J. Tillman v. PSP ( 2019 )

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Jeffrey Tillman, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 1299 C.D. 2018
: Submitted: February 22, 2019
Pennsylvania State Police, :
Respondent :
BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
HONORABLE ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
OPINION NOT REPORTED
MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
JUDGE COHN JUBELIRER FILED: July 17, 2019
Jeffrey Tillman (Tillman) petitions for review of an Order of an
Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) from the Office of Attorney General (OAG), which
denied Tillman’s appeal from the Pennsylvania State Police’s (PSP) response to his
challenge of the accuracy of his criminal history record under the Criminal History
Record Information Act1 (CHRIA). Tillman argues the ALJ erred in concluding his
criminal history record was accurate, and he asserts that various statutory and
constitutional violations result from PSP continuing to maintain his criminal history
record inaccurately. Discerning no error, we affirm.
1
18 Pa. C.S. §§ 9101—9183.
I. Factual and Procedural History
a. Tillman I
As set forth by the Superior Court in Commonwealth v. Tillman (Pa. Super.,
475 EDA 2008, filed June 3, 2009) (Tillman I), the relevant procedural history is as
follows.
On January 24, 2003 . . . [Tillman] sexually assaulted [a victim].
[Tillman] was charged with rape, involuntary deviate sexual
intercourse, sexual assault, indecent assault (lack of consent), indecent
assault by forcible compulsion, and F-2 burglary. On November 13,
2007, [Tillman] entered a plea of nolo contendere to one count of
indecent assault by forcible compulsion, graded as a misdemeanor of
the first degree, and one count of F-2 burglary. With regard to indecent
assault by forcible compulsion, the parties agreed to binding
consecutive probation; however, as to the F-2 burglary, the plea was
open.
Tillman I, slip op. at 2. The Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County (trial court)
sentenced Tillman to 2 to 10 years of confinement for his plea to the burglary charge
and 2 years of probation and the payment of costs for his plea to the indecent assault
charge. Id. at 5-6. On appeal to the Superior Court, Tillman argued, among other
things, that the trial court imposed an illegal sentence for indecent assault because,
pursuant to Section 3502(d) of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa. C.S. § 3502(d), he could not
be sentenced for both burglary and indecent assault, as indecent assault was the
offense he intended to commit after the burglarious entry. Tillman I, slip op. at 1.
The Superior Court agreed that Tillman’s sentence of probation and costs for
indecent assault was illegal, explaining that “[a]lthough it was permissible for
[Tillman] to plead guilty2 to both crimes, it was not permissible for the trial court to
sentence [Tillman] on both the burglary and indecent assault charges.” Id. at 8.
2
Tillman pled nolo contendere, which was treated as a guilty plea for sentencing purposes.
2
Accordingly, the Superior Court vacated the judgment of sentence for indecent
assault, but otherwise affirmed the trial court’s order. Id. at 10.
b. Tillman II and III
Since Tillman I, Tillman has filed several different actions arising out of the
Superior Court’s order vacating his indecent assault sentence. For example, in
Tillman v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole (Pa. Cmwlth., 575 M.D.
2011, filed December 2, 2014) (Tillman II), Tillman challenged certain conditions
and programs imposed upon him by the Department of Corrections and the
Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole based on his having committed a crime
of a sexual nature (the indecent assault). Tillman also sought to have his DNA
removed from the Federal DNA Database, CODIS.3 We ultimately dismissed the
petition in 2014. Tillman II, slip op. at 20.
On August 13, 2013, while Tillman II was pending before this Court,
Tillman initiated a review of his criminal history record information as
maintained by the PSP, alleging his indecent assault conviction should
be removed because the sentence for that offense had been vacated. By
letter dated September 4, 2013[,] from Ashley Wheeler (Wheeler), a
central repository reviewing officer, Tillman was notified his nolo plea
for indecent assault was correctly reflected on his criminal history
record. Tillman appealed to the OAG by letter dated October 27, 2014.
On February 5, 2016, ALJ Lawrence Cherba dismissed Tillman’s
request for an evidentiary hearing on the basis it was untimely, having
been filed 418 days after receipt of Wheeler’s letter.
3
CODIS is “[t]he national data bank known as the Combined DNA Index System[,] . . . a
federal undertaking that supports criminal justice databases maintained by various law
enforcement agencies throughout the United States of America.” Commonwealth v. Conway, 14
A.3d 101, 113 n.15 (Pa. Super. 2011). CODIS is managed by a unit that “is responsible for
‘developing, providing[,] and supporting the CODIS Program to federal, state[,] and local crime
laboratories . . . to foster the exchange and comparison of forensic DNA evidence from violent
crime investigations.’” Id. (citation omitted).
