In Re: Condemnation by Sunoco Pipeline L.P. ~ Appeal of: E.S. Gerhart ( 2019 )

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
In Re: Condemnation by Sunoco :
Pipeline L.P. of Permanent and :
Temporary Rights of Way for the :
Transportation of Ethane, Propane, :
Liquid Petroleum Gas, and other :
Petroleum Products in theTownship :
of Union, Huntingdon County, :
Pennsylvania, Over the Lands of : No. 1561 C.D. 2018
Stephen Gerhart and Ellen S. Gerhart : Submitted: February 8, 2019
:
Appeal of: Ellen S. Gerhart :
BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
OPINION NOT REPORTED
MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY PRESIDENT JUDGE LEAVITT FILED: May 8, 2019
Ellen S. Gerhart appeals an order of the Court of Common Pleas of
Huntingdon County (trial court) holding her in contempt of court, for which it
sentenced her to serve two to six months in prison and imposed a $2,000 fine.
Gerhart argues that the trial court improperly categorized this civil contempt matter
as indirect criminal contempt, which resulted in an illegal and excessive prison
sentence. We affirm.
In 2015, Sunoco Pipeline L.P. (Sunoco) filed a declaration of taking
seeking a permanent easement of 1.72 acres and a temporary work area easement of
1.44 acres over portions of Stephen and Ellen Gerhart’s 27-acre property in Union
Township, Pennsylvania. Sunoco acquired the easements for a construction project
known as the Mariner East Pipeline Project. The Gerharts filed preliminary
objections to the declaration of taking, which the trial court overruled. The Gerharts
appealed to this Court, and it affirmed the trial court in In re Condemnation by
Sunoco Pipeline L.P. (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 220 C.D. 2016, filed May 15, 2017), petition
for allowance of appeal denied, 179 A.3d 456 (Pa. 2018).
Following this Court’s decision, Sunoco sought a preliminary
injunction, alleging that the Gerharts were interfering with Sunoco’s tree clearing
activities by installing platforms for “tree-sitters.” On June 28, 2017, the trial court
issued the preliminary injunction, which stated as follows:
1. [The Gerharts] shall immediately, but in no event more than
48 hours after issuance of this Order, remove all structures,
tree platforms, tents, vehicles, equipment, and other objects
placed within the easement granted to [Sunoco]. Any items
remaining within the easement thereafter shall be viewed as
abandoned illegal obstructions and shall be removed and
disposed of by [Sunoco] or at the direction of [Sunoco]. Any
items which cannot be readily removed may be destroyed by
[Sunoco].
2. Unless their presence on the easement is consented to by
[Sunoco], all persons are enjoined and restrained, pending
further order of this Court, from entering, or being on the
easement granted to [Sunoco] until the pipelines are installed
and all remediation and restoration efforts are complete.
3. [The Gerharts], and all persons acting in concert with them,
as well as all persons on property owned by [the Gerharts] or
in the vicinity thereof are hereby restrained and enjoined,
pending further order of this Court, from barring, preventing,
or otherwise interfering in any way with [Sunoco’s] access to,
and use of, the easement granted to [Sunoco] on [the
Gerharts’] property.
4. [The Gerharts] and all persons acting in concert with them, as
well as all persons on property owned by [the Gerharts], are
hereby restrained and enjoined pending further order of this
Court from barring, preventing, or otherwise interfering in
any way with [Sunoco’s] installation of pipelines within said
easement.
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5. [The Gerharts], and all persons acting in concert with them,
as well as all persons on property owned by [the Gerharts] or
in the vicinity thereof are restrained and enjoined from
creating conditions on the right of way that create a danger to
themselves and others.
6. [bond ordered]
7. This Order shall remain in effect in full force until such time
as this Court specifically orders otherwise.
Trial Court Order, 6/28/2017, at 1-2; Reproduced Record at 1-2 (R.R. ___). The
Gerharts appealed the preliminary injunction to this Court but later filed a praecipe
to discontinue their appeal. In re Condemnation by Sunoco Pipeline L.P. (Pa.
Cmwlth., No. 1026 C.D. 2017, filed November 14, 2017).
On April 30, 2018, Sunoco filed a “Petition for Determination of
Indirect Criminal Contempt” against Ellen Gerhart. R.R. 98. The petition alleged
that Gerhart had entered the easement area on numerous occasions in 2018 in willful
defiance of the preliminary injunction. The trial court held a hearing on May 9,
2018, at which time Gerhart’s bail was set at $25,000. As a condition of bail, Gerhart
was ordered to comply with the preliminary injunction.
