State v. McAlpin , 2023 Ohio 4794 ( 2023 )

[Cite as State v. McAlpin, 2023-Ohio-4794.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 110811
v. :
JOSEPH MCALPIN, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: December 28, 2023
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-17-623243-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Kristen Hatcher, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, Melissa Jackson,
Supervising Attorney, and Renee Severyn and Cassandra
Goodpaster, Assistant State Public Defenders, for
appellant.
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J.:
Defendant-appellant Joseph McAlpin appeals the denial of his motion
requesting leave to file a motion for a new trial. For the reasons that follow, we
affirm.
I. Factual Background and Procedural History
Joseph McAlpin was sentenced to death in 2019 after a jury found him
guilty of aggravated murder stemming from the shooting deaths of Michael Kuznik
and Tina Tomola during a robbery of their used-car business. The Ohio Supreme
Court affirmed the convictions and sentence on direct appeal. State v. McAlpin, 169
Ohio St.3d 279, 2022-Ohio-1567, 204 N.E.3d 459, ¶ 301.
The evidence the state offered against McAlpin at trial
included — among other things — coconspirator testimony that McAlpin committed
the robbery and entered the business with a gun; forensic evidence that McAlpin’s
DNA was on Kuznik’s body, elsewhere inside the business and in one of the stolen
cars taken from the business; cellular-phone analysis showing that McAlpin’s cell
phone called the business shortly before the murders; surveillance video from
nearby businesses that captured McAlpin at and around the crime scene and data
provided by Google showing that McAlpin, after the murders, searched the internet
for news about the theft and murders and for information about firearms and
different calibers, salvaging a 2008 BMW (the year and model of one of the stolen
cars) and switching title to a vehicle without the owner’s permission. See id. at ¶ 3–
37.
In addition, the state offered location data from the day of the murders
that had been provided by Google and several phone companies. Location-data
evidence lies at the heart of this appeal.
McAlpin maintained a Google account under the email address
josephmcalpin87@gmail.com. According to trial testimony, Google stored data
generated by McAlpin’s use of his cell phone, including data showing — to varying
degrees of specificity over time — where his cell phone was physically located when
it made or received communications. Google provided investigators with location
data associated with McAlpin’s account for the day of the murders. The state offered
this location data, location data from Sprint associated with McAlpin’s phone
number and the testimony of FBI special agents to establish the location of
McAlpin’s phone between 3:05 p.m. and 9:58 p.m. on the day of the murders.
The Ohio Supreme Court summarized this evidence as follows:
FBI Special Agent Brian Young reviewed cell-phone records to
determine whom McAlpin was in touch with on April 14, 2017, between
4:00 and 8:00 p.m. He concluded that during this period, there were
several calls between McAlpin’s cell phone and a number identified as
[Andrew] Keener’s (the coconspirator who testified against McAlpin).
The records show that McAlpin’s cell phone called Mr. Cars (the used-
car business) at 4:09 p.m. * * * At 5:22 p.m., McAlpin’s phone was used
to make a 39-second call to Keener’s phone.
***
Between 5:22 and 6:47 p.m., 13 calls between McAlpin’s and Keener’s
phones were made, using cell towers in the general area around Mr.
Cars.
***
From 7:00 to 7:30 p.m. and again between 8:07 and 8:43 p.m., there
was no cellular data for McAlpin’s cell phone. However, during that
timeframe, Keener’s cell phone moved north and then to the west side
of Cleveland. Beginning at 8:22 p.m., McAlpin’s Google account
started generating location information again, showing his phone
moving in the same direction as Keener’s phone. At 8:43 p.m., Google
location data placed McAlpin’s phone at West 48th Street (where one
of the stolen cars was later discovered). Around 9:00 p.m., phones
belonging to McAlpin, Keener, and Keener’s girlfriend were all in the
area of West 48th Street.
Id. at ¶ 26–33.
McAlpin waived his right to counsel in July 2018 “and thereafter
represented himself at all pretrial hearings, during voir dire, and throughout his trial
and sentencing.” Id. at ¶ 44.
McAlpin was found guilty on all counts and sentenced to death.
McAlpin filed a motion for a new trial on April 29, 2019, arguing
prosecutorial misconduct, including an argument that the state’s DNA expert
misrepresented the results of DNA testing. Id. at ¶ 78. The trial court held a hearing
on the motion and denied the motion. Id. at ¶ 80–81.