3
Tillman v. Pa. State Police (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 478 C.D. 2016, filed Jan. 12, 2017)
(Tillman III), slip op. at 1-2. Tillman petitioned for review of that dismissal, and
this Court reversed. We concluded that the September 4, 2013 letter from Wheeler
did not properly advise Tillman of his right to appeal Wheeler’s determination, a
process which was separate and distinct from the initial challenge to the accuracy of
his criminal record information. Id. at 4. Therefore, we remanded the matter for
further proceedings.
c. Remand Hearing and Order
On remand following Tillman III,4 the OAG notified Tillman by letter dated
April 18, 2017, that a video-conference hearing was scheduled, and Tillman must
submit any documentation upon which he intended to rely at the hearing to support
his challenge. (Certified Record (C.R.) Item 15.) After one postponement due to
technical difficulty with the video conferencing equipment, the hearing was held on
September 8, 2017. The ALJ explained that the hearing was for the limited purpose
of determining whether the information relied upon by PSP for the criminal history
record was accurate and PSP had the burden of proof. Section 9152(d) of CHRIA,
18 Pa. C.S. § 9152(d).
PSP called Wheeler as its only witness, who testified as follows. She is
employed by PSP as a legal assistant supervisor in the Access and Review Challenge
Unit, in which she reviews criminal history requests to ensure that the histories are
accurate and complete. (C.R. Item 25, Hr’g Tr. at 13.) Tillman submitted an initial
request for a criminal history record check, the review of which was assigned to and
4
Following this Court’s opinion and order in Tillman III, Tillman filed with this Court two
praecipes to enforce the Order, dated March 6, 2017, and April 18, 2017, respectively, both of
which were denied.
4
completed by her. (Hr’g Tr. at 14-15.) Wheeler responded to the request with an
Access and Review Packet, which included a computer-generated form of the
information submitted in Tillman’s request, Tillman’s criminal history record, and
forms to challenge the criminal history record if he believed his record was
inaccurate. (Id. at 16-17.)
Tillman’s criminal history record shows six charges from the 2005 arrest, all
but two of which appear under the heading for disposition “nolle
prossed/withdrawn.” (PSP Ex. B. at 2.) The remaining two charges are for indecent
assault, which shows “nolo contendere” as the disposition, and burglary, which
shows “nolo contendere/state correctional.” (Id.) Tillman completed and submitted
the challenge form, explaining the inaccuracies he contended were on his criminal
history record. (Hr’g Tr. at 18.) Tillman asserted that the “CC 3126A2, indecent
assault was vacated as illegal [on] 6/3/2009,” pursuant to a certified court order that
he included, and that his “DNA must be removed from [CODIS] as well.” (Id. at 20
(quoting PSP Ex. C).) To Wheeler’s knowledge, neither PSP nor the Access Review
Challenge Unit is involved with CODIS and neither could not do anything with
regard to his DNA being maintained in that database. (Id. at 20-21.)
As for Tillman’s challenge to the accuracy of the criminal history record for
his indecent assault conviction, Wheeler contacted the Lehigh County Clerk of
Courts, who sent Wheeler the criminal complaint for Tillman’s charges, the Criminal
Information against Tillman, the fingerprint card from the arresting agency, and the
trial court’s Sentencing Sheets. (Id. at 23-26.) Additionally, Wheeler reviewed the
Superior Court’s decision in Tillman I. Wheeler understood the Superior Court’s
order, vacating Tillman’s sentence for the indecent assault charge but affirming in
all other respects, to mean that “the nolo contendere plea stands, but the sentence
5
that [was] previously issued has been vacated.” (Id. at 29-30.) In Wheeler’s view,
Tillman’s criminal history record accurately reflected the Superior Court’s opinion
and order, as the nolo contendere plea for indecent assault remained but no sentence
was associated with the plea. (Id. at 30-31.) Wheeler notified Tillman that, for the
above reasons, his challenge was determined to be invalid. Specifically, the notice
stated “[i]nformation received from the Lehigh County Clerk of Courts pertaining
[to the] arrest dated May 3, 2005[,] confirms that the sentence for the charge of
CC3126A2, Indecent Assault was in fact vacated. However, your plea of nolo
contendere stands and is correctly reflected on your criminal history record.” (PSP
Ex. D.) The notice also gave Tillman points of contact in Pennsylvania and the
federal government for information relating to his challenge to the inclusion of his
DNA in CODIS. (Id.; Hr’g Tr. at 32.) On cross-examination, Wheeler reiterated
that anything involving CODIS was not within her purview at the Access and
Review Challenge Unit, and she was not aware of any law otherwise. (Hr’g Tr. at
33-34.)
Tillman testified and provided legal argument on his own behalf. Tillman
asserted that, pursuant to CHRIA and its corresponding regulations, PSP has a duty
to update the inaccurate information on Tillman’s criminal history record, and it has
not done so. (Id. at 50.) With regard to the accuracy of his criminal history record,
Tillman maintained that the Superior Court, in Tillman I, vacated the nolo
contendere plea based upon Section 3502(d) of the Crimes Code. (Id. at 44.)
Tillman argued that the term conviction does not mean a plea or a finding of guilt
but means only the judgment of sentence. Thus, when the Superior Court vacated
Tillman’s sentence for indecent assault as being illegal, Tillman contended, his
conviction for indecent assault was also vacated and only his nolo contendere plea
6
for burglary should remain in his criminal history record. (Id. at 46.) Relatedly,
Tillman argued that if his criminal history record continues to incorrectly reflect a
conviction for indecent assault, he may be required to register under the Sex
Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA)5 upon his release from prison.
The hearing concluded, and the ALJ provided the opportunity for post-hearing
briefs. Tillman submitted a brief, but PSP declined to do so. By Order dated July
26, 2018, the ALJ denied Tillman’s appeal and provided findings and reasons in
support. (C.R. Item 32.) The ALJ found that the trial court’s Certified Records
showed the charges against Tillman, his nolo contendere plea for indecent assault,
and his Sentencing Sheets. Following the Superior Court’s reasoning in Tillman I,
the ALJ determined that Tillman could plead to both the charges of burglary and
indecent assault but could not be sentenced for both and the Superior Court intended
only to vacate the judgment of sentence, not the verdict. (ALJ’s Findings and
Reasons for Denying Relief at 3 (citing Commonwealth v. Springer, 961 A.2d 1262
(Pa. Super. 2008); Commonwealth v. Byron, 465 A.2d 1023 (Pa. Super. 1983)).)
Tillman petitions this Court for review.6
II. Issues on Appeal
Tillman argues that the ALJ erred in concluding that Tillman’s criminal
history record was accurate. Tillman further asserts that the ALJ erred in reaching
that conclusion, and the ALJ violated his constitutional rights, did not act with
impartiality, did not apply the relevant law, and did not enforce PSP’s mandatory
5
42 Pa. C.S. §§ 9799.10 – 9799.75.
6
Our review of the ALJ’s Order “relate[d] to CHRIA is limited to determining whether
constitutional rights were violated, whether an error of law was committed or whether necessary
findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence.” Dunbar v. Pa. State Police, 902 A.2d
1002, 1004 n.2 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006).
7
duty to maintain an accurate criminal history. Tillman also argues that, due to the
inaccuracy of his criminal history record, PSP is obligated to remove his DNA from
CODIS, an issue not addressed by the ALJ.
III. Discussion
Tillman first argues that the ALJ erred in concluding that Tillman’s criminal
history record was accurate because when the Superior Court vacated his sentence
for indecent assault in Tillman I, it also vacated his conviction for that crime. As he
did in the hearing before the ALJ, Tillman contends that the term conviction means
a judgment of sentence rather than a finding of guilt, and if there is no sentence, a
verdict or plea cannot be considered a conviction. (Tillman’s Brief (Br.) at 14-16
(citing Commonwealth v. Hale, 85 A.3d 570 (Pa. Super. 2014); Commonwealth v.
Thompson, 106 A.3d 742 (Pa. Super. 2014) (Bowes, J., concurring)).) In other
words, he argues that because he could not be sentenced for both burglary and the
indecent assault he intended to commit during the burglary under Section 3502(d)
of the Crimes Code, his “conviction” (plea of nolo contendere) for indecent assault
was vacated and cannot be maintained as a part of his criminal history record.
PSP responds that there is substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s
determination that Tillman’s criminal history record is accurate and complete. PSP
argues that the Superior Court, in Tillman I, resolved the issue that Tillman now
argues on appeal, as the Superior Court “vacate[d] the sentence for indecent assault”
but recognized that Tillman’s plea to that charge remained valid. (PSP’s Br. at 9
(quoting Tillman I, slip op. at 8).) In accordance with Tillman I, PSP maintains that
Tillman’s criminal history record is accurate because it reflects that he pled nolo
contendere to indecent assault and that no sentence associated with that plea is listed.
PSP asserts that Tillman’s CHRIA challenge is an improper attempt to collaterally
8
attack his indecent assault plea by asking this Court to do what the Superior Court
did not, i.e., vacate that plea.
We begin with a brief review of CHRIA. Pursuant to CHRIA, criminal history
records of arrested and convicted individuals are maintained by PSP on the central
repository, which is a “computerized central register.” Clark v. Pa. State Police,
760 A.2d 1202, 1203 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2000). An individual can “review, challenge,
correct[,] and appeal the accuracy and completeness of [the individual’s] criminal
history record” maintained in the central repository. Section 9151(a) of CHRIA, 18
Pa. C.S. § 9151(a). In challenging the record’s accuracy, the individual may specify
which portions of the criminal history record are incorrect and what the corrected
version should be. Section 9152(c) of CHRIA, 18 Pa. C.S. § 9152(c). The burden
is on PSP or the criminal justice agency that maintains the record to prove its
accuracy once it is challenged by an individual. 18 Pa. C.S. § 9152(d); Clark, 760
A.2d at 1204. Where it is established that a criminal history record is inaccurate,
PSP has a duty to correct the record under Section 9114 of CHRIA, 18 Pa. C.S. §
9114.
“Criminal history record information” is defined by Section 9102 of CHRIA
to include “[i]nformation collected by criminal justice agencies concerning
individuals, and arising from the initiation of a criminal proceeding, consisting of
identifiable descriptions, dates and notations of arrests, indictments, informations or
other formal criminal charges and any dispositions arising therefrom.” 18 Pa.
C.S. § 9102 (emphasis added). CHRIA further defines “disposition” as:
Information indicating that criminal proceedings have been concluded,
including information disclosing that police have elected not to refer a
matter for prosecution, that a prosecuting authority has elected not to
commence criminal proceedings or that a grand jury has failed to indict
and disclosing the nature of the termination of the proceedings; or
9
information disclosing that proceedings have been indefinitely
postponed and also disclosing the reason for such postponement.
Dispositions of criminal proceedings in the Commonwealth shall
include, but not be limited to, acquittal, acquittal by reason of
insanity, pretrial probation or diversion, charge dismissed, guilty plea,
nolle prosequi, no information filed, nolo contendere plea, convicted,
abatement, discharge under rules of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal
Procedure, demurrer sustained, pardoned, sentence commuted,
mistrial-defendant discharged, discharge from probation or parole or
correctional supervision.
18 Pa. C.S. § 9102 (emphasis added); see also 37 Pa. Code § 195.1 (same).
PSP’s duty to keep this information accurate and complete is further
articulated in CHRIA’s regulations, which require the listing for each criminal
charge in a criminal history record include:
(1) The full name and any aliases of the individual charged.
(2) An accurate statement of the crime charged, including: the title of
the offense; and the statutory citation . . . .
(3) The final or latest disposition of the charge.
(4) The sentence imposed for a conviction of the charge.
37 Pa. Code § 195.2(a), (b) (emphasis added). Tillman asserts that his record is
inaccurate because it has listed the plea of nolo contendere as the disposition for the
charge of indecent assault, despite Tillman I’s vacation of his sentence for that
charge. Thus, the crux of Tillman’s issue is whether listing a disposition of a plea
of nolo contendere on a charge for which the sentence was later vacated accurately
and completely reflects Tillman’s criminal history record under CHRIA. After
reviewing Tillman I and carefully considering Tillman’s arguments and the cases
cited therein, we agree with the ALJ that the criminal history record is accurate and
complete.
10
As Tillman notes, there is a distinction between the legal and common sense
meaning of the term “conviction.” (Tillman’s Br. at 14-15.) In the technical or legal
sense, a conviction refers to a judgment of sentence. Hale, 85 A.3d at 581-82.7 As
the Superior Court explained in Hale, Pennsylvania courts have long distinguished
between an adjudication of guilt, or verdict, and a conviction as those terms are used
technically. Id. at 581. Thus, while a defendant may plead to or be found guilty of
burglary and theft, a trial court cannot “convict” a defendant of both those charges
by imposing a sentence for both. Id. This means that the Superior Court’s decision
vacating the judgment of sentence for indecent assault vacated Tillman’s
“conviction” for indecent assault in the technical sense. However, we disagree with
Tillman that the Superior Court’s vacating his technical conviction, i.e., the
judgment of sentence, for indecent assault had the effect of rendering reference to
that charge and his plea thereto in his criminal history record inaccurate for purposes
of CHRIA.
First, contrary to Tillman’s assertion, while the Superior Court vacated
Tillman’s judgment of sentence, it also upheld the validity of his plea to the indecent
assault in Tillman I. The Superior Court was clear that Tillman’s plea to both
indecent assault and burglary was permissible, even if he could not be validly
sentenced on both charges. Tillman I, slip op. at 8.
Second, for the purposes of CHRIA, a plea is a “disposition,” and criminal
history record information, regardless of whether there is a corresponding sentence
for that disposition. The broad definition of disposition under CHRIA includes
guilty pleas, nolo contendere pleas, convictions, and other “[i]nformation indicating
that criminal proceedings have been concluded,” but does not reference sentencing
7
Although not binding on this Court, we may consider Superior Court decisions for their
persuasive value. A.S. v. Pa. State Police, 87 A.3d 914, 929 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014).
11
as such information. 18 Pa. C.S. § 9102. The regulations, however, do include
information relating to sentencing as an item to be included in a criminal history
record, but as a piece of information separate from a disposition. Specifically,
Section 195.2 of the regulations lists “disposition” and “sentence imposed” as
separate items in the list of information that should appear for any criminal charge
on a criminal history record. As such, information regarding the disposition of a
criminal charge is independent from information regarding the sentence or lack
thereof related to that charge. Therefore, CHRIA and the related regulations do not
limit the inclusion of only dispositions of “convictions” in the technical sense, as
Tillman argues, but broadly include pleas as a specific type of disposition, separate
from any sentence that may occur as a result, as information that must be contained
in a criminal history record.
Here, Tillman’s criminal history record does not show a judgment of sentence
for the charge of indecent assault; it reflects only his plea of nolo contendere, a plea
that the Superior Court upheld as valid. By contrast, the disposition for the burglary
charge shows both the plea and the notation of a state correctional institution,
reflecting a sentence of incarceration. This information is the proper representation
of the dispositions and sentences for the two charges and is consistent with the
statutory definition of disposition and the regulatory provisions requiring both the
disposition and sentence imposed be reflected on a criminal history record. 18 Pa.
C.S. § 9102; 37 Pa. Code § 195.2(b). Therefore, the ALJ did not err in denying
Tillman’s appeal based on the conclusion that Tillman’s criminal history record is
accurate and complete.
Tillman’s remaining arguments are primarily premised upon this Court
finding that his criminal history record is inaccurate. Tillman asserts that because
12
his criminal history record is inaccurate: the ALJ did not enforce PSP’s mandatory
duty to maintain an accurate criminal record and did not follow controlling law; the
ALJ and PSP violated his constitutional rights to due process, equal protection under
the law, and reputation under the Pennsylvania Constitution; and PSP has a duty to
remove his DNA from CODIS. Tillman further argues that the ALJ did not act with
impartiality. However, because Tillman’s criminal history record is accurate,
Tillman’s remaining arguments necessarily fail. PSP is maintaining an accurate
criminal history record for Tillman under the governing provisions of CHRIA.
Therefore, there are no constitutional violations arising from an inaccurate record,
and there is no basis for determining the ALJ did not follow the controlling law.
To the extent that Tillman’s arguments regarding the impartiality of the ALJ
and PSP’s alleged obligation to remove Tillman’s DNA information from CODIS
are not premised on the inaccuracy of his criminal history record, we are
unpersuaded by those arguments. Tillman has not explained how the ALJ acted
without impartiality, and the hearing transcript shows no indication of impropriety
or bias. With regard to Tillman’s DNA argument, the ALJ did not address this issue.
However, criminal history record information is not defined to include DNA
samples, 18 Pa. C.S. § 9102. Thus, Tillman’s DNA, particularly if it is in CODIS,
is not within the scope of these CHRIA proceedings.
IV. Conclusion
Although the Superior Court vacated Tillman’s judgment of sentence, i.e.,
technical conviction, the Court recognized the validity of his nolo contendere plea.
Under CHRIA, a plea of nolo contendere is a disposition and, as such, is included
as part of an individual’s criminal history record. The disposition is separate from
13
any sentence that may arise out of the disposition and must be included in a criminal
history regardless of whether there is a judgment of sentence. Accordingly, the ALJ
did not err by concluding that Tillman’s criminal history record information was
accurate under CHRIA, and we affirm.
_____________________________________
RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
14
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Jeffrey Tillman, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 1299 C.D. 2018
:
Pennsylvania State Police, :
Respondent :
ORDER
NOW, July 17, 2019, the July 26, 2018 Order of the Administrative Law
Judge of the Office of Attorney General is AFFIRMED.
_____________________________________
RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge