State v. Sims , 2024 Ohio 250 ( 2024 )

[Cite as State v. Sims, 2024-Ohio-250.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 112671
v. :
DEVIN SIMS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED IN PART;
AND REMANDED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 25, 2024
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-21-661303-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Christine Vacha, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
Scott J. Friedman, for appellant.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J.:
Defendant-appellant, Devin Sims (“Sims”), appeals from his
convictions and sentence following a jury trial. Sims raises the following
assignments of error for review:
1. The appellant’s conviction for three counts of gross sexual
imposition was not supported by sufficient evidence.
2. The appellant’s conviction for three counts of gross sexual
imposition was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
3. The trial court erred when it failed to merge the gross sexual
imposition charges.
After careful review of the record and relevant case law, we affirm in
part, vacate in part, and remand the matter for the trial court to implement the
judgment of this court.
I. Procedural and Factual History
On July 15, 2021, Sims was named in a seven-count indictment,
charging him with three counts of gross sexual imposition in violation of R.C.
2907.05(A)(4) (Counts 1, 2, and 4); and single counts of attempted gross sexual
imposition in violation of R.C. 2923.02 and 2907.05(A)(4) (Count 3); importuning
in violation of R.C. 2907.07(A) (Count 5); public indecency in violation of R.C.
2907.09(A)(1) (Count 6); and endangering children in violation of R.C.
2919.22(B)(1) (Count 7). The indictment stemmed from allegations that Sims
engaged in inappropriate sexual contact with the alleged victim, Child Victim (d.o.b.
10/26/2009).
On March 23, 2023, the matter proceeded to a jury trial, where the
following relevant facts were adduced.
The Child Victim was 13 years old at the time of trial. In 2020, when
she was 10 years old, the Child Victim was living with her grandfather on a full-time
basis and rarely spent time with her biological mother (“Mother”). In September
2020, however, the Child Victim and her siblings were required to stay at Mother’s
apartment to attend a family member’s funeral the following day. Sims, who was
dating Mother at the time, was present in the apartment during the sleepover.
The Child Victim testified that on the night of the incident, she stayed
up late to watch videos on the living room couch while her brothers were asleep on
a nearby mattress. At approximately 3:00 a.m., Sims came into the living room
wearing nothing but a coat and asked the Child Victim if she would try on the coat
to “see if it would fit.” (Tr. 244-245.) Sims then took the coat off and handed it to
the Child Victim. Confused, the Child Victim complied with Sim’s request.
Following this interaction, Sims left the living room and the Child Victim continued
watching videos on her electronic tablet.
Shortly thereafter, Sims returned to the living room a second time. This
time, Sims was completely nude. The Child Victim testified that Sims briefly asked
her about the videos she was watching before leaving the living room.
Sims later returned to the living room a third time. On this occasion,
Sims laid next to the Child Victim on the couch and placed his penis on her arm. (Tr.
247-248.) Sims asked the Child Victim whether she could “keep a secret,” and she
responded “no.” (Tr. 247.) Undeterred, Sims stated “don’t tell nobody.” (Tr. 247.)
He then took the Child Victim’s hand and attempted to place it on his penis, but the
Child Victim resisted. “Hoping [Sims] would leave,” the Child Victim turned her
tablet off and fell asleep. (Tr. 248.)
A short time later, Sims awoke the Child Victim by lifting the blanket
she was sleeping with on the couch. The Child Victim testified that she then felt
Sims’s “private part” touch her “butt.” (Tr. 249.) In response to this conduct, the
Child Victim moved her body away from Sims. Sims then left the room, and the
Child Victim “finally [went] to sleep.” (Tr. 250.) The Child Victim estimated that
Sims was in the room for approximately one or two minutes before the inappropriate
touching occurred. The Child Victim testified that she did not immediately run to
her mother’s bedroom because she was “scared” and “didn’t know what to do.” (Tr.
249.)
Approximately two days after the sleepover, the Child Victim reported
Sims’s conduct to her aunt and grandfather. The police were contacted, and the
Child Victim provided a statement to two responding officers. The Child Victim was
then taken to the hospital for a medical evaluation.
