Esperanza Academy Charter School v. The S.D. of Philadelphia (Dept. of Education) ( 2024 )

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Esperanza Academy Charter School, : CASES CONSOLIDATED
Petitioner :
:
v. :
:
The School District of Philadelphia :
(Department of Education), : Nos. 1430-1431 C.D. 2022
Respondent :
:
Esperanza Cyber Charter School, :
Petitioner :
:
v. :
:
The School District of Philadelphia :
(Department of Education), : Nos. 1432-1433 C.D. 2022
Respondent : Argued: September 11, 2024
BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge
HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
HONORABLE LORI A. DUMAS, Judge
HONORABLE STACY WALLACE, Judge
OPINION BY
JUDGE COVEY FILED: November 25, 2024
Esperanza Academy Charter School and Esperanza Cyber Charter
School (collectively, Charter Schools) petition this Court for review of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Education’s (Department) Acting
Secretary of Education Eric Hagarty’s (Secretary) November 21, 2022 order (1)
granting the Philadelphia School District’s (School District) appeals, (2) concluding
that the School District appropriately used budgeted expenditures to calculate the
Section 1725-A of the Charter School Law’s (CSL)1 tuition rates and the additional
deductions listed on the PDE-3632 as necessary to give effect to the CSL and other
laws, and (3) directing the parties to calculate the rates using the amended budgets
and the Average Daily Membership (ADM)3 as reported by the Department to
reconcile the subject school years. Charter Schools present five issues for this
Court’s review: (1) whether the Secretary erred by determining that the CSL permits
school districts to take deductions not allowed by the CSL from the rate calculation
to determine the amount the school districts shall pay charter schools for each student
enrolled; (2) whether the Secretary erred by ignoring the School District’s burden of
proof; (3) whether the Secretary abused his discretion by failing to determine the
School District’s ADM; (4) whether the Secretary erred by allowing the School
District to use what were purported to be amended budgets adopted as late as one
day before the end of the school year to determine the amount the School District
was to pay Charter Schools for each resident student enrolled in Charter Schools;
and (5) whether the Secretary erred by allowing state-funded pre-kindergarten (Pre-
K) expenditures to be deducted from the ratio calculation. After careful review, this
Court affirms.
Charter Schools alleged in a Petition for Review (Petition) in this
Court’s original jurisdiction that the School District underpaid them for the 2015-
1
Act of March 10, 1949, P.L. 30, as amended, added by Section 1 of the Act of June 19,
1997, P.L. 225, 24 P.S. § 17-1725-A. Section 1725-A of the CSL establishes the formula for
calculating the tuition rates paid by school districts to charter schools.
2
The PDE-363 is a form on which the School District purported to calculate what it owed
charter schools under the CSL for the 2015-2016 school year for each student enrolled in a charter
school who was a resident of the School District.
3
ADM “is the term used for all resident pupils of the school district for whom the school
district is financially responsible. It is calculated by dividing the aggregate days membership for
all children on active rolls by the number of days the school district is in session.” See
https://www.education.pa.gov/Teachers%20-
%20Administrators/School%20Finances/Finances/FinancialDataElements (last visited Nov. 22,
2024).
2
2016 school year (SY) because the School District followed the Department’s
student reimbursement guidance materials (Guidelines) that the Department
rescinded after this Court ruled that they did not comply with the CSL.4 See Antonia
Pantoja Charter Sch. v. Dep’t of Educ. (Pa. Cmwlth. No. 289 M.D. 2017, filed Aug.
5, 2019).5 Based on the Department’s rescission of the Guidelines, in April 2017,
Charter Schools filed reconciliation requests and reports with the Department asking
the Department to withhold and redirect the underpayments from the School
District’s state funding pursuant to Section 1725-A(a) of the CSL. The Department
refused Charter Schools’ reconciliation requests because it interpreted Section 1725-
A(a)(5) of the CSL as requiring Charter Schools to submit documentation of the
2015-2016 SY underpayment amounts to the School District by October 1, 2016.