On July 27, 2018, Sunoco filed a petition to revoke Gerhart’s bail for
refusing to comply with the preliminary injunction. To interfere with construction,
Gerhart stood in front of moving construction vehicles; ignited fires next to the
construction fence; threw ground meat on workers; and baited the area with food to
entice wild animals to the construction site. The trial court ordered a bench warrant
for the arrest of Gerhart, and she was incarcerated that same day. On July 30, 2018,
the trial court reissued bail at $25,000 cash and scheduled the indirect criminal
contempt hearing for August 3, 2018. Because Gerhart did not post bail, she
remained incarcerated.
3
At the hearing, Heather Rae Martin, a security officer employed at the
construction site from April 5, 2018, to July 7, 2018, testified. She stated that
Gerhart routinely entered the construction site and stood in front of equipment to
prevent personnel from working. If workers were cutting trees, Gerhart would stand
nearby so they would have to stop. If workers were cutting logs, Gerhart would sit
on the logs. If the workers moved to another tree or log, Gerhart would follow them.
Martin testified that every security officer wears a body camera and
carries video equipment. When Gerhart entered the easement area, security officers
advised her of her trespass, that it was unsafe to be in the construction area and asked
her to leave. At “no point [did they] physically engage her.” Notes of Testimony,
8/3/2018, at 6 (N.T. __); R.R. 15. If Gerhart came too close, the workers had to stop
because “it would be worrying about her safety.” Id. Videos of security officers
were introduced into evidence showing Gerhart within the easement sitting on logs
and stepping in front of moving equipment.
Martin explained that when Sunoco placed nylon fencing around the
easement, Gerhart began throwing food over the fencing, such as meat and eggs.
She spread cat litter, which produced a stench. Gerhart set up a “baiting station”
with berries, vegetables, suet and peanut butter. N.T. at 24; R.R. 33. The food
attracted bears to the site, and Martin presented video of several bears in the
easement.
John Bricker, Sunoco’s project coordinator and security supervisor,
also testified. He began working at Sunoco’s site on April 2, 2018, and personally
encountered Gerhart three to four times a week. Once, she held a rock and acted
“like she was going to throw [the] rock at [him, but] laughed and threw it at a piece
of equipment that was next to [him].” N.T. 34; R.R. 43. She also “threw spoiled
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milk on [him].” N.T. 35; R.R. 44. Once, she pulled up stakes marking the
easement’s boundary line and threw them.
On several occasions, Gerhart lit fires close to the nylon fencing.
Bricker presented a video of her lighting a fire near gasoline pumps. She asked him,
“how does it feel to be next to something that could explode[?]” N.T. 37; R.R. 46.
She also approached the fencing with a bottle that appeared to have a wick in it, like
a “Molotov cocktail.” N.T. 35; R.R. 44. She put it on a tree stump and attempted to
light it. When it did not ignite, she “made a fire on the stump, placed that item on it
and let it burn.” Id.
Rick Macklem, a Pennsylvania Game Warden, testified about Gerhart’s
“baiting for bears” with suet blocks and grease smeared on trees next to Sunoco’s
fencing. N.T. 52; R.R. 61. Some of the suet and grease was spread on guard stations
within the easement. Macklem warned Gerhart that putting out food to attract bears
is unlawful because it causes a danger to the public. When she continued to do so,
he issued a citation to her.
Gerhart’s sole witness was her daughter, Elise Gerhart. She testified
that bears are common in the area. However, she often goes for walks on the
property and has never seen food near the easement area.
The trial court found that Gerhart had purposefully violated the
preliminary injunction on multiple occasions. The trial court sentenced her to two
to six months in prison and imposed a $2,000 fine. Gerhart filed post-sentence
motions, but they were denied by the trial court. Gerhart then appealed to this
Court.1
1
Our review of an appeal of a contempt order is limited to a review of whether the trial court
abused its discretion or committed an error of law. Jackson v. Hendrick, 764 A.2d 1139, 1142 n.4
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2000).
5
On appeal, Gerhart raises two issues. First, she contends the trial court
erred in treating the matter as indirect criminal contempt, when it was actually a civil
contempt proceeding. Accordingly, her criminal sentence was unlawful. Second,
she contends that her sentence for indirect criminal contempt was excessive.