Tina Funfgeld (“Funfgeld”), a sex-abuse intake social worker employed
by the Cuyahoga County Division of Children and Family Services (“CCDCFS”),
testified that she conducted a forensic interview of the Child Victim in September
2020. Funfgeld summarized the information gathered from the interview as
follows:
[The Child Victim] disclosed to me that during a visit at her mother’s
home that her mother’s — I don’t remember if it was mother’s cousin
or boyfriend at the time, had entered the room on a couple different
occasions and at one point in time placed his penis on her arm and
another time he had gotten on top of her and placed his penis on top of
her clothes into her rectum, moved up and down. He had left at that
point, came back and did it, and then left again.
(Tr. 298-299.) The written summary of the interview, marked state’s exhibit No. 11,
reflects that the Child Victim identified Sims as the perpetrator by name and
provided a brief description of his appearance on the night of the incident. Based
on the nature of the allegations, CCDCFS made referrals for the Child Victim to
engage in further counseling services.
Kathleen Hackett (“Nurse Hackett”) testified that she is employed as
a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner at UH Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital.
In September 2020, Nurse Hackett examined the Child Victim and completed a
sexual-assault kit. During the examination, the Child Victim reported that “Devin,”
her mother’s “cousin or boyfriend,” touched her arm with his private part, attempted
to make her touch his private part with her hand, and touched her butt with his
private part. (Tr. 324.) The Child Victim did not report any instances of penetration
and stated that she was wearing her pajamas during the entirety of the incident. The
pajamas were later recovered for forensic analysis.
Hristina Lekova (“Lekova”), a DNA expert from the Cuyahoga County
Regional Scientific Laboratory, testified that she performed forensic testing on
several items contained in the sexual-assault kit, including a vaginal swab, an anal
swab, a swab of a dried stain discovered on the Child Victim’s “left-front upper arm,”
and the pajama pants worn by the Child Victim on the night of the incident.
(Tr. 370-371.) In relevant part, Lekova testified that the DNA profile recovered from
the pajama pants was a mixture, meaning “that [the] profile contains DNA from
more than one individual.” (Tr. 372.) Lekova stated that there was a match between
the DNA recovered from the pajamas and a buccal swab taken from Sims during the
police investigation. Lekova explained that “this matches 320 septillion more
probable in African-American person, 2.21 nonillion times more probable in
unrelated Caucasian person, and 1.73 nonillion times more probable than Hispanic
person.” (Tr. 374.) Thus, Lekova concluded, to a degree of scientific certainty, that
“one of the contributors in this mixture is DNA from Devin Sims.” (Tr. 374.) Lekova
further testified that the amount of DNA obtained from the exterior of the pajama
pants was consistent with a “primary transfer.” (Tr. 375.)
Detective Joseph Edwards (“Det. Edwards”) of the Cleveland Police
Department, testified that he was assigned to investigate the allegations of sexual
abuse in this matter. In the course of his investigation, Det. Edwards familiarized
himself with the police report, coordinated the forensic interview with CCDCFS,
reviewed the narrative report completed by Nurse Hackett, and gathered physical
evidence for forensic evaluation. Subsequently, Det. Edwards completed an
interview with Sims and obtained his consent to retrieve a buccal swab for DNA
analysis. Det. Edwards confirmed that Sims was living with Child Victim’s mother
in her apartment at the time of the incident. Once the DNA analysis was completed,
Det. Edwards presented the matter to the prosecutor’s office and grand jury
proceedings were initiated.
At the close of the state’s case-in-chief, defense counsel made an oral
motion for acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29. Following a brief discussion on the
record, the state agreed to dismiss the offense of attempted gross sexual imposition
as charged in Count 3 of the indictment. The motion for acquittal was denied as to
all remaining counts. The defense rested without presenting any evidence, and its
renewed motion for acquittal was denied.
Following deliberations, the jury found Sims guilty of gross sexual
imposition, importuning, public indecency, and child endangering as charged in
Counts 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Sims was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of 30
months in prison. He was classified as a Tier II sex offender as to Counts 1, 2, and
4; and a Tier I sex offender as to Count 5.
Sims now appeals from his convictions and sentence.
II. Law and Analysis
A. Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of the Evidence
In the first and second assignments of error, Sims argues his
convictions for gross sexual imposition are not supported by sufficient evidence and
are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Collectively, Sims contends that he
was erroneously convicted of three counts of gross sexual imposition where the
victim only described two acts of sexual contact. We address the first and second
assignments of error together for ease of discussion.
1. Standards of Review
A sufficiency challenge requires a court to determine whether the state
has met its burden of production at trial and to consider not the credibility of the
evidence but whether, if credible, the evidence presented would sustain a conviction.
State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). The relevant
inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 273,
574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781,
61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).
“‘Proof of guilt may be made by circumstantial evidence, real
evidence, and direct evidence, or any combination of the three, and all three have
equal probative value.’” State v. Rodano, 2017-Ohio-1034, 86 N.E.3d 1032, ¶ 35
(8th Dist.), quoting State v. Zadar, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94698, 2011-Ohio-1060,
¶ 18. Although circumstantial evidence and direct evidence have obvious
differences, those differences are irrelevant to the probative value of the evidence,
and circumstantial evidence carries the same weight as direct evidence. Id., citing
State v. Cassano, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97228, 2012-Ohio-4047, ¶ 13. Further,
circumstantial evidence is not only sufficient, “‘“but may also be more certain,
satisfying, and persuasive than direct evidence.’”” Id. at ¶ 36, quoting State v.
Hawthorne, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96496, 2011-Ohio-6078, quoting Michalic v.
Cleveland Tankers, Inc., 364 U.S. 325, 330, 81 S.Ct. 6, 5 L.Ed.2d 20 (1960).
In contrast to a sufficiency argument, a manifest weight challenge
questions whether the state met its burden of persuasion. State v. Armstrong, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109709, 2021-Ohio-1087, ¶ 24. When considering an
appellant’s claim that a conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the
appellate court functions as a “thirteenth juror” and may disagree “with the
factfinder’s resolution of * * * conflicting testimony.” Thompkins at 387, citing Tibbs
v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652 (1982). The appellate
court examines the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences
that may be drawn therefrom, considers the witnesses’ credibility and determines
whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact “‘clearly lost its way
and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
reversed and a new trial ordered.’” Id., quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d
172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). Reversal on manifest weight grounds is
reserved for the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the
conviction.’” Id., quoting Martin at 175.
A trier of fact is free to believe all, some, or none of the testimony of
each witness testifying at trial. State v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108371, 2020-
Ohio-3367, ¶ 85; State v. Sheline, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106649, 2019-Ohio-528,
¶ 100. Thus, “[a] conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence simply
because the jury believed the testimony of the state’s witnesses and disbelieved the
defendant.” Id.
2. Gross Sexual Imposition
In this case, Sims was convicted on three counts of gross-sexual
imposition in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4).1 The statute provides, in relevant
part:
1 Sims does not challenge his convictions for importuning, public indecency, or
endangering children. Accordingly, we limit our review to the gross sexual imposition
offenses charged in Counts 1, 2, and 4 of the indictment.
No person shall have sexual contact with another, not the spouse of the
offender; cause another, not the spouse of the offender, to have sexual
contact with the offender; or cause two or more other persons to have
sexual contact when any of the following applies:
***
(4) The other person, or one of the other persons, is less than thirteen
years of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of that person.
As applicable to each conviction, R.C. 2907.01(B) defines “sexual
contact” as “any touching of an erogenous zone of another, including without
limitation the thigh, genitals, buttock, pubic region, or, if the person is a female, a
breast, for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying either person.” The Ohio
Revised Code does not define “sexual arousal” or “sexual gratification.” However,
R.C. 2907.01(B) “‘contemplate[s] any touching of the described areas which a
reasonable person would perceive as sexually stimulating or gratifying.’” State v.