As a result of Cross-Applications for Summary Relief filed in Antonia
Pantoja, this Court held:
Charter [s]chools’ requests for declaratory and injunctive
relief based on the invalidity of the Guidelines and the
need for school districts to pay the statutory amount set
forth in [c]ounts I and V of the [p]etition [for review
(petition)] are dismissed as moot based on [First
Philadelphia Preparatory Charter School v. Department
of Education, 179 A.3d 128 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018) (]First
Philadelphia I[)] and [First Philadelphia Preparatory
Charter School v. Commonwealth (Pa. Cmwlth. No. 159
M.D. 2017, filed Jan. 9, 2019) (First Philadelphia] II[)].
The Department’s Application is granted, and [c]ounts I,
III, III(A)-III(H), and V are dismissed as to them [sic].
Because [c]harter [s]chools did not submit final
documentation of the amount to be paid for the 2015-2016
SY to [the School District] by October 1, 2016, as required
4
See First Phila. Preparatory Charter Sch. v. Dep’t of Educ., 179 A.3d 128 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2018).
5
Antonia Pantoja Charter School, Eugenio Maria de Hostos Charter School, John B.
Stetson Charter School, Olney Charter High School, and Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School were
also petitioners in Antonia Pantoja, but are not parties in the instant cases.
3
by the 2016 Amendment to Section 1725-A(a)(5) [of the
CSL], [the] Department did not have a statutory duty to
withhold state funds from [the School District] and
redirect those funds to [c]harter [s]chools. [The School]
District’s Application is denied because the 2016
Amendment did not alter or otherwise limit [the School]
District’s obligation to pay [c]harter [s]chools the statutory
amount for the 2015-2016 SY[,] notwithstanding that
[c]harter [s]chools did not provide [the School District]
with final documentation of the amount to be paid by
October 1, 2016. Finally, [c]harter [s]chools’ Application
is denied because, although [this Court] agree[s] they were
underpaid due to [the School District’s] use of the
Guidelines and [the School] District remains obligated to
resolve that underpayment, material facts remain
outstanding and the administrative remedy, already
begun, is adequate to address those outstanding issues.
The remainder of [c]harter [s]chools’ [p]etition is
dismissed to allow [c]harter [s]chools’ claims pending
in the administrative process to proceed on an
expedited basis.
Antonia Pantoja, slip op. at 27-28 (emphasis added).
As a result of the administrative process, on November 21, 2022, the
Secretary: (1) granted the School District’s appeals; (2) concluded that the School
District appropriately used budgeted expenditures to calculate the Section 1725-A
of the CSL’s tuition rates, and the additional deductions listed on the PDE-363 as
necessary to give effect to the CSL and other laws; and (3) declared that the parties
are to calculate the rates using the amended budgets and ADM, as reported by the
4
Department to reconcile the subject school years. Charter Schools appealed to this
Court.6 On December 30, 2022, the School District filed a Notice of Intervention.7
Charter Schools first argue that the Secretary erred by determining that
the CSL permits school districts to take deductions not allowed by the CSL from the
rate calculation to determine the amount the school districts shall pay charter schools
for each student enrolled. Charter Schools contend that the CSL allows school
districts to take only limited deductions when calculating how much they owe
charter schools for each student attending the charter school who resides in the
school district. Charter Schools assert that despite the CSL’s clear language on this
issue, the Department found that the School District’s use of the additional
deductions to reduce payments to Charter Schools did not alter the CSL’s legislative
funding formula.
The School District rejoins that contrary to Charter Schools’ arguments,
the Secretary found that in calculating the payment rates, the exclusion of
expenditures funded through federal grant dollars, Pre-K expenditures, and the
designated Ready to Learn Block Grant (RTLBG)8 funds directly correlates to the
legal obligations that govern the use of those funds. The School District contends
that by recognizing the competing legal obligations, the Secretary correctly
reconciled the CSL’s existing statutory payment scheme (i) consistently with other
6
“This Court’s . . . review of a decision of the Secretary . . . is limited to [the] determination
of whether substantial evidence supports necessary factual findings, and whether an error of law
or constitutional violation was committed.” Sch. Dist. of Phila. v. Jones, 139 A.3d 358, 363 n.3
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2016) (quoting Curl v. Solanco Sch. Dist., 936 A.2d 183, 185 n.1 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2007)).
7
Northern Lehigh School District, Bethlehem Area School District, School District of
Pittsburgh, and Pennsylvania School Boards Association filed amicus curiae briefs in support of
the School District’s position.
8
The RTLBG is a grant established in two pieces over different legislative sessions. The
larger piece of the RTLBG is available to school districts and charter schools. The smaller share
of the grant is only for school districts.
5
state law provisions giving effect to all statutory provisions as required under the
Statutory Construction Act of 1972 (SCA),9 and (ii) in a manner that avoids the CSL
conflicting with federal law in violation of the federal preemption doctrine. The
School District asserts that the Secretary’s decision does not violate or change the
CSL funding formula.
Initially, Section 1725-A(a) of the CSL provides, in relevant part:
Funding for a charter school shall be provided in the
following manner:
(1) There shall be no tuition charge for a resident or
nonresident student attending a charter school.
(2) For non-special education students, the charter school
shall receive for each student enrolled no less than the
budgeted total expenditure per [ADM] of the prior
school year, as defined in [S]ection 2501(20) [of the
Public School Code of 1949 (School Code), Act of March
10, 1949, P.L. 30, as amended, 24 P.S. § 25-2501(20),]
minus the budgeted expenditures of the district of
residence for nonpublic school programs; adult
education programs; community/junior college
programs; student transportation services; for special
education programs; facilities acquisition,
construction and improvement services; and other
financing uses, including debt service and fund
transfers as provided in the Manual of Accounting and
Related Financial Procedures for Pennsylvania School
Systems established by the [D]epartment. This amount
shall be paid by the [school] district of residence of each
student.
(3) For special education students, the charter school shall
receive for each student enrolled the same funding as for
each non-special education student as provided in clause
(2), plus an additional amount determined by dividing the
[school] district of residence’s total special education
expenditure by the product of multiplying the combined
9
1 Pa.C.S. §§ 1501-1991.
6
percentage of [S]ection 2509.5(k) [of the School Code,
added by Section 18 of the Act of August 5, 1991, P.L.
219,] times the [school] district of residence’s total [ADM]
for the prior school year. This amount shall be paid by the
[school] district of residence of each student.
24 P.S. § 17-1725-A(a) (emphasis added). However, in addition to those items listed
above, the PDE-363 includes “Deductions from Total Expenditures” for: regular
education (federal only); special education; vocational education (federal only);
other instructional programs (federal only); Pre-K (federal only); Pre-K (state Pre-K
counts only); pupil personnel (federal only); instructional staff (federal only);
administration (federal only); pupil health (federal only); business (federal only);
operation and maintenance of plant services (federal only); central (federal only);
other support services (federal only); operation of noninstructional services (federal
only); and RTLBG. See https://www.psba.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/PDE-
363.pdf (last visited Nov. 22, 2024).
Our General Assembly, unlike our federal counterpart, has
dictated explicit considerations via the [SCA] regarding
how to discern its statutory intent.
Pursuant to the [SCA], the overriding object of all
statutory interpretation and construction “is to ascertain
and effectuate the intention of the General Assembly” in
enacting the statute under review. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(a). If
statutory language is “clear and free from all ambiguity,
the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of
pursuing its spirit.” Id. § 1921(b). Thus, when the words
of a statute have a plain and unambiguous meaning, it is
this meaning which is the paramount indicator of
legislative intent.
Nicole B. v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 237 A.3d 986, 994 (Pa. 2020).
While Section 1725-A of the CSL does not include the additional PDE-
363 deductions, it does reference Section 2501(20) of the School Code, which states:
“A school district’s total expenditures shall include all General Fund expenditures
7
and other financing uses for a school year, as designated in the Manual of
Accounting and Related Financial Procedures for Pennsylvania School Systems.”
24 P.S. § 25-2501(20). That provision does not require the inclusion of expenditures
paid for through federal grant funds in the budget. Indeed, Charter Schools admit
that federal grant funds should not be included in the total expenditures. Charter
Schools argue that since the School District included them, under Section 1725-A of
the CSL, it cannot now deduct them. However, because the only permissible use of
those funds is for the benefit of the School District’s students, it is clear that the
School District is not permitted to divert any of its federal funding to charter schools.
Allowing these funds to remain part of the tuition calculation diverts them from the
intended recipient, the School District’s students.10 As such, the Secretary correctly
concluded that these deductions must be permitted.
Concerning the RTLBG, the CSL itself is silent on whether the RTLBG
is deductible from charter school funding. However, The Fiscal Code11 2015-2016
Budget Implementation provided:
(21) From the appropriation for the [RTLBG], funds shall
be distributed to school entities as follows:
(i) Each school entity shall receive:
....
(B) A [RTLBG] subsidy equal to the amount paid during
the 2014-2015 [SY] under [S]ection 1722-L(21)(ii) [of
The Fiscal Code].
10
In general, public schools have three primary sources of funding: federal, state, and local.
The relative amount of funding from each of these three sources differs between charter schools
and district schools. While charter schools receive less total funding than district schools, they
usually receive a higher proportion of their funding from states and a lower proportion from local
sources. See https://data.publiccharters.org/digest/charter-school-data-digest/how-are-charter-
schools-funded (last visited Nov. 22, 2024).
11
Act of April 9, 1929, P.L. 343, as amended, 72 P.S. §§ 1-1805.
8
....
(22) Notwithstanding any provision of law to the
contrary, the revenues received by a school district
under paragraph (21)(i)(B) shall not be included in the
school district’s budgeted total expenditure per [ADM]
used to calculate the amount to be paid to a charter school
under [S]ection 1725-A(a)(2) and (3) of the [School
Code].
72 P.S. § 1722-L(21)(i)(B), (22)12 (emphasis added). Similar to the federal funds,
since the RTLBG is not to be included in the School District’s total expenditures,
the Secretary properly concluded that these deductions must also be permitted.
Accordingly, the Secretary properly determined that the School District was
authorized to take deductions not specified in the CSL from the calculation to
determine the amount the School District shall pay Charter Schools for each student
enrolled.
Charter Schools next contend that the Secretary erred by ignoring the
School District’s burden of proof. Charter Schools assert that, in issuing his order
regarding the burden of proof in this case, the Department’s Hearing Officer ordered
that the School District continued to bear the burden of proof and the burden of
persuasion, including the burden to disprove any material fact and the burden to
establish the governing law and application of that law to the facts of these matters.
Charter Schools contend that the School District therefore had the burden of
demonstrating that federal law requires the subject deductions. Charter Schools
claim that there is also a presumption against federal law preemption of state law.
See Dooner v. DiDonato, 971 A.2d 1187, 1194 (Pa. 2009) (holding that “concepts
of federalism and state sovereignty make clear that in discerning whether Congress
intended to preempt state law, there is a presumption against preemption”). Charter
12
Section 1722-L of The Fiscal Code was added by Section 16 of the Act of November 23,
2020, P.L. 1140.
9
Schools proclaim that the School District failed to rebut this presumption because it
did not offer any case law or expert testimony to support its position that compliance
with Section 1725-A of the CSL as written would violate specific statutes.
The School District rejoins that it did not have the burden of proof in
this circumstance under Section 1725-A(a)(5)-(6) of the CSL, and it is inaccurate for
Charter Schools to suggest that the Secretary placed the burden of proof on Charter
Schools or ignored the burden. The School District asserts that in Antonia Pantoja,
this Court stated as follows: “[D]uring these proceedings, [the School District] will
bear the burden of proving that [the c]harter [s]chools’ claims are invalid.” Id., slip
op. at 27 (relying on Chester Cmty. Charter Sch. v. Dep’t of Educ., 44 A.3d 715 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2012) (Chester II)). The School District maintains that both the Hearing
Officer’s October 29, 2020 order and the Secretary’s decision followed this Court’s
dicta in Antonia Pantoja concerning which party had the burden of proof.
The School District further asserts that the Hearing Officer simply
required Charter Schools to present evidence of what they believed was the proper
calculation of the per diem rate and the amounts due based upon the apparently
agreed upon student days and payments previously made for each charter school.
The School District declares that the Hearing Officer made the directive on which
party has the burden of proof following the School District’s October 15, 2020
motion to assign an initial burden of production to Charter Schools because Charter
Schools produced multiple PDE-363s that contained differing amounts and differing
rates, which caused uncertainty and confusion as to what was being adjudicated and
what the School District had to prove (or, in this case, disprove). The School District
states that it always retained the burden of proof and, as the Secretary found, met its
burden of establishing why its original calculations made on the PDE-363s (using
its duly adopted amended budgets) were accurate and valid, and why the Charter
Schools’ claims and positions did not comply with applicable law. Accepting that
10
it had the burden of proof and having met its burden, the School District maintains
that the burden should have been on Charter Schools to establish the factual basis to
support their legal challenge to the rates and for the School District to then present
evidence in defense of those rates.
Initially, Section 1725-A of the CSL provides, in relevant part:
(5) Payments shall be made to the charter school in twelve
(12) equal monthly payments, by the fifth day of each
month, within the operating school year. A student
enrolled in a charter school shall be included in the [ADM]
of the student’s [school] district of residence for the
purpose of providing basic education funding payments
and special education funding pursuant to Article XXV [of
the CSL]. If a school district fails to make a payment to a
charter school as prescribed in this clause, the [S]ecretary
shall deduct the estimated amount, as documented by the
charter school, from any and all [s]tate payments made to
the [school] district after receipt of documentation from
the charter school. No later than October 1 of each year,
a charter school shall submit to the school district of
residence of each student final documentation of
payment to be made based on the [ADM] for the
students enrolled in the charter school from the school
district for the previous school year. If a school district
fails to make payment to the charter school, the [S]ecretary
shall deduct and pay the amount as documented by the
charter school from any and all [s]tate payments made to
the [school] district after receipt of documentation from
the charter school from the appropriations for the fiscal
year in which the final documentation of payment was
submitted to the school district of residence.
(6) Within thirty (30) days after the [S]ecretary makes the
deduction described in clause (5), a school district may
notify the [S]ecretary that the deduction made from [s]tate
payments to the [school] district under this subsection is
inaccurate. The [S]ecretary shall provide the school
district with an opportunity to be heard concerning
whether the charter school documented that its
students were enrolled in the charter school, the period
of time during which each student was enrolled, the
school district of residence of each student[,] and
11
whether the amounts deducted from the school district
were accurate.
24 P.S. § 17-1725-A(a) (emphasis added). Clearly, a school district has the burden
of proof.
Here, the fact that the withholdings were not made because Charter
Schools did not timely submit final documentation of the payments to be made does
not change which party has the burden of proof. Because it was still a reconciliation,
and the School District is responsible for determining the fund amounts, the School
District had the burden of proving that Charter Schools’ claims were invalid and
improper. Accordingly, the Secretary did not ignore the burden of proof placed on
the School District.
Charter Schools next argue that the Secretary abused his discretion by
failing to determine the School District’s ADM. Charter Schools assert that the
parties offered three different ADM numbers for the School District for each school
year: (1) the ADM the School District used in its initial PDE-363s; (2) the ADM the
School District used in its revised PDE-363 forms created for this litigation; and (3)
the ADM the Department reported on its website after the hearings herein. Charter
Schools contend that the Department abused its discretion by failing to clearly
specify which ADM applied. The School District rejoins that the parties had
stipulated that the ADM figures for the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 school years
published on the Department’s website as of January 18, 2021, accurately reflect the
Department’s ADM data for those school years. The School District maintains that
the Secretary acknowledged that stipulated fact, see Secretary’s Op. at 1 n.3,13 and
stated that he would not consider which ADM data to use because of that stipulation.
13
The School District indicated footnote 2; however, that was clearly a typographical error.
12
The parties’ stipulation (Joint Stipulation) provided, in relevant part:
1. The parties agree that the [ADM] figures in [Charter
Schools’] Exhibit [(]R-[)]136 for the School District
accurately reflect the ADM data that appears in the Excel
spreadsheets published on the [Department’s] website as
of January 18, 2021[,] for the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016
school years, and that R-136 may be admitted into the
record. By entering into this [Joint S]tipulation, the
School District is not admitting or agreeing that the
ADM published in R-136 is the correct ADM to be used
for the PDE-363 calculations for the years in question,
and it is not waiving any arguments about those
documents by virtue of [this Joint S]tipulation[] other
than the specific stipulated point that the ADM figures
in R-136 accurately reflect the ADM data for the
specified school years that appear on [the
Department’s] website as of January 18, 2021.
2. The parties dispute which is the proper expenditure data
to be used to calculate the rates using the PDE-363 form,
under applicable law. Each party has put forward
evidence supporting its respective position and the parties
agree that the matter may be a legal issue. The School
District has reviewed the documents identified as R-169,
[R-]170, [R-]171 and [R-]172. The expenditures and
deductions reflected in these documents are the same
expenditures and deductions as those reflected in R-59 and
R-82[.] . . . The School District disputes that these
expenditures and deductions are the proper or only figures
to use in the calculations under applicable law, or that the
ADM used in these particular exhibits is the proper
ADM to use. However, the parties agree that R-169, [R-
]170, [R-]171 and [R-]172 may be admitted into the
record, with all parties being free to make any arguments
they choose about those documents and no party being
treated as waiving any arguments about those documents
by virtue of [this Joint S]tipulation[].
Reproduced Record (R.R.) Vol. 1 at 2088a (emphasis added).
13
In his [o]pinion, the Secretary stated:
The [School] District and Charter Schools have agreed
that the [ADM] figures in [] R-136 accurately reflect[] the
ADM data, which appeared on [the Department’s] website
as of January 18, 2021. See Joint Stipulation, 1; see also,
Charter Schools’ [] R-136. Accordingly, the Secretary
will not consider what ADM data was the proper data to
use when calculating the [School] District’s 2015-2016
and 2016-2017 charter school tuition rates.
Secretary’s Op. at 1 n.3. In Conclusion of Law No. 8, the Secretary declared:
“Annually, [the Department] calculates [the] [S]chool [D]istrict[’s] [ADM],
including a specific figure titled ‘ADM for PDE-363.’ All ADM data is annually
posted to [the Department’s] publicly available website.” Id. at 10. The Secretary
directed “that the parties are to use the rates, as calculated using the amended
budgets, and ADM, as reported by the [Department], to reconcile the school years
in question.” Secretary’s Nov. 21, 2022 Order (emphasis added). Notwithstanding
footnote 3 in the Secretary’s opinion, there is no doubt that the Secretary specified
that the parties shall use the ADM reported on the Department’s website.
Accordingly, the Secretary did not abuse his discretion by failing to determine the
School District’s ADM.
Charter Schools next contend that the Secretary erred by allowing the
School District to use what were purported to be the amended budgets adopted as
late as one day before the end of the school year to determine the amount the School
District was to pay Charter Schools for each resident student enrolled in the Charter
Schools. Charter Schools assert that the 2014-2015 amended budget upon which the
School District based its calculation for the 2015-2016 SY was adopted on June 30,
2015, the last day of the 2014-2015 SY. Charter Schools maintain that, according
to the School District’s witness, the School District’s Home Rule Charter (Home
Rule Charter) requires amended budgets to be adopted by the end of May of each
14
school year. Charter Schools claim that the School District conceded that it adopted
the amended budget on the last day of the 2014-2015 SY. Charter Schools argue
that the School District adopted the amended budget for the 2015-2016 SY on May
26, 2016, just over a month before the end of the school year. Charter Schools
declare, therefore, for the 2015-2016 SY, at least 11 out of 12 months (roughly 91%)
would have been based on actual spending.
The School District rejoins that the School Code permits school
districts to reopen or amend their budgets for various reasons and to make fund
transfers during a school year. See, e.g., Sections 609, 615, 616, 616.1 and 687(c)-
(d) of the School Code, 24 P.S. §§ 6-609, 6-615, 6-616, 6-616.1,14 and 6-687(c) and
(d). The School District retorts that those provisions reflect the General Assembly’s
explicit statutory authority for budget amendments. The School District maintains
that, as a school district of the first class, it is not subject to the budget adoption and
publication requirements found in Section 687(a) and (b) of the School Code, 24
P.S. § 6-687(a)-(b), a fact the Secretary noted. See Secretary’s Op. at 13 n.6. The
School District declares that it is, however, subject to the Home Rule Charter, which
authorizes it to adopt a budget and amendments thereto. See Section 12-303 of the
Home Rule Charter, R.R. at 4608a. The School District claims that the School
Reform Commission adopted initial budgets for the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016
school years and adopted amended budgets during each of those fiscal years.
Section 1725-A(a)(2) of the CSL provides: “[The charter school shall
receive for each student enrolled no less than the budgeted total expenditure per
[the ADM] of the prior school year, . . . minus the budgeted expenditures of the
[school] district of residence . . . .” 24 P.S. § 17-1725-A(a)(2) (emphasis added).
Section 687 of the School Code mandates:
14
Added by Section 2 of the Act of July 9, 2013, P.L. 408.
15
Annual budget; additional or increased appropriations;
transfer of funds
(a)(1) The board of school directors of each school district
of the second, third, or fourth class shall, annually, at least
thirty (30) days prior to the adoption of the annual budget,
prepare a proposed budget of the amount of funds that will
be required by the school district in its several departments
for the following fiscal year.
....
(h) Beginning with the adjusted final fiscal year 1991-
1992 budget, and each fiscal year thereafter, on or before
September 15, each school district shall furnish to the
Department . . . an electronic copy of the school
district’s final adopted annual budget to include the
amount of [school] district revenues being held in excess
of its total budgeted expenditures.
24 P.S. § 6-687 (emphasis added).
Section 12-303 of the Home Rule Charter states, in relevant part:
Annual Operating Budget and Annual Revenue Estimate.
(a) The Board of Education [(Board)] shall, at least thirty
(30) days before the end of the fiscal year, adopt by
majority vote of all its members an operating budget
setting forth in lump sum amounts the proposed
expenditures of the Board during the next fiscal year as to
each principal administrative unit of the [School] District,
according to such classes of expenditures as the Board
may determine, and the estimated receipts of the Board
during the next fiscal year, including approximate
estimates of proposed revenues and all other receipts. The
total amount of proposed expenditures shall not exceed the
amount of funds available for School District purposes.
(b) At least sixty (60) days prior to adoption of the annual
operating budget, the Board shall adopt and submit to the
Mayor and Council a lump sum statement of anticipated
receipts and expenditures for the next fiscal year . . . .
16
(c) The Board shall, at least thirty (30) days prior to the
time any budget or amendment thereto is adopted,
conduct at least one public hearing thereon. . . .
R.R. at 4608a (emphasis added). As the CSL only requires use of “the budgeted
total expenditure[,]” without specifying initial or amended, and because the General
Assembly is presumed to be aware that school districts can amend their budgets,
school districts’ use of amended budgets does not violate the CSL. 24 P.S. § 17-
1725-A. Accordingly, the Secretary did not err by allowing the School District to
use the amended budgets to determine the amount it was to pay for each resident
student enrolled in Charter Schools.
Charter Schools next argue that the Secretary erred by allowing state-
funded Pre-K expenditures to be deducted from the total budgeted expenditures.
Charter Schools assert that the School District and the Department included this
deduction because they felt that the General Assembly’s funding formula was not
fair and should have included a deduction for state-funded Pre-K expenditures.
Charter Schools specifically declare that the Department concluded that Pre-K
expenditures should not be included in the calculation because charter schools were
not eligible for Pre-K funding. Charter Schools contend that this is the exact
opposite reasoning it used to conclude that deductions should be allowed for federal
expenditures, where the Department reasoned that expenditures resulting from
federal grants can be deducted because charter schools are eligible for federal grants.
Charter Schools assert that this type of rewriting of the CSL based on notions of
fairness is not allowed by Discovery Charter School v. School District of
Philadelphia, 166 A.3d 304 (Pa. 2017), and the Department’s willingness to approve
of this rewriting, even when no federal funds or double-dip are present, demonstrates
that these arguments with respect to the other non-statutory deductions are nothing
more than a diversion to hide the Department’s willingness to modify the statute to
meet its idea of what should have been in the statute.
17
The School District rejoins that, under the CSL, Pennsylvania charter
schools are not authorized to operate any student programs earlier than kindergarten,
and the Secretary so found. The School District retorts that charter schools do not
(and cannot) serve children who are ages three and four in Pre-K programs. The
School District further asserts that none of Charter Schools in this case presented
any evidence that they operate Pre-K programs. The School District maintains that
the state and federal funding statutes in Article XXV of the School Code that govern
Pre-K funding exclude Pre-K enrollment from ADM calculations for purposes of
calculating state funding. The School District argues that, as the Secretary found,
charter schools are not authorized under the CSL or other law to provide Pre-K
programs or serve three- and four-year-olds enrolled in Pre-K programs. The School
District further contends that a school district is not obligated to provide funding to
a charter school for grade levels or ages that the charter school does not and cannot
offer under the law. The School District cites Slippery Rock Area School District v.
Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School, 31 A.3d 657 (Pa. 2011), wherein the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that school districts are not obligated to fund
kindergarten programs offered by a charter school for a four-year-old student when
the school district had exercised its discretion not to offer kindergarten programs for
four-year-old students in its own schools, even though the CSL was silent on this
issue.15 Similarly, the School District proclaims that school districts would not have
to include expenditures in the rate calculation formula associated with Pre-K
programs that charter schools cannot operate and for which they cannot receive
payment from school districts.
15
The Slippery Rock Court held that when faced with a conflict regarding funding, “the
cyber charter school is bound by the policy of the school district in which the student resides.” Id.
at 666. Slippery Rock is therefore distinguishable because the school district therein did not
provide kindergarten programs.
18
Section 1511-D of the School Code provides the following definitions:
“Approved provider.” An eligible provider that has been
approved by the Department . . . to offer [Pre-K] under this
subarticle.
....
“Eligible provider.” Any of the following entities if the
entity complies with all quality program standards
established by the Department . . . :
(1) A school district.
(2) A Head Start program.
(3) A nursery school . . . .
(4) One of the following:
(i) Prior to July 1, 2009, a child day care center or a group
day care home . . . established by the Department of
[Human Services].
(ii) After June 30, 2009, a child day care center or a group
day care home . . . established by the Department of
[Human Services]. . . .
“Eligible student.” A child who is at least three years of
age and is younger than the entry age of kindergarten in
the school district of residence.
“Program.” The Pre-K Counts Program [(Pre-K
Counts)] established under [S]ection 1512-D [of the
School Code].
24 P.S. § 15-1511-D.16 Section 1512-D of the School Code mandates: “To the extent
that funds are appropriated by the General Assembly, the [D]epartment shall
establish the Pennsylvania Pre-K Counts [] as a competitive grant program to expand
16
Section 1511-D of the School Code was added by Section 13 of the Act of July 20, 2007,
P.L. 278.
19
[Pre-K] opportunities for eligible students.” 24 P.S. § 15-1512-D17 (emphasis
added). Since Charter Schools are not approved providers, they are not entitled to
Pre-K Counts funding. Moreover, students funded by state Pre-K Counts funds are
not included in the ADM for the purpose of funding allocations. See Section 1515-
D(b) of the School Code, 24 P.S. § 15-1515-D(b).18 If Pre-K Counts funded students
are not included in the ADM, then Pre-K Counts expenditures should not be included
in the charter school tuition rate calculations. Accordingly, the Secretary did not err
by allowing state-funded Pre-K expenditures to be deducted.
For all of the above reasons, the Secretary’s November 21, 2022 order
is affirmed.
_________________________________
ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
17
Section 1512-D of the School Code was added by Section 13 of the Act of July 20, 2007,
P.L. 278.
18
Section 1515-D of the School Code was added by Section 13 of the Act of July 20, 2007,
P.L. 278.
20
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Esperanza Academy Charter School, : CASES CONSOLIDATED
Petitioner :
:
v. :
:
The School District of Philadelphia :
(Department of Education), : Nos. 1430-1431 C.D. 2022
Respondent :
:
Esperanza Cyber Charter School, :
Petitioner :
:
v. :
:
The School District of Philadelphia :
(Department of Education), : Nos. 1432-1433 C.D. 2022
Respondent :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 25th day of November, 2024, the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, Department of Education’s Acting Secretary of Education Eric
Hagarty’s November 21, 2022 order is affirmed.
_________________________________
ANNE E. COVEY, Judge