On January 28, 2019, Sunoco filed an application for post-submission
communication pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 2501 2 to file
a motion to dismiss for mootness. Generally, Rule 2501 relates to
“‘communications’ such as briefs, memoranda or letters [and] does not apply to
applications for relief.” Deutsche Bank National Company v. Butler, 868 A.2d 574,
577 (Pa. Super. 2005). However, Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure
1972(a)(4) does authorize “any party” to move “[t]o dismiss for mootness.” PA.
R.A.P. 1972(a)(4). The issue of mootness may be raised at any time because “an
actual case or controversy must exist at all stages of the judicial or administrative
process.” Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board v. Dentici, 542 A.2d 229, 230 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1988).
2
It provides:
(a) General rule. After the argument of a case has been concluded or the case has
been submitted, no brief, memorandum or letter relating to the case shall be
presented or submitted, either directly or indirectly, to the court or any judge
thereof, except upon application or when expressly allowed at bar at the time of the
argument.
(b) Change in status of authorities. If any case or other authority relied upon in the
brief of a party is expressly reversed, modified, overruled or otherwise affected so
as to materially affect its status as an authoritative statement of the law for which
originally cited in the jurisdiction in which it was decided, enacted or promulgated,
any counsel having knowledge thereof shall file a letter, which shall not contain
any argument, transmitting a copy of the slip opinion or other document wherein
the authority relied upon was affected.
PA. R.A.P. 2501.
6
We begin with Sunoco’s motion to dismiss for mootness, to which
Gerhart has filed an answer. Sunoco asserts that Gerhart’s sentence expired on
January 22, 2019, and, thus, her appeal is moot. In response, Gerhart acknowledges
that her sentence has been served but notes that she was also ordered to pay a $2,000
fine, which is outstanding. An appeal from a completed sentence is not moot if
collateral consequences remain or if the question presented is capable of repetition
yet evades review. Gerhart claims both apply to her case. The outstanding fine may
subject her to collateral criminal consequences, and incarceration for indirect
criminal contempt may be so short that it will evade appellate review.
Appellate courts do not decide moot questions. In re Gross, 382 A.2d
116, 119 (Pa. 1978). In Commonwealth v. Kelly, 418 A.2d 387 (Pa. Super. 1980),
the Superior Court explained that once a sentence is served, a challenge to “the lower
court’s interpretation of [the] sentence” is moot. Id. at 388. However, a challenge
to the legality of the sentence is not moot if there is a “possibility” of “collateral civil
or criminal consequences” because of the conviction. Commonwealth v. King, 786
A.2d 993, 996 (Pa. Super. 2001).
The Superior Court addressed the possibility of collateral criminal
consequences of an unpaid fine in Commonwealth v. Mauk, 185 A.3d 406 (Pa. Super.
2018). There, the defendant pled guilty to theft-related offenses and was ordered to
pay restitution, court costs and fines. Six years later, with the defendant’s debt in
arrears, the trial court found him in indirect criminal contempt and sentenced him to
14 days in prison. The defendant appealed, and the Commonwealth argued his
appeal was moot because his sentence had been served. The defendant argued
otherwise listing two reasons. First, the short sentence meant that the trial court’s
order could evade appellate review. Second, his restitution remained in arrears,
7
leaving him susceptible to future contempt charges and imprisonment. The Superior
Court agreed with the defendant on both counts.
Likewise, here, Gerhart challenges the legality of her sentence as well
as the outstanding fine, which raises the “possibility” of future criminal
consequences. As was the case for the defendant in Mauk, Gerhart could be
incarcerated for the fine’s nonpayment. We conclude that Gerhart’s appeal is not
moot and will consider the merits of her appeal.
In her first issue, Gerhart contends the trial court erred in holding that
she committed indirect criminal contempt, which protects the interest of the public.
Gerhart contends that only the private interest of Sunoco was involved. At most,
therefore, she committed civil contempt. Her sentence was illegal because an
individual held in civil contempt must be able to avoid incarceration by purging the
contempt.
Sunoco responds that indirect criminal contempt was the appropriate
sanction for willfully violating the preliminary injunction. Gerhart was represented
by counsel, received all the procedural protections due under the law and, thus, the
sentence imposed by the trial court was proper.