Tate, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98221, 2013-Ohio-370, ¶ 18, quoting State v. Astley,
36 Ohio App.3d 247, 250, 523 N.E.2d 322 (10th Dist.1987); see also In re Anderson,
116 Ohio App.3d 441, 443, 688 N.E.2d 545 (12th Dist.1996). This court has
recognized that
[i]n determining whether sexual contact occurred, the trier of fact may
infer from the evidence presented at trial whether the defendant’s
contact with the areas of the body outlined in R.C. 2907.01 was for the
purpose of sexual arousal or gratification. Tate at ¶ 19; State v. Cobb,
81 Ohio App.3d 179, 185, 610 N.E.2d 1009 (9th Dist.1991). The purpose
of the contact may be inferred from the type, nature, and circumstances
of the contact. Tate at ¶ 20, citing [State v. Meredith, 12th Dist. Warren
No. CA2004-06-062, 2005-Ohio-2664]; see also Ohio v. Coleman, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102291, 2015-Ohio-4491, ¶ 7 (finding that purpose
may also be inferred from the defendant’s conduct as well as his or her
personality). Accordingly, “[i]f the trier of fact determines that the
defendant was motivated by desires of sexual arousal or gratification,
and that the contact occurred, then the trier of fact may conclude that
the object of the defendant’s motivation was achieved.” Cobb at 185.
State v. Fears, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104868, 2017-Ohio-6978, ¶ 65.
Relevant to this appeal, each count of gross sexual imposition
corresponded to three separate and distinct allegations of sexual contact in the
criminal indictment. Count 1, for instance, alleged that Sims caused the minor
victim to have sexual contact by “rubbing his penis on her butt.” Count 2 alleged
that Sims caused the minor victim to have sexual contact by “rubbing her butt on his
penis.” Finally, Count 4 alleged that Sims caused the minor victim to have sexual
contact by “putting his penis on her [arm].”
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we
find the state presented sufficient evidence to support the gross sexual imposition
offenses charged in Counts 1 and 4 of the indictment. In this case, there is no dispute
that the Child Victim was under the age of 13 in September 2020. With respect to
the allegations of sexual contact, the prosecution presented ample evidence
establishing (1) Sims’s presence in the home on the night of the incident, and (2) his
primary transfer of DNA to the “outside back buttocks area” of the victim’s pajamas.
(Tr. 371.) In addition, the Child Victim, who was just 13 years old at the time of trial,
provided a detailed accounting of Sims’s actions on the night in question. During
one interaction, Sims touched the Child Victim’s arm with his penis, unsuccessfully
attempted to have her touch his penis, and asked her not to tell anyone about his
conduct. Later that evening, Sims returned to the living room and positioned
himself under the blanket the Child Victim was using on the couch. Sims then “came
up from behind [the Child Victim] and his private part touched [her] butt.” (Tr.
249.) The Child Victim testified that she dissuaded further contact by “scoot[ing]”
away from Sims, but that she did not attempt to run out of the room because she
was “scared,” “creeped out,” and “didn’t know what to do.” (Tr. 249.)
Given the type, nature, and circumstances of Sims’s contact with the
Child Victim, we find a reasonable juror could infer that Sims did touch the Child
Victim, then less than 13 years of age, with his penis for the purpose of sexual arousal
or gratification. Accordingly, as it relates to Counts 1 and 4 of the indictment, we
find the essential elements of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) were proven beyond a reasonable
doubt.
Moreover, we are unable to conclude that this is the exceptional case
in which the evidence weighs heavily against a conviction on Counts 1 and 4 of the
indictment. Here, the Child Victim’s description of Sims touching her arm and
buttocks with his penis was entirely consistent with the statements she provided to
her family, the investigating officers, and the medical examiners. The trier of fact
was provided with all relevant evidence and defense counsel had the opportunity to
explore any perceived inconsistencies in the victim’s testimony on cross-
examination. Accordingly, we find the gross sexual imposition convictions
corresponding to Counts 1 and 4 are not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Regarding the allegations levied in Count 2 of the indictment,
however, we agree with Sims’s contention that the record is devoid of testimony
demonstrating that he engaged in a third instance of gross sexual imposition. On
appeal, the state suggests that the evidence establishes beyond a reasonable doubt
that “Sims had both rubbed his penis on [the Child Victim’s] butt and rubbed [her]
butt on his penis in two separate instances, constituting two counts of gross sexual
imposition.” Interpreting the testimony presented at page 249 of the transcript, the
state contends that after the Child Victim “scooted up” in response to the conduct
constituting Count 1 of the indictment, “Sims then began ‘rubbing [the Child
Victim’s] butt on his penis,’ rendering [her] unable to run away or get help because
she feared Sims.” The state summarizes its position as follows:
The second instance, also reflected in Count 2 of Sims’s indictment,
involved Sims “rubbing [the Child Victim’s] butt on his penis.” This
instance occurred around the same time [as Count 1], when Sims was
laying behind [the Child Victim]. [The Child Victim] scooted up to
discontinue the contact between herself and Sims’s penis. Sims
continued his behavior for one or two minutes before he finally left.
