply
with a portion of Crim.R. 11(C), as this also “eliminates the defendant’s burden to show
prejudice.” Id. at ¶ 15, citing State v. Sarkozy, 117 Ohio St.3d 86, 2008-Ohio-509, 881
N.E.2d 1224, ¶ 22. “Aside from these two exceptions, * * * a defendant is not entitled to
-7-
have his plea vacated unless he demonstrates he was prejudiced by a failure of the trial
court to comply with the provisions of Crim.R. 11(C).” Id. at ¶ 16, citing Nero at 108.
“The test for prejudice is ‘whether the plea would have otherwise been made.’ ” Id.,
quoting Nero at 108.
{¶ 10} After conducting an independent review of the record, we find that the trial
court fully complied with the requirements of Crim.R. 11(C). Therefore, on this record, a
claim that Coffee’s guilty plea was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary would be wholly
frivolous.
Potential Assignment of Error No. 2: Sentencing
{¶ 11} Agreed sentences, like the ones in this case, are generally not reviewable
on appeal, as R.C. 2953.08(D)(1) provides that: “A sentence imposed upon a defendant
is not subject to review under this section if the sentence is authorized by law, has been
recommended jointly by the defendant and the prosecution in the case, and is imposed
by a sentencing judge.” R.C. 2953.08(D)(1). “In other words, a sentence that is
“contrary to law” is appealable by a defendant; however, an agreed-upon sentence may
not be if (1) both the defendant and the state agree to the sentence, (2) the trial court
imposes the agreed sentence, and (3) the sentence is authorized by law.” State v.
Underwood, 124 Ohio St.3d 365, 2010-Ohio-1, 922 N.E.2d 923, ¶ 16, citing R.C.
2953.08(D)(1). “If all three conditions are met, the defendant may not appeal the
sentence.” Id. Accord State v. Brown, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28966, 2021-Ohio-
2327, ¶ 16.
-8-
{¶ 12} In this case, it is clear from the record that Coffee and the State jointly
recommended the sentences that were imposed by the trial court. Therefore, two out of
the three conditions in R.C. 2945.08(D)(1) are satisfied. If Coffee’s sentences are
authorized by law, then the third condition is satisfied and the sentences are not
reviewable on appeal. “[A] sentence is ‘authorized by law’ and is not appealable within
the meaning of R.C. 2953.08(D)(1) only if it comports with all mandatory sentencing
provisions.” Underwood at ¶ 20. “Such mandatory provisions include the proper
imposition of postrelease control * * *, making, when applicable, the findings required for
the imposition of consecutive sentences, and ordering the merger of allied offenses of
similar import.” State v. Smith, 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos. 28208, 28209, 28210, and
28211, 2020-Ohio-2854, ¶ 8.
{¶ 13} Upon review, we find that the indefinite prison terms imposed for the two
second-degree-felony counts of aggravated trafficking in drugs comply with the
sentencing laws of this state. See R.C. 2929.14(A)(2)(a) and R.C. 2929.144(B)(1). The
two-year definite prison term imposed for the third-degree-felony count of tampering with
evidence also complies with the sentencing laws. See R.C. 2929.14(A)(3). In addition,
when ordering consecutive sentences in Case No. 22-CR-0245(A), the trial court properly
calculated the 5-to-6.5-year aggregate, indefinite prison term. See R.C. 2929.144(B)(2).
{¶ 14} “In order to impose consecutive terms of imprisonment, a trial court is
required to make the findings mandated by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at the sentencing hearing
and incorporate its findings into its sentencing entry.” State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d
209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, syllabus. However, it is well established that “[i]f
-9-
a jointly recommended sentence includes nonmandatory consecutive sentences and the
trial judge fails to make the consecutive-sentence findings set out in R.C. 2929.14[(C)](4),
the sentence is nevertheless ‘authorized by law,’ and therefore is not appealable pursuant
to R.C. 2953.08(D)(1).” State v. Sergent, 148 Ohio St.3d 94, 2016-Ohio-2696, 69 N.E.3d
627, ¶ 30. In other words, “[a]n agreed sentence that involves a discretionary decision
to impose consecutive sentences is ‘authorized by law’ and unreviewable on appeal even
if the trial court fails to make the consecutive-sentence findings.” State v. Morgan, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 27774, 2018-Ohio-3198, ¶ 22. In this case, the trial court did not
make any consecutive-sentence findings and was not required to do so since the parties
had jointly recommended the sentences.
{¶ 15} With regard to post-release control, R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(d) and (e) require
the trial court “to notify the offender at his sentencing hearing that, depending on the
degree of the offense in question, the offender either ‘will’ or ‘may’ be placed on
postrelease control after he is released from prison.” State v. Davis, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 29316, 2022-Ohio-2373, ¶ 9. “R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(f) also requires the
trial court to notify the offender that if he violates postrelease control, ‘the parole board
may impose a prison term, as part of the sentence, of up to one-half of the definite prison
term originally imposed upon the offender as the offender’s stated prison term or up to
one-half of the minimum prison term originally imposed upon the offender as part of the
offender’s stated non-life felony indefinite prison term.’ ” Id.{¶ 16} “In light of these statutory provisions, the Supreme Court of Ohio has
explained that ‘[t]he trial court must advise the offender at the sentencing hearing of the
-10-
term of [postrelease control] supervision, whether postrelease control is discretionary or
mandatory, and the consequences of violating postrelease control.’ ” Id. at ¶ 10, quoting
State v. Bates, 167 Ohio St.3d 197, 2022-Ohio-475, 190 N.E.3d 610, ¶ 11. “ ‘[O]nce the
court orally provides all the required advisements at the sentencing hearing, it must then
incorporate those advisements into the sentencing entry.’ ” Id., quoting Bates at ¶ 11,
citing State v. Grimes, 151 Ohio St.3d 19, 2017-Ohio-2927, 85 N.E.3d 700, ¶ 8 and State
v. Jordan, 104 Ohio St.3d 21, 2004-Ohio-6085, 817 N.E.2d 864, ¶ 17, overruled on other
grounds, State v. Harper, 160 Ohio St.3d 480, 2020-Ohio-2913, 159 N.E.3d 248.
{¶ 17} In this case, the trial court held a combined plea and sentencing hearing
during which it correctly advised Coffee that he would be placed on mandatory post-
release control for up to three years but not less than 18 months. See R.C.
2967.28(B)(3). The trial court also notified Coffee about the consequences for violating
postrelease control during the plea portion of his combined hearing and in the sentencing
entry, but it did not provide that notification during the sentencing portion of his hearing.
{¶ 18} As previously discussed, “ ‘a trial court has a statutory duty to provide notice
of postrelease control at the sentencing hearing.’ ” Bates at ¶ 11, quoting Jordan at ¶ 23.
“ ‘Notice of postrelease control at the plea hearing and in the sentencing entry does not
correct the trial court’s failure to impose a term of postrelease control at the sentencing
hearing.’ ” Davis, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 29316, 2022-Ohio-2373, at ¶ 12, quoting
State v. Nascembeni, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109927, 2022-Ohio-1662, ¶ 12.
Nevertheless, multiple appellate courts of this state have a held that when a trial court
provides proper postrelease-control notification before accepting the defendant’s guilty
-11-
plea and then proceeds immediately to sentencing, the plea hearing and the sentencing
hearing cannot, for purposes of the postrelease-control statutes, reasonably be deemed
to have been conducted separately. State v. Russell, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 16AP-108,
2016-Ohio-3349, ¶ 9-11; State v. Jackson, 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2005-02-033 and
CA2005-03-051, 2006-Ohio-1147, ¶ 18-19; State v. Dardinger, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-
160467, 2017-Ohio-1525, ¶ 13. See also State v. Brooks, 103 Ohio St.3d 134, 2004-
Ohio-4746, 814 N.E.2d 837, ¶ 17, fn. 1 (noting that there is “no reason to consider the
plea hearing and sentencing hearing to be two separate hearings” for purposes of the
notification required under former R.C. 2929.19(B)(5) in sentencing an offender to
community control, when sentencing proceeds immediately after the plea hearing). In
so holding, those courts found that the postrelease-control notification provided by the
trial court before accepting the guilty plea at the combined plea and sentencing hearing
satisfied the statutory requirement that he be notified about postrelease control at the
sentencing hearing. Russell at ¶ 9-11; Jackson at ¶ 18-19; Dardinger at ¶ 13.
Accordingly, we find that the trial court’s postrelease control advisements during the plea
portion of the combined hearing were sufficient to satisfy the requirement that the trial
court advise Coffee of the consequences for violating postrelease control at the
sentencing hearing.
{¶ 19} Regarding jail-time credit, the trial court was required to calculate Coffee’s
jail-time credit at the time of sentencing, notify Coffee of the number of days of jail-time
credit that he was to receive, and memorialize that information in the judgment entry.
See R.C. 2949.08(B) and (C); R.C. 2967.191(A); R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(g)(i); Ohio
-12-
Adm.Code 5120-2-04(B); State v. Springs, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2022-CA-18, 2022-Ohio-
4414 ¶ 5-7; State v. Windsor, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2021-CA-25, 2022-Ohio-1785, ¶ 4-7. In
this case, the trial court did not meet those requirements. At the sentencing hearing, the
trial court merely indicated that Coffee would receive credit for jail time served from
January 25, 2022. In the sentencing entry for Case No. 22-CR-0018, the trial court
similarly indicated that Coffee would receive “jail credit from January 25, 2022 until
conveyance to [the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction].”
{¶ 20} In State v. Wade, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2015-CA-45, 2015-Ohio-5171, we held
that awarding jail-time credit in such a manner was erroneous because R.C. 2949.08(B)
specifies that the record of the person’s conviction “ ‘shall specify the total number of
days, if any, that the person was confined’ for the offense prior to his conviction and ‘prior
to delivery to the jailer, administrator, or keeper.’ ” (Emphasis sic.) Wade at ¶ 14, quoting
R.C. 2949.08(B). That said, “an inaccurate determination of jail-time credit at sentencing
is not grounds for setting aside the conviction or sentence and does not otherwise render
the sentence void or voidable.” State v. Dearmond, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2022-CA-17,
2022-Ohio-3252, ¶ 15, citing R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(g)(iv) and State v. Davis, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 27495, 2018-Ohio-4137, ¶ 16. In Wade, it was “the trial court’s failure
to reduce the amount of jail-time credit to a number of days, as required by R.C.
2949.08(B), coupled with the absence of any opportunity for [the defendant] to be
heard on the issue of jail-time credit” that “warrant[ed] remanding [the] matter for the
court to properly address the issue.” (Emphasis added.) Wade at ¶ 15.
{¶ 21} In this case, the record indicates that the trial court gave Coffee the
-13-
opportunity to be heard on the issue of jail-time credit at the sentencing hearing. At the
sentencing hearing, the trial court advised Coffee that he would receive jail-time credit
from January 25, 2022, and Coffee responded: “Yes, sir.” Plea/Sentencing Tr. (Aug. 4,
2022), p. 17. Thereafter, the trial court stated: “So you’ll receive credit for all that time.
Anything else?” Id. In response, Coffee had nothing more to say. Id. at 17-18.
Because Coffee had an opportunity to be heard on the issue of jail-time credit at the
sentencing hearing, we do not find that the trial court’s failure to calculate the total number
of days of jail-time credit warrants remanding the matter back to the trial court.
{¶ 22} Based on our independent review of the record, we find that the jointly
recommended sentence imposed by the trial court in this case was authorized by law.
As a result, Coffee’s sentence is not reviewable on appeal and any claim challenging
Coffee’s sentence would be wholly frivolous.
Potential Assignment of Error No. 3: Constitutionality of Reagan Tokes Law
{¶ 23} We have consistently held that the Reagan Tokes Law does not violate the
separation of powers doctrine, due process, the right to appeal, or the right to a jury trial,
and is otherwise not unconstitutional. See State v. Leamman, 2d Dist. Champaign Nos.
2021-CA-30 and 2021-CA-35, 2022-Ohio-2057, ¶ 11 (finding that the Reagan Tokes Law
is not violative of due process, trial by jury, or separation of powers doctrine and citing
several Second District cases rejecting constitutional challenges); State v. Dennison, 2d
Dist. Champaign No. 2021-CA-42, 2022-Ohio-1961, ¶ 15-22 (finding that the Reagan
Tokes Law does not violate a defendant's statutory rights to appeal, right to trial by jury,
-14-
right to counsel, due process rights, or the separations of powers doctrine). Therefore,
any argument to the contrary would be wholly frivolous.
Conclusion
{¶ 24} Because our independent Anders review revealed no issues with arguable
merit for Coffee to advance on appeal, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.
.............
EPLEY, J. and LEWIS, J., concur.