This Court has explained the difference between civil and criminal
contempt as follows:
The courts have always been possessed of inherent power to
enforce their orders and decrees by imposing sanctions. If the
dominant purpose of the court is remedial, to coerce compliance
with the court’s previous order and in some cases to compensate
the complainant for losses suffered, the contempt proceeding is
classified as civil. If the dominant purpose is to vindicate the
dignity and authority of the court and to protect the interest of the
general public by punishing the contemnor, the proceeding is for
criminal contempt. Criminal contempt is a crime, and those
accused of indirect criminal contempt, that which is committed
8
outside the presence of the court, are provided with safeguards
according to statute and to normal criminal procedures.
Borough of Beaver v. Steckman, 728 A.2d 418, 421 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1999) (internal
citations omitted). Indirect criminal contempt pertains to the violation of a court
order. Section 4136(a) of the Judicial Code states, in relevant part, as follows:
(a) General rule.--A person charged with indirect criminal
contempt for violation of a restraining order or injunction issued
by a court shall enjoy:
(1) The rights to bail that are accorded to persons accused of
crime.
(2) The right to be notified of the accusation and a reasonable
time to make a defense, if the alleged contempt is not committed
in the immediate view or presence of the court.
42 Pa. C.S. §4136(a). The Supreme Court has explained:
Indirect criminal contempt is a violation of a court order that
occurred outside the court’s presence. To prove indirect criminal
contempt, evidence must be sufficient to establish: the court’s
order was definite, clear, specific, and leaving no doubt in the
person to whom it was addressed of the conduct prohibited; the
contemnor had notice of the order; the act constituting the
violation was volitional; and the contemnor acted with wrongful
intent.
Commonwealth v. McMullen, 961 A.2d 842, 849 (Pa. 2008) (internal citations
omitted) (emphasis added).
The preliminary injunction named Gerhart, and her notice of the order
is undisputed. The preliminary injunction prohibited her from “entering, or being
on the easement” or “interfering in any way with [Sunoco’s] access to, and use of,
the easement ….” Trial Court Order, 6/28/2017, ¶¶2-3; R.R. 1-2. The terms of the
order are clear. Notably, Gerhart does not challenge the trial court’s findings she
9
violated the preliminary injunction beyond a reasonable doubt by committing the
following actions:
1. [S]he placed workers in danger by setting fires near the
easement that required actions by workers to extinguish;
2. [S]he entered onto the easement and physically obstructed
workers which caused safety concerns;
3. [S]he entered onto the easement and obstructed the movement
of heavy equipment causing safety concerns and forcing work
to cease to prevent injury to her;
4. [S]he spread rancid materials on trees and on the ground in
vicinity of the easement to, in her words, attract wild animals
to the construction site;
5. [S]he threw a large stick or tree limb onto the easement in the
vicinity of workers;
6. [S]he removed survey markers from the easement and threw
them from the easement onto her property; and
7. [S]he constructed an object from a plastic bottle (which
appeared on video to be an incendiary device), and ignited the
device at the boundary of the easement in an attempt to place
workers in fear of being injured.
Trial Court Op., 8/20/2018, at 4 (denying post-sentence motions). The trial court
held that Gerhart “was acutely aware of the mandates of the [preliminary injunction]
and made a conscious choice to challenge the authority of the [trial court].” Id. at 5.
“The criminal activity of [Gerhart] relates to her violation of [the preliminary
injunction], and her intentional disregard for the rule of law.” Id. at 3. In sum, each
element of indirect criminal contempt was satisfied. McMullen, 961 A.2d at 849.
There is no requirement that the conduct in violation of an injunction
be directed against the public, as Gerhart suggests. Id. at 850 (“[I]ndirect criminal
contempt is an offense against the court’s inherent authority, not necessarily against
10
the public.”). In any event, the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission (PUC) has
concluded that the Mariner East Pipeline Project serves a public need and will
advance the public interest.3 We reject Gerhart’s first claim of error.
In her second issue, Gerhart argues that her sentence for indirect
criminal contempt was excessive. She concedes that the trial court had the authority
to impose a sentence of up to six months but argues that the sentence was excessive
under Pennsylvania’s Sentencing Guidelines, 204 Pa. Code §§303.1-303.18(c).4
Sunoco responds that the trial court has broad discretion when imposing a sentence,
and that the Sentencing Guidelines are irrelevant.