This constituted Sims’s second instance of gross sexual imposition, as
[the Child Victim] tried to evade Sims’s advances, but Sims continued
his conduct.
Having reviewed the relevant portions of the Child Victim’s
testimony, we find no merit to the state’s characterization of the evidence. As
discussed above, the Child Victim was diligently questioned on direct examination
about Sims’s conduct when he laid next to her on the living room couch. During this
encounter, the Child Victim testified that Sims lifted her blanket and touched her
buttocks with his penis. Contrary to the state’s assertion on appeal, the Child Victim
did not provide any additional testimony to suggest that Sims continued or
otherwise reengaged in sexual contact with the Child Victim after she moved her
body away from him on the couch. The record is simply silent on this issue. Here,
the Child Victim only testified that she and Sims did not speak after she “scooted up”
on the couch and that Sims left the room shortly thereafter. (Tr. 249.) In the
absence of direct testimony on the allegation posed in Count 2 of the indictment, we
are required to find the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction on this
count of gross sexual imposition. See State v. Schwirzinski, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-
09-056, 2010-Ohio-5512, ¶ 36 (finding that the evidence must conform to the
allegations contained in the indictment and the bill of particulars).
The first and second assignments of error are overruled in part and
sustained in part. The conviction for gross sexual imposition (Count 2) is vacated.
B. Allied Offenses of Similar Import
In the third assignment of error, Sims argues his gross sexual
imposition convictions are allied offenses of similar import. He contends that his
convictions should have merged for the purposes of sentencing because “there were
no intervening acts and it was part of a single court of conduct; there was a single
harm; the acts were not committed separately, and there was a single animus and
motivation.”
Pursuant to R.C. 2941.25(A), “[w]here the same conduct by defendant
can be construed to constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the
indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the
defendant may be convicted of only one.” However,
[w]here the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses of
dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses
of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate
animus as to each, the indictment or information may contain counts
for all such offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them.
R.C. 2941.25(B).
In determining whether offenses are subject to merger for sentencing
under R.C. 2941.25, courts evaluate three separate factors — the import, the
conduct, and the animus. State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34
N.E.3d 892, paragraphs one and three of the syllabus. Offenses do not merge, and
a defendant may be convicted of and sentenced for multiple offenses, if any one of
the following is true: (1) the offenses are dissimilar in import or significance, (2) the
offenses were committed separately, or (3) the offenses were committed with
separate animus or motivation. Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus, ¶ 25, 31.
Offenses are dissimilar in import or significance within the meaning
of R.C. 2941.25(B) “when the defendant’s conduct constitutes offenses involving
separate victims or if the harm that results from each offense is separate and
identifiable.” Id. at ¶ 23. Thus, “a defendant’s conduct that constitutes two or more
offenses against a single victim can support multiple convictions if the harm that
results from each offense is separate and identifiable from the harm of the other
offense.” Id. at ¶ 26. “The evidence at trial or during a plea or sentencing hearing
will reveal whether the offenses have similar import.” Id.
Offenses are committed separately within the meaning of R.C.
2941.25(B) if ‘“one offense was complete before the other offense occurred, * * *
notwithstanding their proximity in time and that one [offense] was committed in
order to commit the other.’” State v. Woodard, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 29110,
2022-Ohio-3081, ¶ 38, quoting State v. Turner, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24421,
2011-Ohio-6714, ¶ 24. Thus, “‘when one offense is completed prior to the
completion of another offense during the defendant’s course of conduct, those
offenses are separate acts.’” Id., quoting State v. Mooty, 2014-Ohio-733, 9 N.E.3d
443, ¶ 49 (2d Dist.).
For purposes of R.C. 2941.25(B), animus has been defined as
“‘“purpose or more properly, immediate motive.’”” State v. Priest, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 106947, 2018-Ohio-5355, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Bailey, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 100993, 2014-Ohio-4684, ¶ 34, quoting State v. Logan, 60 Ohio St.2d
126, 131, 397 N.E.2d 1345 (1979). “‘If the defendant acted with the same purpose,
intent, or motive in both instances, the animus is identical for both offenses.’” State
v. Lane, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2013-05-074, 2014-Ohio-562, ¶ 12, quoting State
v. Lewis, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2008-10-045, 2012-Ohio-885, ¶ 13. “Animus is
often difficult to prove directly but must be inferred from the surrounding
circumstances.” Id., citing State v. Lung, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2012-03-004,
2012-Ohio-5352, ¶ 12.
“At its heart, the allied-offense analysis is dependent upon the facts of
a case because R.C. 2941.25 focuses on the defendant’s conduct” and “an offense
may be committed in a variety of ways.” Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995,
34 N.E.3d 892, at ¶ 26, 30. “‘[T]his analysis may be sometimes difficult to perform
and may result in varying results for the same set of offenses in different cases. But
different results are permissible, given that the statute instructs courts to examine a
defendant’s conduct — an inherently subjective determination.’” Id. at ¶ 32, quoting
State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, ¶ 52
(plurality opinion per Brown, C.J.).
Our review of whether two offenses are allied offenses of similar
import is generally de novo. State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 482, 2012-Ohio-5699,
983 N.E.2d 1245, ¶ 28. However, in this case, Sims did not object to the imposition
of multiple sentences on the gross sexual imposition offenses and, therefore, he has
waived all but plain error. (Tr. 536-537); State v. Tate, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
97804, 2014-Ohio-5269, ¶ 35. Pursuant to Crim.R. 52(B), “plain errors or defects
affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the
attention of the court.” State v. Robinson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110467, 2022-
Ohio-1311, ¶ 48. Notice of plain error, however, is to be taken in exceptional cases
and only when necessary to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice. Id.Relevant to his appeal, Ohio courts have recognized that
[i]ntimate sexual contacts with a victim that constitute the offense of
gross sexual imposition may be treated as separate offenses for the
purposes of R.C. 2941.25(B) in at least two instances: (1) where the
evidence demonstrates either the passage of time or intervening
conduct by the defendant between each incident; and (2) where the
evidence demonstrates the defendant’s touching of two different areas
of the victim’s body occurred in an interrupted sequence.
State v. Cole, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-18-061, 2019-Ohio-5425, ¶ 20, quoting State v.
DeGarmo, 5th Dist. Muskingum No. CT2018-0061, 2019-Ohio-4050, ¶ 26; see also
State v. Tate, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga. No. 77462, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 4960 (Oct. 26,
2000). Accordingly, if Sims “committed acts separated by the passage of time or
engaged in sexual contact involving more than one erogenous zone, even if in one
brief episode, each instance may form the basis for separate counts and are not allied
offenses.” Id.With respect to Counts 1 and 4 of the indictment,2 we find the evidence
at trial established that Sims committed distinct acts of gross sexual imposition
against the Child Victim by touching her arm and buttocks with his penis. Contrary
to Sims’s characterization of the evidence on appeal, the Child Victim testified that
these acts occurred during separate encounters with Sims during the night in
question. As discussed, the Child Victim testified that the first instance occurred
when Sims positioned himself next to the Child Victim on the living room couch and
placed his penis on her arm. After Sims left the room and the Child Victim fell
asleep, Sims later returned to the living room and touched the Child Victim’s
buttocks with his penis. Given the passage of time between each incident and the
evidence establishing Sims’s touching of more than one area of the victim’s body in
an interrupted sequence, we find the convictions correlated to separate acts of gross
sexual imposition that were dissimilar in import and significance. Thus, the trial
court did not commit plain error by failing to merge the two counts of gross sexual
imposition charged in Counts 1 and 4 of the indictment.
The third assignment of error is overruled in part and moot in part.
2 Having determined that Sims’s conviction for gross sexual imposition in Count 2
of the indictment was not supported by sufficient evidence, any merger argument
pertaining to this offense is now moot.
Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part. The cause is
remanded for the trial court to vacate the conviction on Count 2 of the indictment.
It is ordered that appellant and appellee share the costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, P.J., and
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR