Commonwealth, Aplt. v. Hopkins, K. ( 2015 )

[J-78-2014] [MO: Todd, J.]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MIDDLE DISTRICT
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 98 MAP 2013
:
Appellant : Appeal from the order of the Chester
: County Court of Common Pleas, Criminal
: Division, at No. CP-15-CR-0001260-2013
v. : dated December 17, 2013.
:
:
KYLE JOSEPH HOPKINS, :
: ARGUED: September 10, 2014
Appellee :
DISSENTING OPINION
MR. JUSTICE EAKIN DECIDED: June 15, 2015
Because I find the invalid provisions of 18 Pa.C.S. § 6317 are severable, I disagree
that all of § 6317 is now rendered unconstitutional.
1 Pa.C.S. § 1925 provides that every statute is presumed severable unless one of
two exceptions1 applies. Functionally, both exceptions depend upon legislative intent.
See id. The first exception asks what the legislature would have done in the absence of
1 The presumption applies unless:
[(1)] the court finds that the valid provisions C are so essentially and
inseparably connected with, and so depend upon, the void provision[s] or
application, that it cannot be presumed the General Assembly would have
enacted the remaining valid provisions without the void one; or [(2)] the
court finds that the remaining valid provisions, standing alone, are
incomplete and incapable of being executed in accordance with the
legislative intent.
1 Pa.C.S. § 1925.
the void provisions; the second exception asks whether the remaining provisions can
effectuate the General Assembly’s intent.
In answering these questions, the majority frames its analysis narrowly, focusing
on the statute’s procedural language; respectfully, such an approach does not answer the
questions of § 1925. What was the purpose of the enhanced sentence for drug sales
near schools? It was clearly to create drug-free zones in areas with a high density of
children.2 What was the purpose of the procedural methodology enacted therewith?
To ensure the enhanced penalties were respected and enforced. If there is any other
reasonable or logical explanation for the statute’s framework, we have yet to hear it.
The procedure provided for offends Alleyne v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2151
(2013), of this there is no doubt, and no quarrel from the Commonwealth. The initial
question asked by § 1925 is “what would the legislature have done in the absence of the
void provisions?” That is, would the legislature still want enhanced penalties for drug
sales near our schools? Obviously it would — that was the whole purpose of the statute
in the first place. It is the manifest goal. The procedure to achieve it was not the goal;
the procedure, if anything, reinforced the legislative desire to ensure the increased
penalties were not pushed aside.
The majority suggests we cannot presume the legislature would have enacted the
substantive provisions absent the procedural provisions, as it had the alternative of
enhanced sentencing guidelines and chose another course. See Majority Slip Op., at 24
n.5. Abjuring the general discretionary nature of sentencing guidelines, the legislature
2 See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Dixon, 53 A.3d 839, 844 (Pa. Super. 2012) (“The
legislature clearly intended to segregate children from drugs where they learn and play
and, to promote that policy, it created drug-free zones[.]”); Commonwealth v. Campbell,
758 A.2d 1231, 1237 (Pa. Super. 2000) (“It is our finding that the General Assembly’s goal
and purpose was to protect the children of our communities from the ravages and evils of
the illegal drug trade that pervades our country.”).
[J-78-2014] [MO: Todd, J.] - 2
enacted a most definitive, strident procedure, that included removal of the power of a
court to ignore the increased penalty or impose anything less, and codifies a
Commonwealth appeal for refusal to apply it. Does this reflect a desire to assure the
substance is obeyed, or a desire to elevate process over substance? Establishing
sentencing guidelines would not ensure the imposition of a minimum sentence — a
situation that the General Assembly repeatedly indicated it wanted to prevent. See 18
Pa.C.S. § 6317(a) (establishing minimum sentence “notwithstanding any other provision
of this title, The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act or statute to the
contrary”); id., § 6317(c) (“Sentencing guidelines C shall not supersede the mandatory
sentences provided in this section.”); id. (“There shall be no authority for a court to impose
on a defendant to which this section is applicable a lesser sentence than provided for in
subsection (a)[.]”).
In other words, the legislature wanted to remove any discretion concerning the
minimum sentence. To propose it would have reinserted discretion into the equation
simply because Alleyne renders the procedural provisions infirm suggests the General
Assembly “would want those ‘possessing a firearm while trafficking drugs[]’ to serve
higher sentences if it can be found by a judge by a preponderance, but not if the element
is ... found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Newman, 99 A.3d
86, 106 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc) (Mundy, J., concurring) (alteration in original).
Respectfully, such a conclusion is absurd. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(1). Given the
legislature’s repeated references for the mandatory minimum to trump any provision to
the contrary, common sense tells us we can safely presume it would have enacted the
[J-78-2014] [MO: Todd, J.] - 3
substantive provisions absent the statute’s procedural language, had it been prescient
enough to anticipate the Alleyne decision.3
As for the second exception, the remaining provisions still effectuate the legislative
intent of establishing drug-free school zones. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 6317. The majority
states special verdicts would not cure § 6317’s notice and appeal provisions, id., § 6317
(b), (d). See Majority Slip Op., at 19. Yet, as found by the majority, those provisions are
per se infirm under Alleyne. See id., at 16-17.
Citing Commonwealth v. Samuel, 961 A.2d 57 (Pa. 2008), the majority
emphasizes Samuel’s discussion of the legislative intent underlying a similar mandatory
minimum statute, 42 Pa.C.S. § 9714. However, I find Commonwealth v. Belak, 825 A.2d
1252 (Pa. 2003), more analogous to the instant matter because it addressed § 9714’s
severability, rather than whether the facts constituted a “crime of violence” under § 9714.
Examining the second severability exception in Belak, we stated: “In enacting section
9714, the legislature sought to punish violent recidivists, and [the valid provision] can
accomplish that goal without reference to the invalid [provision].” Id., at 1257. I would
employ a similar approach here, focusing on the General Assembly’s intent to create
3 The majority would make much of the legislature not wanting enhancement to create a
new crime or add an element to the crime. I cannot subscribe to the notion that this is a
“critical statement of the legislature’s intention[.]” Majority Slip Op., at 25 n.6.
Respectfully, those provisions are about process, not substance.
What the legislature wanted was a result, and it tried to accomplish it by a process later
held to be violative of the federal constitution. But the process it enacted was not the aim
of the statute; that process was to facilitate achieving the manifest aim, which is
substantive. The intent of the legislature was not to pass a law such that it does not
create a new crime or element. These provisions to avoid additional hurdles to the
statute’s true purpose — these were not provisions that themselves had anything to do
with drug-free school zones, which was the purpose of the law. This is why they are
severable, not reasons why they are not.
[J-78-2014] [MO: Todd, J.] - 4
drug-free zones in youth-centric areas — an intent which the substantive provisions can
still effectuate.
The majority further notes Samuel’s negative discussion of special verdicts, see
Samuel, at 64, remarking that the proposed amendment to Pa.R.Crim.P. 648, which
would standardize the use of special verdicts for Alleyne purposes, is “tangential” to a
severability analysis. Majority Slip Op., at 21 n.4. A closer examination of the
Committee Report reveals using special verdicts to comply with Alleyne has become
“‘commonplace.’” Commonwealth’s Brief, at 38 (citation omitted). The proposed
amendment would not create a new process — a process already exists. Hence, as the
amendment aims to clarify, not create, a process that effectuates § 6317’s intent, I
disagree that the amendment is tangential to the question of severability. As for the
majority’s reliance on Samuel’s discussion of special verdicts, we must remember
Samuel cited a footnote from a 40-year-old plurality decision for the proposition that
special verdicts are “universally condemned” within the criminal context. Samuel, at 64
(citing Commonwealth v. Campana, 304 A.2d 432, 438 n.27 (Pa. 1973) (plurality
opinion)). As Samuel was decided pre-Alleyne, I do not find its discussion of special
verdicts convincing or dispositive. See Commonwealth v. Jacobs, 39 A.3d 977, 988 (Pa.
2012) (Saylor, J., concurring) (citation omitted) (questioning policy of categorically
prohibiting special verdicts in criminal context).
Finally, the majority distinguishes the present case from Commonwealth v.
Mockaitis, 834 A.2d 488 (Pa. 2003), wherein we concluded the second severability
exception did not apply because there was a pre-existing process, i.e., seeking
restoration of driving privileges from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, to
effectuate the legislative intent of preventing DUI recidivists from operating a vehicle
without a limited license. Id., at 502-03. At the outset, this rationale seems sound;
[J-78-2014] [MO: Todd, J.] - 5
however, citing to other provisions within the Vehicle Code, we further stated in Mockaitis
that “enforcement of the legislative purpose will still occur in the ordinary course of
enforcement[.]” Id., at 503 (citations omitted). I see no difference here. Execution of
the legislative purpose to develop drug-free school zones by imposing a mandatory
two-year minimum would still occur in an ordinary manner, i.e., by utilizing our existing
Rules — the execution of which does not require the creation of a new procedural
framework. See Newman, at 105 (observing numerous criminal statutes are executed in
ordinary manner despite absence of proof-of-sentencing mechanism).
Again, the law asks two straightforward questions when considering severability:
what would the legislature have done in the absence of the void provisions, and can the
remaining provisions effectuate the General Assembly’s intent? Would the legislature
have wanted increased school-zone penalties if its procedural plan was void? Of course
it would — the procedure was the tail, not the dog. Can the valid portion of the statute
effectuate that intent? A procedure that complies with Alleyne is simple, in place, and
would achieve the legislative purpose. Accordingly, I would hold the invalid provisions
are severable, and respectfully dissent.
[J-78-2014] [MO: Todd, J.] - 6