On August 20, 2019, McAlpin filed a second pro se motion for a new
trial pursuant to Crim.R. 33(A)(6). He argued that “[t]here was Google location
information for the date of April 14, 2017 that was not turned over by the State before
or during trial.” Specifically, McAlpin claimed that there was location data captured
between 5:36 p.m. and 8:22 p.m. on the date of the murders and that data records
show McAlpin driving from “the north Collinwood area” to his home on East 175th
Street between 5:36 p.m. and 9:58 p.m. that day. He argued that this evidence
shows that he was not at the crime scene at the time of the murders.
McAlpin attached an affidavit to his motion, in which he averred that
he “had a chance to re-review the Google location history directly from the Google
account” and saw that “there was Google location to be given from [the] time of
5:36pm to 9:58pm without any stoppage of location being recorded.”
McAlpin also attached an exhibit, which he related was “a print out of
the Google location time line” for his Google account on April 14, 2017. In relevant
part, the printout contains the following summary:
McAlpin claimed that this Google summary constituted newly
discovered evidence and averred that he “was not able to obtain this information
due to the state failing to incorporate this exculpatory evidence inside of the
discovery.”
McAlpin requested an evidentiary hearing and said that he would
subpoena Google for records and testimony at the hearing.
The state opposed the motion, arguing that (1) McAlpin did not seek
leave to file an untimely motion for a new trial, (2) the motion failed to establish that
McAlpin was unavoidably prevented from discovering this evidence and (3) the
evidence attached to the motion was “unauthenticated, inadmissible, and quite
possibly fabricated.”
On February 18, 2020, McAlpin filed a pro se motion for leave to file
a motion for new trial. He argued that he was unavoidably prevented from
discovering the Google location data for his account because that data was not
produced by the state in discovery. He stated that he “had no reason to believe that
any other Google data, or location information from his Google account[,] existed
since the state claim[ed] to have turned over a full copy of his Google account upon
discovery request.”
On April 27, 2020, McAlpin filed a “supplemental motion for new
trial,” attaching the same timeline that was attached to his August 2019 motion.
On January 22, 2021, McAlpin filed supplemental exhibits in support
of his August 2019 motion for a new trial. Specifically, McAlpin attached an affidavit
executed by Brian Bowman, who averred that he is a digital forensic expert
employed by Garrett Discovery, Inc. Bowman averred that he reviewed the
discovery in the case and also “request[ed] a Google Takeout of the Google account
josephmcalpin87@gmail.com” and “analyze[d] the location information within the
Takeout.”
Bowman averred that the search warrant issued by the state during
its investigation “only requested specific information and not a complete copy of the
entire Google account josephmcalpin87@gmail.com.” After comparing what Google
produced to the government to what Google produced pursuant to the defense’s
later “Google Takeout” request, Bowman stated that Google did not produce several
location-history files to the government: (1) a file identified as “locationhistory.json”
and (2) files stored within the “Semantic Location History” for McAlpin’s Google
account. Bowman averred that the “locationhistory.json” file “contains raw
coordinates and timestamps with limited further context.” He averred that the
Semantic Location History comprises “separate JSON entries for each month” and
“record in a more readable format details about locations visited and journeys
undertaken, adding Google’s interpretation of the raw data.” Those files also
“contain ‘activitySegment’ entries reflecting journeys, and ‘placeVisit’ entries
reflect[ing] the places visited.”
Based on his review of the files, Bowman concluded that “[t]he data
received from the search warrant return, when compared to the Google Takeout I
created of the same user’s account, comprises of far less data and is deficient of
important location data.”
Bowman further averred that he was able to log into McAlpin’s Google
account and access the location timeline for April 14, 2017. Bowman verified that
the screenshots attached to McAlpin’s motions were an accurate depiction of the
timeline maintained by Google; he accessed the timeline by logging into the account,
navigating to “Maps>Timeline,” and entering the date of the incident.
On May 25, 2021, the trial court summarily denied McAlpin’s August
2019 motion for new trial.
McAlpin appealed,1 raising the following assignments of error for
review:
First Assignment of Error
The trial court abused its discretion when it failed to consider
McAlpin’s motion for leave to file a motion for new trial before denying
the motion for new trial, in violation of Criminal Rule 33(B) and his
right to due process and a fair trial under the Fifth, Sixth, and
Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Section
16, Article 1 of the Ohio Constitution.
Second Assignment of Error
The trial court abused its discretion when it failed to grant McAlpin’s
motion for leave to file a motion for a new trial or hold a hearing when
the record demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence that
McAlpin was unavoidably prevented from discovering
unconstitutionally suppressed evidence in violation of Criminal Rule
33(B) and his right to due process and a fair trial under the Fifth, Sixth,
and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and
Section 16, Article 1 of the Ohio Constitution.
While this appeal was pending, the Ohio Supreme Court
unanimously affirmed McAlpin’s convictions and sentence on direct appeal.
II. Law and Analysis
While this is a death-penalty case, this court has jurisdiction to
consider McAlpin’s appeal of the trial court’s denial of his motion for a new trial.
State v. Davis, 131 Ohio St.3d 1, 2011-Ohio-5028, 959 N.E.2d 516, ¶ 22.
1 McAlpin filed this appeal on September 8, 2021, along with a motion to file a
delayed appeal. This court allowed the delayed appeal. The appeal was then held in
abeyance until the Ohio Supreme Court issued its decision in McAlpin’s direct appeal.
Extensions were thereafter entered to allow the Supreme Court to transmit the record and
to allow the parties sufficient time to complete briefing considering the voluminous
record in the case.
Crim.R. 33(A)(6) allows a trial court to grant a new trial where “new
evidence material to the defense is discovered which the defendant could not with
reasonable diligence have discovered and produced at trial” and the defendant’s
substantial rights were materially affected. A defendant whose case was tried to a
jury generally must file a motion under Crim.R. 33(A)(6) within 120 days after the
jury renders its verdict. See Crim.R. 33(B). Where, as here, a defendant misses that
window — McAlpin filed his motion 126 days after the jury returned its verdict — the
defendant must obtain leave from the trial court to file the motion. Id. To obtain
leave, a defendant must show “by clear and convincing proof” that they were
“unavoidably prevented” from filing a timely motion. See id. Ordinarily, this means
that a defendant must show that they “had no knowledge of the existence of the
ground supporting the motion for a new trial and could not have learned of the
existence of that ground within the required time in the exercise of reasonable
diligence.” State v. Rodriguez-Baron, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 12-MA-44, 2012-
Ohio-5360, ¶ 11; see also State v. Bethel, 167 Ohio St.3d 362, 2022-Ohio-783, 192
N.E.3d 470, ¶ 21.
“Clear and convincing evidence” is that “measure or degree of proof”
that “produce[s] in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the
facts sought to be established.” Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118(1954), paragraph three of the syllabus. “It is intermediate, being more than a mere
preponderance, but not to the extent of such certainty as is required beyond a
reasonable doubt as in criminal cases. It does not mean clear and unequivocal.”
(Emphasis deleted.) Id. at 477.
The Ohio Supreme Court has instructed as follows:
When a defendant seeks leave to file a motion for a new trial under
Crim.R. 33(B), the trial court may not consider the merits of the
proposed motion for a new trial until after it grants the motion for
leave. The sole question before the trial court when considering
whether to grant leave is whether the defendant has established by
clear and convincing proof that he was unavoidably prevented from
discovering the evidence on which he seeks to base the motion for a
new trial.
(Citations omitted.) State v. Hatton, 169 Ohio St.3d 446, 2022-Ohio-3991, 205
N.E.3d 513, ¶ 30.
The decision whether to grant a motion for leave to file a motion for
a new trial is committed to the trial court’s discretion and will not be disturbed on
appeal absent a showing of an abuse of discretion. E.g., Hatton at ¶ 29. A trial court
also has discretion to decide whether to hold a hearing on this kind of motion. E.g.,
State v. Cannon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103298, 2016-Ohio-3173, ¶ 16. A hearing
is only required when “the documents submitted [with the motion] on their face
support the defendant’s claim that he was unavoidably prevented from timely
discovering” the grounds for the motion. See, e.g., State v. Cowan, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 108394, 2020-Ohio-666, ¶ 11.
A court abuses its discretion when it exercises its judgment in an
unwarranted way with respect to a matter over which it has discretionary authority.
Johnson v. Abdullah, 166 Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-Ohio-3304, 187 N.E.3d 463, ¶ 35.
An abuse of discretion implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or
unconscionable. See, e.g., State v. Musleh, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105305, 2017-
Ohio-8166, ¶ 36; citing Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d
1140 (1983). “An abuse of discretion also occurs when a court ‘“applies the wrong
legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous
findings of fact.”’” Cleveland v. Wanton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109828, 2021-
Ohio-1951, ¶ 8, quoting S. Euclid v. Datillo, 2020-Ohio-4999, 160 N.E.3d 813, ¶ 8
(8th Dist.), quoting Thomas v. Cleveland, 176 Ohio App.3d 401, 2008-Ohio-1720,
892 N.E.2d 454, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.).
With these standards and instructions in mind, we conclude that the
trial court acted within its discretion when it denied McAlpin’s motion without a
hearing.
A. First Assignment of Error
McAlpin’s first assignment of error is directed at the trial court’s
alleged failure to consider his motion for leave to file a new-trial motion before
ruling on the substance of the new-trial motion.
McAlpin filed an untimely motion for new trial. Before the trial court
ruled on that motion, McAlpin filed a motion for leave to file a motion for new trial.
After the motions were fully briefed, the trial court denied McAlpin’s motion for new
trial. Its order did not specifically refer to McAlpin’s motion for leave. The first
question presented by this appeal is how we should construe that denial.
The state argues that we should construe the trial court’s order as
denying only McAlpin’s original untimely motion for new trial. It argues that we
need not — and cannot — reach McAlpin’s second assignment of error because the
trial court never ruled on McAlpin’s motion for leave. Instead, the state says we
should affirm the denial of the untimely motion for new trial because McAlpin did
not first seek leave to file it. The state’s position is that the motion for leave remains
pending; presumably, the state would have the trial court rule on the motion for
leave upon remand.
McAlpin argues that it was error for the trial court to purport to deny
McAlpin’s substantive motion for new trial before first ruling on his procedural
motion for leave, but he asserts that — in context — it is clear that the trial court
“implicitly overruled” his motion for leave. McAlpin would have us construe the
court’s order as denying both the motion for leave and the motion for new trial. He
asks us to reverse the denial of his motion for new trial because the trial court failed
to rule on the motion for leave first. And he asks us to reverse the trial court’s denial
of his motion for leave because, he says, that denial was an abuse of discretion.
We agree that, under the unique facts and circumstances of this case,
the trial court’s order is properly construed as denying McAlpin’s motion for leave
in addition to his motion for new trial. The trial court took no action on the untimely
August 2019 motion before McAlpin filed his motion for leave in February 2020.
The motion for leave was, in turn, pending for more than a year before the trial court
entered its summary denial; the trial court allowed the parties to complete briefing
on the motions in the interim. Moreover, we take judicial notice that the trial court
judge successfully defended against McAlpin’s complaint for a writ of
mandamus — filed in the Ohio Supreme Court and seeking a ruling on his motion
for leave — by arguing that the judge took “judicial action” on the motion when the
judge entered his May 2021 summary denial of the new-trial motion. The Ohio
Supreme Court granted the judge’s motion, dismissing McAlpin’s complaint. See
07/14/2021 Case Announcements, 2021-Ohio-2307; State ex rel. McAlpin v.
Corrigan, Judgment Entry, Ohio Supreme Court Case No. 2021-0615 (July 14,
2021) (“Upon consideration of respondent’s motion to dismiss, it is ordered by the
court that the motion to dismiss is granted.”).2 While the trial court’s order referred
only to McAlpin’s August 2019 motion, it is difficult to see how we could consider
the motion for leave to remain pending under these circumstances.
Considering this unique procedural posture, it is proper to conclude
that the trial court — in issuing its summary denial of McAlpin’s motion for new
trial — intended to and did (albeit inartfully) also deny McAlpin’s motion for leave
to file a motion for a new trial.
We, therefore, proceed to consider McAlpin’s second assignment of
error. If we determine that the trial court’s denial of the motion for leave was an
2 “An appellate court is permitted to take judicial notice of publicly accessible
online court dockets.” Fipps v. Day, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111633, 2022-Ohio-3434,
¶ 2, fn. 1, citing State ex rel. Everhart v. McIntosh, 115 Ohio St.3d 195, 2007-Ohio-4798,
874 N.E.2d 516; State v. Estridge, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2021-CA-25, 2022-Ohio-208, ¶ 12,
fn. 1 (“We note that it is a common practice for appellate courts to take judicial notice of
publicly accessible online court dockets.”).
abuse of discretion, we will then consider the effect of that error on McAlpin’s
substantive motion for new trial.
B. Second Assignment of Error
McAlpin argues that the trial court erroneously denied McAlpin’s
motion for leave to file a motion for new trial without a hearing. He contends that
his motion and supporting evidence showed that he was unavoidably prevented
from discovering the additional Google location-data, and Google’s summary of that
data, that he was later able to obtain from prison by logging into his Google account.
After careful consideration, we conclude that McAlpin’s motion does
not show, by clear and convincing evidence, that he could not have learned of the
existence of the additional data within the required time in the exercise of
reasonable diligence. See State v. Rodriguez-Baron, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 12-
MA-44, 2012-Ohio-5360, ¶ 11; see also State v. Bethel, 167 Ohio St.3d 362, 2022-
Ohio-783, 192 N.E.3d 470, ¶ 21.
There are two categories of evidence that McAlpin musters in support
of his new-trial motion: (1) raw location data collected by Google that was available
to be obtained through a “Google Takeout” request but which was not produced by
the state in pretrial discovery and (2) Google’s summary of location data from the
date of the murders that state that McAlpin’s device was “driving” for four hours and
twenty-two minutes between 5:36 p.m. and 9:58 p.m.
As to the former, the defense expert opined that Google maintained
“far” more data than was produced by the state in discovery, including “important
location data.” The expert does not specifically opine about whether that additional
data contradicts the state’s theory that McAlpin committed the murders.
The expert does, however, support the conclusion that there was no
suppression of evidence by the state or knowing presentation of false evidence about
the data the state obtained. The expert averred that the search warrant issued by
the state during its investigation “only requested specific information and not a
complete copy of the entire Google account josephmcalpin87@gmail.com.”
Therefore, he opined, Google did not produce several location-history files to the
state such that the files could be turned over to the defense.
Moreover, the expert’s affidavit supports the conclusion that these
files were equally available to McAlpin before trial. The expert obtained them simply
by requesting them from Google with the user’s consent through “Google Takeout.”
McAlpin argues that he did not have access to the information before or during trial
because the state did not produce it and because he was in pretrial detention during
discovery with “no access to the internet or his Google account.” To the contrary,
McAlpin’s appointed counsel retained a digital forensic expert for him, as well as a
private investigator. McAlpin, 169 Ohio St.3d 279, 2022-Ohio-1567, 204 N.E.3d
459, at ¶ 67. McAlpin, obviously knowing the limitations placed on him by his
pretrial detention, knowingly waived his appointed counsel and insisted on
representing himself. He retained access to his experts. While he complained before
trial about having difficulty contacting his experts, the trial court and standby
defense counsel attempted to remedy that situation to assist him. Ultimately,
McAlpin insisted on going to trial even in spite of these challenges. Id. at ¶ 87.
With regard to Google’s summary of his location data, the evidence
attached to McAlpin’s motion establishes that he was able to view that summary
simply by logging into his Google account. The expert who provided an affidavit in
support of McAlpin’s motion confirmed that he accessed that timeline summary by
logging into the account, navigating to “Maps>Timeline,” and entering the date of
the incident.
There is no reason apparent from the evidence as to why McAlpin
could not have logged into his own account before trial or requested a complete copy
of his account data from Google — or directed his appointed counsel or digital
forensic expert to do so on his behalf.
McAlpin’s motion for leave and supporting evidence do not meet his
threshold burden of showing, by clear and convincing evidence, that he was
unavoidably prevented from discovering the evidence at issue in a timely manner.
Therefore, it was not an abuse of discretion for the trial court to deny the motion
without holding a hearing.
We, therefore, overrule McAlpin’s second assignment of error.
Having concluded that the trial court acted within its discretion by denying
McAlpin’s motion for leave, we need not reverse and remand the trial court’s May
2021 order denying McAlpin’s motion for new trial.
III. Conclusion
Having overruled McAlpin’s assignments of error for the reasons
stated above, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
It is ordered that the appellant bear the costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J., and
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J., CONCUR