The Sentencing Guidelines exempt indirect criminal contempt. Section
303.1(b) states:
The sentencing guidelines do not apply to sentences imposed as
a result of the following: accelerated rehabilitative disposition;
disposition in lieu of trial; direct or indirect contempt of court;
violations of protection from abuse orders; revocation of
probation, intermediate punishment or parole.
204 Pa. Code §303.1(b) (emphasis added). Despite this, Gerhart asks the Court to
consider whether her acts are of the same character as those listed in the basic
sentencing matrix. 204 Pa. Code §303.16(a). We decline to do so.
In McMullen, the Supreme Court held that the courts “have the
authority to punish individuals in violation of their orders” and “the legislature
cannot create a form of indirect criminal contempt and restrict a court’s ability to
3
See In re Condemnation by Sunoco Pipeline (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 220 C.D. 2016, filed May 15,
2017), where this Court held that it did not have the authority to second guess the PUC’s award of
a certificate of public convenience to Sunoco.
4
The Sentencing Guidelines “are promulgated by the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing …
a legislative agency created by the General Assembly.” Commonwealth v. Smith, 186 A.3d 397,
400 (Pa. 2018).
11
punish individuals who commit contempt of court.” McMullen, 961 A.2d at 849-50.
The legislature generally may determine the appropriate punishment for criminal
conduct but “indirect criminal contempt is an offense against the court’s inherent
authority ….” Id. The trial court was not restricted in any way by the Sentencing
Guidelines when deciding Gerhart’s sanction.
The trial court had the authority to set the sentence, absent an abuse of
discretion. Jackson, 764 A.2d at 1142 n.4. Gerhart has neither established nor
argued an abuse of discretion. Thus, we reject her second claim of error.
For the above reasons, the order of the trial court is affirmed.
______________________________________
MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
Judge Fizzano Cannon did not participate in the decision of this case.
12
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
In Re: Condemnation by Sunoco :
Pipeline L.P. of Permanent and :
Temporary Rights of Way for the :
Transportation of Ethane, Propane, :
Liquid Petroleum Gas, and other :
Petroleum Products in theTownship :
of Union, Huntingdon County, :
Pennsylvania, Over the Lands of : No. 1561 C.D. 2018
Stephen Gerhart and Ellen S. Gerhart :
:
Appeal of: Ellen S. Gerhart :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 8th day of May, 2019, (1) the Application for Post-
Submission Communication Filed by Sunoco Pipeline, L.P. (Sunoco) seeking
permission to file a Motion to Dismiss for Mootness is GRANTED, albeit
unnecessarily. (2) The Motion to Dismiss for Mootness filed by Sunoco is DENIED.
(3) The order of the Court of Common Pleas of Huntingdon County, dated August
3, 2018, is hereby AFFIRMED.
______________________________________
MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
In Re: Condemnation by Sunoco :
Pipeline L.P. of Permanent and :
Temporary Rights of Way for the :
Transportation of Ethane, Propane, : No. 1561 C.D. 2018
Liquid Petroleum Gas, and other :
Petroleum Products in the Township : Submitted: February 8, 2019
of Union, Huntingdon County, :
Pennsylvania, Over the Lands of :
Stephen Gerhart and Ellen S. Gerhart :
:
Appeal of: Ellen S. Gerhart :
BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
OPINION NOT REPORTED
CONCURRING OPINION
BY JUDGE McCULLOUGH FILED: May 8, 2019
I write separately to restate my continued belief that the underlying
catalyst in this series of unfortunate events, the Mariner East Pipeline Project, is an
unlawful undertaking and taking of private property, for Sunoco “failed to obtain the
requisite certificate of public convenience [] from the Public Utility Commission []
and therefore lacked the statutory authorization necessary to condemn private
property under Section 1104 of the Public Utility Code, 66 Pa.C.S. §1104.” In re
Condemnation by Sunoco Pipeline L.P., 165 A.3d 1044, 1053 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017),
appeal denied, 179 A.3d 455 (Pa. 2018) (McCullough, J., concurring) (Sunoco I);
see In re Sunoco Pipeline, L.P., 143 A.3d 1000, 1028-29 (Pa. Cmwlth.) (en banc),
appeal denied, 164 A.3d 485 (Pa. 2016) (McCullough, J., dissenting) (Sunoco II).
Realizing that this view did not constitute a majority of the Court in Sunoco I and
Sunoco II, and that our Supreme Court denied discretionary review in both cases, I
am constrained to agree with the ultimate result reached by the Majority in this case.
________________________________
PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
PAM - 2