Pace-O-Matic, Inc. v. Eckert, Seamans Cherin & Mellott, LLC ( 2023 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA PACE-O-MATIC, INC., Plaintiff, CIVIL ACTION NO. 1:20-cv-00292 v. (WILSON, J.) (SAPORITO, M.J.) ECKERT SEAMANS CHERIN & MELLOTT, LLC, Defendant. MEMORANDUM This is a diversity action in which the plaintiff, Pace-O-Matic, Inc. (“POM”) has brought a state-law breach of fiduciary duty action against the defendant, Eckert Seamans Cherin & Mellott, LLC (“Eckert”). POM, a Wyoming corporation with a principal place of business in Georgia, is a former client of Eckert, a law firm based in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. POM claims that Eckert breached its professional duties of loyalty and confidentiality by undertaking the concurrent representation of another client in litigation against POM. For relief, POM seeks an award of compensatory and punitive damages plus declaratory and injunctive relief against Eckert. This is one of a series of discovery disputes that the parties have been unable to resolve without a court ruling. , , No. 20-cv-00292, 2021 WL 602733 (M.D. Pa. Feb. 16, 2021), , 2021 WL 1264323 (M.D. Pa. Apr. 6, 2021), , 2021 WL 5330641 (M.D. Pa. Nov. 16, 2021), , 2022 WL 2441556 (M.D. Pa. July 5, 2022), , No. 22-2445, 2023 WL 7491133 (3d Cir. Nov. 13, 2023). In response to Rule 34 requests for production served by POM, Eckert produced a 116-page privilege log describing 1,010 responsive email messages withheld from disclosure, including the legal basis for withholding each document. Based on the information set forth in that privilege log, POM filed a letter challenging Eckert’s assertion of attorney-client privilege and work-product protection with respect to 120 of these documents. (Doc. 295.) Eckert filed a responsive letter. (Doc. 298.) Upon review of these letters, the presiding United States district judge granted the plaintiff’s request for an review of the documents at issue. She directed Eckert to submit copies of the challenged documents for review. She also directed POM to file a reply letter. (Doc. 300.) As directed, POM filed its reply letter (Doc. 304), and Eckert submitted a tabbed binder containing copies of the 120 challenged documents for review ( Doc. 305). Shortly thereafter, the discovery dispute was referred to the undersigned United States magistrate judge for resolution. (Doc. 313.) I. BACKGROUND POM develops, produces, and licenses electronic “skill games” sold in Pennsylvania and elsewhere. Beginning in 2016, POM engaged Eckert to represent it in Virginia with respect to litigation over whether those skill games were illegal gambling devices under Virginia law. That representation was limited to Virginia, as Eckert represented other clients with adverse commercial interests in Pennsylvania. One of those other clients was Greenwood Gaming & Entertainment, Inc. d/b/a Parx Casino (“Parx”), with which Eckert had a prior existing attorney-client relationship. In June 2018, POM filed a lawsuit concerning its skill games in the Commonwealth Court against the City of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue. , No. 418 MD 2018 (Pa. Commw. Ct. filed June 8, 2018). About one month later, POM filed a second lawsuit concerning its skill games in the Commonwealth Court against the Pennsylvania State Police. , No. 503 MD 2018 (Pa. Commw. Ct. filed July 20, 2018). On November 20, 2019, the Commonwealth Court issued an opinion in the first case denying an application for summary relief by the state department of revenue, which had the effect of placing both actions on an active litigation schedule. , 221 A.3d 717 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2019) (denying state department of revenue’s motion for summary relief in Case No. 418); , No. 503 M.D. 2018, 2019 WL 6173719 (Pa. Commw. Ct. Nov. 20, 2019) (citing Case No. 418 opinion in denying state police motion for summary relief in Case No. 503). On December 12, 2019, POM filed a motion for a preliminary injunction against the Pennsylvania State Police in Case No. 503. POM sought to enjoin the state police from seizing its skill games from its customers. On December 18, 2019, Parx and another casino filed an amicus brief in opposition to POM’s motion for a preliminary injunction. Parx appeared through counsel of record Kevin McKeon of Hawke McKeon & Sniscak, LLP (“HMS”) and Adrian King of Ballard Spahr, LLP (“Ballard”).1 On January 15, 2020, the Commonwealth Court held a hearing on POM’s application for a preliminary injunction. On February 14, 2020, the casinos filed applications to intervene as parties in both of POM’s Commonwealth Court cases. At some point in January 2020, POM learned that Eckert was involved in representing Parx in connection with the Commonwealth Court cases and requested that it withdraw from that representation. Eckert declined and instead withdrew from representing POM in the Virginia matters. On February 20, 2020, POM filed the complaint in this action, alleging that Mark Stewart and other attorneys at Eckert had been behind the litigation efforts of Parx in both Commonwealth Court cases, despite a conflict of interest. POM claimed that Eckert’s representation of Parx in the Commonwealth Court cases, directly adverse to POM, amounted to a breach of its fiduciary duties to POM as its client—namely, its professional duties of loyalty and confidentiality. In connection with an earlier discovery dispute, we conducted an 1 King was co-counsel with McKeon in both Commonwealth Court cases. It is our understanding that he and his firm represent another casino group that joined Parx in filing the amicus brief and, later, the initial motions to intervene. review of other documents responsive to POM’s discovery requests and third-party subpoenas. Among the documents produced for that earlier inspection were email messages and SMS text messages concerning the POM Commonwealth Court litigation, exchanged between Stewart and other Eckert attorneys on the one hand and other attorneys or corporate representatives for Parx on the other hand. These communications all concerned efforts by Parx to participate in the Commonwealth Court litigation—first as an amicus curiae with respect to a motion by POM for preliminary injunctive relief, and then later as an intervenor seeking full party status, but at all times in direct opposition to the interests of the petitioner, POM, which was also a client of Eckert at the time. Our initial February 2021 ruling concerned several categories of documents withheld from production, two of which are relevant to the current dispute. One category was transmittal messages, which “are not privileged unless they reveal the client’s confidences.” , 2021 WL 602733, at *8. A second category was communications concerning legislative, lobbying, or public relations services, which are generally not privileged. at *9–*10. Eckert, Parx, and HMS appealed a portion of our initial ruling concerning another category of documents, as to which we had found Eckert, Parx, and HMS judicially estopped from asserting attorney-client privilege. But Eckert, Parx, and HMS did not challenge our ruling with respect to any other categories of documents, including our rulings with respect to transmittal messages and communications predominantly concerned with legislative, lobbying, or public relations services. , 2021 WL 1264323, at *2; , 2022 WL 2441556, at *2; , 2021 WL 5330641, at *1. Meanwhile, HMS-attorney McKeon filed praecipes for withdrawal of appearance in both Commonwealth Court cases on December 13, 2021. On January 11, 2022, the Commonwealth Court denied previously filed motions by POM to disqualify McKeon from both cases on the ground that his recently filed praecipes for withdrawal rendered the motions moot, and it directed another HMS attorney of record and the firm itself to withdraw their appearances as well, which they did a few days later. The state appellate court also struck the proposed intervenors’ amicus brief in Case No. 503, and it struck their applications to intervene in both cases, but without prejudice to refiling similar applications to intervene prepared by counsel a conflict of interest. In June 2022, now represented by other counsel of record, Parx and other casinos filed renewed applications to intervene in both Commonwealth Court cases. The two Commonwealth Court cases brought by POM involved different defendants, but essentially identical legal issues. In February 2023, POM appears to have opted to pursue its claims exclusively in Case No. 503, filing a praecipe of discontinuance in Case No. 418. Both defendants (the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue and the City of Philadelphia) and the proposed intervenors (Parx and other casino operators) filed appeals to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, each of which was ultimately quashed for lack of jurisdiction because the state department of revenue’s counterclaim against POM remained pending, notwithstanding POM’s discontinuance of its own claims. , Docket Nos. 10 EAP 2023, 11 EAP 2023, 12 EAP 2023 (Pa. quashed July 21, 2023) (per curiam). Meanwhile, the other Commonwealth Court case, Case No. 503, moved forward, and a hearing was held on the casinos’ application to intervene on July 19, 2023. Following this hearing and some additional briefing by the parties and the proposed intervenors, the Commonwealth Court denied the casinos’ applications to intervene on August 14, 2023. The Commonwealth Court also entered a stay of proceedings in both of the cases involving POM pending resolution of related appellate issues in two other Commonwealth Court cases involving skill games, to which POM was not a party: , No. 707 CD 2023 (Pa. Commw. Ct. filed Apr. 21, 2023), and , No. 761 CD 2023 (Pa. Commw. Ct. filed Mar. 8, 2023).2 Parx and other casino operators have filed an appeal to the 2 On November 14, 2023, the Commonwealth Court, sitting en banc, entered a decision affirming a trial court order granting motions to return property and to suppress evidence in criminal proceedings involving the seizure of four skill game machines from a retail establishment. , No. 761 CD 2023, 2023 WL 7509657 (Pa. Commw. Ct. Nov. 14, 2023) (en banc), , No. 607 MAL 2023 (Pa. filed Nov. 15, 2023). Although the trial court’s order had found that the seized games were legal games of skill, the Commonwealth’s appeal and the appellate court’s decision in this case were limited to jurisdictional and procedural issues—the appellate court noted that the Commonwealth had failed to preserve any substantive challenges to the trial court’s order with respect to the legality of skill games. at *3. On November 15, 2023, the Commonwealth filed a petition for allowance of appeal in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. , No. 607 MAL 2023 (Pa. filed Nov. 15, 2023). The case remains pending before the state supreme court. Yesterday, the Commonwealth Court, sitting en banc, entered a decision affirming a trial court order granting a petition to return property filed in connection with an administrative enforcement seizure of three POM-developed skill game machines from a liquor-licensed Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from the Commonwealth Court order denying their application to intervene, which remains pending before the state supreme court. , No. 28 EAP 2023 (Pa. filed Sept. 12, 2023). II. APPLICABLE STANDARDS A. Attorney-Client Privilege This is a diversity case. Therefore, Pennsylvania state law governs whether attorney-client privilege applies to the documents at issue. Fed. R. Evid. 501; , 839 F.2d 958, 965 (3d Cir. 1988). 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5928 (“In a civil matter counsel shall not be competent or permitted to testify to confidential communications made to him by his client, nor shall the restaurant. , No. 707 CD 2023, 2023 WL 8264547 (Pa. Commw. Ct. Nov. 30, 2023) (en banc). In this case, the appellate court squarely addressed the substantive issue of whether POM’s skill games were prohibited “slot machines” or gambling devices, expressly finding that the POM skill games were neither slot machines, at *4–*6, nor gambling devices, at *6–*10. The Commonwealth’s time for seeking a discretionary appeal to the state supreme court has not yet expired with respect to yesterday’s appellate decision, and news reports indicate that the Commonwealth intends to seek review in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. , Charles Thompson, , Harrisburg Patriot-News, Dec. 1, 2023, 2023 WLNR 40809233. client be compelled to disclose the same, unless in either case this privilege is waived upon the trial by the client.”). “Because the attorney-client privilege obstructs the truth-finding process, it is construed narrowly.” , 951 F.2d 1414, 1423 (3d Cir. 1991); , 716 F. Supp. 2d 380, 387 (M.D. Pa. 2010) (noting that, under Pennsylvania law, the attorney-client privilege is generally disfavored and should be narrowly construed). For the attorney-client privilege to attach to a communication, “it must be ‘(1) a communication (2) made between privileged persons (3) in confidence (4) for the purpose of obtaining or providing legal assistance for the client.’” , 493 F.3d 345, 359 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting § 68 (2000) [hereinafter, “ ”]). “‘Privileged persons’ include the client, the attorney(s), and any of their agents that help facilitate attorney-client communications or the legal representation.” at 359 (citing § 70). “A communication is only privileged if it is made ‘in confidence.’” at 361 (citing § 68). “[I]f persons other than the client, its attorney, or their agents are present, the communication is not made in confidence, and the privilege does not attach.” at 361. “As a general matter, the privilege is not destroyed when a person other than the lawyer is present at a conversation between an attorney and his or her client if that person is needed to make the conference possible or to assist the attorney in providing legal services.” , 104 F.R.D. 442, 445 (E.D. Pa. 1984). “These exceptions are consistent with the goal underlying the privilege because [this] type of disclosure is sometimes necessary for the client to obtain informed legal advice.” , 951 F.2d at 1424. B. Work-Product Doctrine “Unlike the attorney-client privilege, the work product privilege is governed, even in diversity cases, by a uniform federal standard embodied in the federal rules.” , 809 F. Supp. 355, 364 n.10 (M.D. Pa. 1992) (citing , 839 F.2d at 966). “The work product doctrine is governed by a uniform federal standard set forth in Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3) and ‘shelters the mental processes of the attorney, providing a privileged area within which he can analyze and prepare his client’s case.’” , 343 F.3d 658, 661–62 (3d Cir. 2003). The purpose of the work-product doctrine differs from that of the attorney-client privilege. . . . [T]he attorney- client privilege promotes the attorney-client relationship, and, indirectly, the functioning of our legal system, by protecting the confidentiality of communications between clients and their attorneys. In contrast, the work-product doctrine promotes the adversary system directly by protecting the confidentiality of papers prepared by or on behalf of attorneys in anticipation of litigation. Protecting attorneys’ work product promotes the adversary system by enabling attorneys to prepare cases without fear that their work product will be used against their clients. , 951 F.2d at 1427–28. Moreover, the doctrine is an intensely practical one, grounded in the realities of litigation in our adversary system. One of those realities is that attorneys often must rely on the assistance of investigators and other agents in the compilation of materials in preparation for trial. It is therefore necessary that the doctrine protect material prepared by agents for the attorney as well as those prepared by the attorney himself. , 422 U.S. 225, 238–39 (1975) (footnote omitted). Thus, under Rule 26(b)(3), the work-product doctrine shields from discovery “documents and tangible things that are prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or its representative (including the other party’s attorney, consultant, surety, indemnitor, insurer, or agent).” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A). “In distinguishing between proceedings which qualify as litigation and those that do not, the adversarial nature of the proceeding is characteristic of litigation.” , 268 F.R.D. 114, 117 (D.D.C. 2010). Although a common hallmark of litigation is whether “the parties have the right to cross-examine witnesses or to subject an opposing party’s presentation of proof to equivalent disputation,” , 86 F.R.D. 603, 627 (D.D.C. 1980), [t]he proper focus should be whether the proceeding required the lawyer to function as lawyers usually do at a trial so that the proceeding can be classified as “litigation.” This properly segregates the transactional work of lawyers who draft contracts or provide legal advice from lawyers who have to represent clients before tribunals that have the power to adjudicate their clients’ rights, whatever the nature of the proceeding. If the tribunal has the power to adjudicate those rights and demands that the party before it either make a certain showing or disprove a particular allegation, the process is adversarial by its very nature and surely qualifies as litigation. , 268 F.R.D. at 118; § 87 cmt. H (“In general, a proceeding is adversarial when evidence or legal argument is presented by parties contending against each other with respect to legally significant factual issues.”). Rule 26(b)(3) establishes two categories of protection: fact work product and opinion work product. “Fact work product is discoverable only upon a showing [of] ‘substantial need’ and by demonstrating that one cannot otherwise obtain the ‘substantial equivalent’ of such materials without ‘undue hardship.’” , 237 F.R.D. 373, 381 (E.D. Pa. 2006) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)). Opinion work product, “which consists of ‘mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of an attorney,’ is afforded almost absolute protection” and it “is discoverable ‘only upon a showing of rare and exceptional circumstances.’” , 237 F.R.D. at 381 (quoting , 343 F.3d at 663). Waiver of the work-product doctrine also works differently than waiver of the attorney-client privilege. Unlike the attorney-client privilege, where disclosure to a third party waives the privilege unless the disclosure is necessary to further the legal representation, “the work- product doctrine serves instead to protect an attorney’s work product from falling into the hands of an adversary,” and thus “disclosure must enable an adversary to gain access to the information” for it to constitute waiver of work-product protection. , 951 F.2d at 1428; , 104 F.R.D. at 445–46. Finally, we note that, [o]rdinarily, the work-product doctrine should only be applied after it is decided that attorney-client privilege does not apply. This is because the work-product doctrine applies only to “documents and tangible things otherwise discoverable.” If the attorney-client privilege applies to a particular item, it is absolutely undiscoverable and the work-product rule does not apply. , 214 F.R.D. 432, 442 (E.D. Tex. 2003) (citations omitted) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)), 2013 WL 21911333 (5th Cir. July 25, 2003) (mem.). III. DISCUSSION A. Email Strings The documents at issue here consist entirely of email messages, some with attachments. As a general rule, “each version of an email string (i.e. a forward or reply of a previous email message) must be considered as a separate, unique document.” , 254 F.R.D. 238, 240 (E.D. Pa. 2008); , 301 F.R.D. 676, 684–85 (N.D. Ga. 2014); , 296 F.R.D. 323, 336–37 (M.D. Pa. 2013). For example, an email string consisting of four email messages would have four distinct versions: (1) the most recent version consisting of Email 4 (most recent), Email 3, Email 2, and Email 1 (original email), (2) a prior version consisting of Email 3, Email 2, and Email 1, (3) a prior version consisting of Email 2 and Email 1, and (4) the original Email 1. Additionally[,] there could be other email strings consisting of some or all of Emails 1–4. , 254 F.R.D. at 240 n.4. Thus, “each message of the string which is privileged must be separately logged in order to claim privilege in that particular document.” , 254 F.R.D. at 240–41; , 301 F.R.D. at 685 (“[T]he Court simply requires that Defendants ensure that each withheld email within a string be logged in some fashion .”). The Eckert privilege log before us appears to be defective. It describes the author, the recipients, the subject line, and the time and date for the in each email string produced for review. While prior email messages within a string have occasionally been separately logged and produced for review, many are clearly not otherwise described in the privilege log. This can be problematic when those prior email messages involve additional recipients not identified in the privilege log description of the top email message. , , 281 F.R.D. 314, 320 (N.D. Ill. 2012) (“If listing only the recipients of the last e-mail in a chain fails to disclose everyone to whom an allegedly privilege communication has been sent, the listing cannot be adequate. Moreover, if the recipient(s) at an e-mail address cannot be adequately identified, it is impossible to determine whether the privilege is properly asserted.”). Any inadequacy in the Eckert privilege log is moot, however, as the most appropriate remedy in our view would have been inspection of a select sample of the withheld documents, which we have already done. , 257 F.R.D. 302, 307 (D.D.C. 2009) (outlining four common remedies for a privilege log that fails to comply with the requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(5)).3 B. State-Law Work-Product Protection In addition to attorney-client privilege, virtually every document listed on Eckert’s 116-page privilege log is marked as being withheld on 3 We note that an alternative remedy for such a defective privilege log is to deem the inadequate log an outright of any attorney- client privilege that might otherwise apply. ; , 309 F.R.D. 226, 235 (S.D. W. Va. 2015). But we do not find Eckert’s conduct in this instance merits such a severe sanction. the basis of work-product protection.4 Most of these documents are marked as being protected under the work-product protection rule, Pa. R. Civ. P. 4003.3, with no related litigation identified as the basis for protection from disclosure. Whereas the federal work-product rule shields materials from disclosure only if they are prepared , the Pennsylvania state work-product rule provides significantly broader protection from disclosure, protecting “the mental impressions and processes of an attorney acting on behalf of a client, .” , 210 A.3d 966, 976 (Pa. 2019) (emphasis added); at 976 n.6 (discussing distinctions between the language of Pa. R. Civ. P. 4003.3 and the language of Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A)). As we have noted above, it is the work-product standard—not the state rule—that controls the proper scope of discovery in a federal diversity case such as this. , 839 F.2d at 966; , 809 F. Supp. at 364 n.10; 4 Among the purportedly privileged documents submitted for review, we have identified only one for which work-product protection is not asserted by Eckert: PRIV-00597 (Control No. 801161). With respect to this document, Eckert has asserted attorney-client privilege only. , 57 Fed. App’x 58, 60 (3d Cir. 2003). Thus, with respect to all documents withheld from production on state-law work-product protection grounds, Eckert’s objections to disclosure are overruled.5 5 These documents include: PRIV-00036 (Control No. 600512); PRIV-00040 (Control No. 600332); PRIV-00056 (Control No. 1900242); PRIV-00057 (Control No. 502252); PRIV-00062 (Control No. 600848); PRIV-00065 (Control No. 500116); PRIV-00066 (Control No. 600637); PRIV-00067 (Control No. 1900210); PRIV-00068 (Control No. 1900237); PRIV 00069 (Control No. 1900231); PRIV-00071 (Control No. 1900229); PRIV-00072 (Control No. 500973); PRIV-00072 (Control No. 500242); PRIV-00075 (Control No. 1900239); PRIV-00076 (Control No. 304115); PRIV-00077 (Control No. 1900168); PRIV-00079 (Control No. 304194); PRIV-00081 (Control No. 501149); PRIV-00084 (Control No. 1900216); PRIV-00089 (Control No. 304526); PRIV-00090 (Control No. 800811); PRIV-00092 (Control No. 304193); PRIV-00101 (Control No. 2000181); PRIV-00102 (Control No. 800483); PRIV-00106 (Control No. 304653); PRIV-00107 (Control No. 400309); PRIV-00108 (Control No. 304428); PRIV-00175 (Control No. 304601); PRIV-00199 (Control No. 304484); PRIV-00232 (Control No. 400468); PRIV-00262 (Control No. 304160); PRIV-00263 (Control No. 1800457); PRIV-00264 (Control No. 304508); PRIV-00265 (Control No. 1800543); PRIV-00271 (Control No. 304122); PRIV-00305 (Control No. 900215); PRIV-00308 (Control No. 304159); PRIV-00321 (Control No. 900706); PRIV-00322 (Control No. 600330); PRIV-00323 (Control No. 304483); PRIV-00329 (Control No. 304139); PRIV-00333 (Control No. 1900224); PRIV-00334 (Control No. 304576); PRIV-00335 (Control No. 304575); PRIV-00493 (Control No. 800930); PRIV-00495 (Control No. 800305); PRIV-00496 (Control No. 801228); PRIV-00497 (Control No. 801231); PRIV-00554 (Control No. 1102670); PRIV-00614 (Control No. 800947); PRIV-00651 (Control No. 801264); PRIV-00653 (Control No. 1102545); PRIV-00654 (Control No. 801204); PRIV-00655 (Control No. 801206); PRIV-00656 (Control No. 8012070; C. Transmittal Messages Several of the documents logged by Eckert are mere transmittal messages to or from attorneys forwarding other messages or documents PRIV-00657 (Control No. 801205); PRIV-00660 (Control No. 801345); PRIV-00677 (Control No. 1001314); PRIV-00679 (Control No. 1000448); PRIV-00684 (Control No. 1000446); PRIV-00685 (Control No. 501131); PRIV-00692 (Control No. 1001312); PRIV-00701 (Control No. 500660); PRIV-00703 (Control No. 1001050); PRIV-00711 (Control No. 502250); PRIV-00722 (Control No. 501421); PRIV-00740 (Control No. 500940); PRIV-00751 (Control No. 502397); PRIV-00755 (Control No. 400483); PRIV-00760 (Control No. 402110); PRIV-00761 (Control No. 402019); PRIV-00762 (Control No. 502333); PRIV-00763 (Control No. 500757); PRIV-00782 (Control No. 801235); PRIV-00783 (Control No. 1102560); PRIV-00784 (Control No. 1500588); PRIV-00786 (Control No. 1500798); PRIV-00787 (Control No. 302906); PRIV-00788 (Control No. 1001628); PRIV-00804 (Control No. 1001578); PRIV-00806 (Control No. 1001753); PRIV-00807 (Control No. 1001756); PRIV-00810 (Control No. 1401405); PRIV-00816 (Control No. 1401278); PRIV-00817 (Control No. 1401350); PRIV-00830 (Control No. 1500644); PRIV-00832 (Control No. 1500638); PRIV-00843 (Control No. 302368); PRIV-00874 (Control No. 1401723); PRIV-00881 (Control No. 1401459); PRIV-00900 (Control No. 303143); PRIV-00902 (Control No. 1500490); PRIV-00911 (Control No. 302166); PRIV-00912 (Control No. 303907); PRIV-00913 (Control No. 1500840); PRIV-00919 (Control No. 302985); PRIV-00935 (Control No. 2000675); PRIV-00938 (Control No. 1500868); PRIV-00942 (Control No. 1800563); PRIV-00946 (Control No. 1500479); PRIV-00948 (Control No. 1500835); PRIV-00949 (Control No. 302621); PRIV-00950 (Control No. 1500447); PRIV-00958 (Control No. 302301); PRIV-00960 (Control No. 302303); PRIV-00971 (Control No. 1700641); PRIV-00973 (Control No. 1701132); PRIV-00987 (Control No. 1400275); PRIV-00988 (Control No. 1103273); PRIV-00991 (Control No. 304063); PRIV-00996 (Control No. 304259); PRIV-00998 (Control No. 1900215); and PRIV-01008 (Control No. 301569). that are not themselves privileged or otherwise protected from disclosure. It is well settled that “[t]ransmittal documents themselves are not privileged unless they reveal the client’s confidences.” , 271 F.R.D. 58, 79 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). Likewise, work-product protection does not attach to mere transmittal letters that do not contain the mental impressions of counsel. , 193 F.R.D. 201, 214 (D. Del. 2000); , 168 F.R.D. 554, 559 (E.D. La. 1996) (“Mere transmittal or confirmation letters, which do not contain any confidential communications or attorney advice, opinion or mental impressions, are not privileged simply because they are written by or to an attorney.”). Although “attached documents may themselves be protected by the attorney-client privilege or the work-product doctrine, . . . the transmittal messages are not.” , 296 F.R.D. 323, 336 (M.D. Pa. 2013). PRIV-00668 (Control No. 1600115)6 is one such transmittal 6 This document is found at Tab 1-1 of the binder of purportedly privileged documents submitted for review. The binder is divided into three sections (1, 2, and 3) representing the three categories of withheld documents for which Eckert’s objections to production are message, sent to an Eckert attorney, Kevin M. Skjoldal, from his administrative assistant, Denise Kline,7 forwarding a copy of a document that is not itself privileged or otherwise protected from disclosure. Specifically, the only attachment to this email transmittal message as produced for review is a PDF copy of the First Amended Complaint with exhibits filed , Eckert’s adversary in this case, and its two co-plaintiffs in , No. 19-cv-00065 (W.D. Va. filed Dec. 4, 2019), ECF No. 9, available on that court’s public docket record.8 Accordingly, the objections to production of PRIV-00668 (Control No. 1600115) on attorney-client privilege and work-product protection grounds are overruled. PRIV-00991 (Control No. 304063)9 is another such transmittal message, sent from Eckert attorney Mark S. Stewart to Eckert attorney challenged by POM. Within each category, the documents are divided by numbered tabs, starting at “1” for each category. Thus, “Tab 1-1” refers to the first numbered tab within category 1. 7 The message itself contains only the assistant’s signature block. 8 Counsel of record for the plaintiffs in the lawsuit included Anthony F. Troy, who was an attorney in Eckert’s Richmond, Virginia, office at the time. The litigation sought to enjoin enforcement action by a local prosecutor with respect to an electronic skill game terminal manufactured and distributed by POM’s co-plaintiffs, which operated on software provided by POM. 9 Tab 2-109. Susan A. Yocum, forwarding an email message from attorney-lobbyist Sean Schafer10 summarizing and circulating various documents received by a friendly legislator from pro-skill games lobbyists. The email chain and attachments were produced to POM in discovery with the transmittal email message from Stewart to Yocum redacted.11 The brief, six-word transmittal message does not reveal any client confidences, nor does it contain the mental impressions of counsel. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00991 (Control No. 304063) on attorney- client privilege grounds is overruled. Other transmittal messages contain attachments concerning non- privileged lobbying services, legislative strategy, or policy advice, which are addressed below. We will note whenever a document also includes a non-privileged transmittal message. D. Lobbying Services, Legislative Strategy, and Policy Advice Most of the documents described on Eckert’s privilege log involve communications among lawyers concerning lobbying services, legislative strategy, and policy advice that do not contain or implicate confidential 10 Schafer appears to be a principal of Schafer Government Affairs, Inc., a firm offering public affairs and government relations services. 11 ECKERT019558–ECKERT019586. client communications or legal advice communicated to the client. It is axiomatic that “communications, even between lawyer and client, are not privileged unless they are made for the purpose of rendering legal advice or, to use another formulation, unless they related to the rendition of ‘professional legal services.’” , 749 F. Supp. 2d 141, 165 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (footnotes omitted). “Lawyers sometimes act as lobbyists, and thus the issue has arisen as to whether the attorney-client and work-product privileges protect communications made and materials prepared in the course of a lawyer’s lobbying efforts.” , 179 F. Supp. 2d 270, 285 (S.D.N.Y. 2001). “Lobbying conducted by attorneys does not necessarily constitute legal services for purposes of the attorney-client privilege.” , 852 F. Supp. 156, 164 (E.D.N.Y. 1994). Of course, the inquiry is fact-specific. The fact that a lawyer occasionally acts as a lobbyist does not preclude the lawyer from acting as a lawyer and having privileged communications with a client who is seeking legal advice. . . . On the other hand, “[i]f a lawyer happens to act as a lobbyist, matters conveyed to the attorney for the purpose of having the attorney fulfill the lobbyist role do not become privileged by virtue of the fact that the lobbyist has a law degree or may under other circumstances give legal advice to the client, including on matters that may also be the subject of the lobbying efforts.” , 179 F. Supp. 2d at 285. “Communications that merely summarize the content of public meetings or that relate to the status of lobbying efforts have been held not to be privileged where they do not rise to the level of legal advice.” , 214 F.R.D. at 445; , 852 F. Supp. at 164. But “[i]f a lawyer who is also a lobbyist gives advice that requires legal analysis of legislation, such as interpretation or application of the legislation to fact scenarios, that is certainly the type of communication that the privilege is meant to protect.” , 214 F.R.D. at 446. Ultimately, we must look to see whether the primary or predominant purpose of the communication was to procure , as opposed to legislative, lobbying, or public relations services. , 170 F.R.D. 481, 484 (D. Kan. 1997) (“Legal advice must predominate for the communication to be protected. The privilege does not apply where the legal advice is merely incidental to business advice. Lobbying services performed by an attorney on behalf of a client do not constitute legal services for purposes of the attorney-client privilege.”) (citations omitted); , 749 F. Supp. 2d at 165; , 241 F.R.D. 109, 126, 129 (N.D.N.Y. 2007); , 214 F.R.D. at 446. PRIV-00036 (Control No. 600512)12 consists of an email message from Eckert attorney Kristine Marsilio to Eckert attorney Stewart that merely summarizes the content of a public meeting by a state legislative committee. It does not contain any legal analysis or advice. , 214 F.R.D. at 445; , 852 F. Supp. at 164. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00036 (Control No. 600512) on attorney- client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00041 (Control No. 600510)13 consists of an email message sent from Marsilio to Stewart and an attached document, both of which merely summarize the content of public meetings by two separate state legislative committees. The email message and attachment do not contain any legal analysis or advice. , 214 F.R.D. at 445; , 852 F. Supp. at 164. Eckert has also asserted federal work- product protection, under Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3), identifying POM’s 12 Tab 2-1. The first page of this document is a transmittal message. 13 Tab. 2-3. Commonwealth Court cases as the underlying litigation. But the email message merely describes a reference to that litigation by a witness at one of the public meetings; there is nothing in this message and attachment to suggest that either was prepared in anticipation of litigation. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00041 (Control No. 600510) on attorney-client privilege and federal work- product protection grounds is overruled. PRIV-000946 (Control No. 1500479)14 is an email message from Eckert attorney David “Neil” Hittinger to Eckert attorney Stewart that merely summarizes the content of a public meeting by a state legislative committee. It does not contain any legal analysis or advice. , 214 F.R.D. at 445; , 852 F. Supp. at 164. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-000946 (Control No. 1500479) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-000948 (Control No. 1500835)15 consists of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger regarding Hittinger’s preparation of a document merely summarizing the content 14 Tab 2-100. 15 Tab 2-101. of a public meeting by a state legislative committee, and a copy of that document as an attachment. The email chain includes a prior email message from attorney-lobbyist Richard Gmerek16 to Stewart and nine executives or in-house attorneys at a non-party casino group, Mohegan Gaming & Entertainment, which likewise merely summarized the content of that same public state legislative committee meeting.17 None of these communications contain legal analysis or advice. , 214 F.R.D. at 445; , 852 F. Supp. at 164. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-000948 (Control No. 1500835) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00040 (Control No. 600332)18 is a draft legislative amendment sent to an Eckert attorney, Stewart, from another Eckert attorney, Tara A. Burns, the author of this draft legislation. In addition to this draft legislation—which proposed amending 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5513 to add a provision permitting municipalities to prohibit video 16 Gmerek appears to be a principal of Gmerek Government Relations Inc., a firm offering political and government relations services. 17 Eckert’s privilege log mistakenly indicates that privilege is asserted on behalf of Parx rather than Mohegan. 18 Tab 2-2. The first page of this document is a transmittal message. gaming terminals at truck stops within their borders—Burns also attached copies of publicly available state statutes related to the proposed legislative amendment. The subject matter of this communication concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus it is not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d 1100, 1106 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (per curiam) (“[A]dvice on political, strategic, or policy issues, valuable as it may have been, would not be shielded from disclosure by the attorney-client privilege.”); , 136 F.R.D. 421, 426 (E.D.N.C. 1991) (“If the communication essentially involves the giving of political advice, then it is not privileged.”). Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that this communication between Eckert attorneys involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. As the Supreme Court of the United States has observed: [T]he protective cloak of [the attorney-client] privilege does not extend to information which an attorney secures from a witness while acting for his client in anticipation of litigation. Nor does this privilege concern the memoranda, briefs, communications and other writings prepared by counsel for his own use in prosecuting his client’s case; and it is equally unrelated to writings which reflect an attorney’s mental impressions, conclusions, opinions or legal theories. , 329 U.S. 495, 508 (1947); , 232 F.R.D. 467, 481–82 (D. Del. 2005) (attorney-client privilege did not shield inter-attorney communication “reflect[ing] attorney thought processes”); , 136 F.R.D. at 426–27 (“[M]emoranda or briefs prepared by counsel for his own use in prosecuting his client’s case which do not reveal information supplied in confidence by the client, or memoranda which merely summarize the case law but contain no factual application to the client, are not privileged.”) (citations omitted); , No. 91-0067, 1992 WL 57916, at *5 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 17, 1992) (“[I]n order for the privilege to apply, the communication must be given incident to a request for, or the rendition of, legal advice. The privilege does not apply to legal advice unless it could arguably reveal a confidences. Accordingly, memoranda or briefs prepared by counsel for his/her own use or memoranda which merely summarize the case law but contain no factual application to the client are not privileged.”) (cleaned up); , 889 A.2d 501, 599 (Pa. 2005) (“First and foremost is the rule that the [attorney-client] privilege applies only to confidential communications made by the client to the attorney in connection with the provision of legal services.”); , 861 A.2d 269, 273 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2004) (“In addition to confidential communications which flow from a client to his or her attorney, we have held that the attorney-client privilege applies to confidential communications which flow from an attorney to his or her client to the extent the communications are based upon confidential facts that the client disclosed initially to the attorney.”); , 294 F. Supp. 3d 404, 405 (E.D. Pa. 2018) (draft contracts not protected by attorney-client privilege). , 150 F.R.D. 465, 490 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) (“[A] draft document prepared by an attorney is privileged if it contains information provided in confidence by the client and subsequently maintained in confidence. In the absence of such confidential information supplied by the client, the draft document is not privileged merely because the attorney prepared it.”). Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV- 00040 (Control No. 600332) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00074 (Control No. 500242)19 and PRIV-00075 (Control No. 1900239)20 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart, Burns, and Yocum concerning draft electronic skill game legislation. The first email message, PRIV-00074, also forwards an email message from Stewart to two Parx executives and attorney- lobbyists Gmerek and Schafer describing the “gist of the bill.” The attached draft legislation proposed amending 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5513 to ban electronic skill games altogether. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney- client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that this communication involved any confidential client information. , 329 U.S. at 508; , 232 F.R.D. at 481–82; , 136 F.R.D. at 426–27; , 1992 WL 57916, at *5; , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273; , 294 F. Supp. 3d at 405. 19 Tab 2-14. 20 Tab 2-15. , 150 F.R.D. at 490. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV- 00074 (Control No. 500242) and PRIV-00075 (Control No. 1900239) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00101 (Control No. 800483),21 PRIV-00321 (Control No. 900706),22 PRIV-00322 (Control No. 600330),23 and PRIV-00323 (Control No. 304483)24 are email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart, Burns, Skjoldal, and Michael McAuliffe Miller, transmitting and discussing revisions to draft ordinances that would make skill games a public nuisance in adopting municipalities. One of the email messages also includes copies of publicly available state statutes related to the proposed municipal legislation. Another email message includes comments by Skjoldal indicating that Miller had shared the draft ordinance with a third-party municipal official, who called Skjoldal to thank him for sending it to Miller and to ask if he had also drafted a version rather than prohibiting skill games. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy 21 Tab 2-26. 22 Tab 2-41. 23 Tab 2-42. 24 Tab 2-43. advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 329 U.S. at 508; , 232 F.R.D. at 481–82; , 136 F.R.D. at 426–27; , 1992 WL 57916, at *5; , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273; , 294 F. Supp. 3d at 405. , 150 F.R.D. at 490. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV- 00101 (Control No. 800483), PRIV-00321 (Control No. 900706), PRIV- 00322 (Control No. 600330), and PRIV-00323 (Control No. 304483) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00189 (Control No. 304484)25 and PRIV-00232 (Control No. 400468)26 are email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Burns concerning draft electronic skill games legislation. The attached draft legislation, authored by Burns and attached to one of 25 Tab 2-32. 26 Tab 2-33. these emails, proposed amending Title 10 of the Pennsylvania Statutes27 to ban electronic skill games. Burns also attached a copy of a publicly filed legislative proposal, Senate Bill 710, which likewise sought to prohibit electronic skill games. The subject matter of this communication concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice— and thus it is not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that this communication involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 329 U.S. at 508; , 232 F.R.D. at 481–82; , 136 F.R.D. at 426–27; , 1992 WL 57916, at *5; , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273; , 294 F. Supp. 3d at 405. , 150 F.R.D. at 490. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00189 (Control No. 304484) and PRIV-00232 (Control No. 400468) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. 27 This title contains various statutes regulating gaming in connection with the activities of charitable organizations, including Pennsylvania’s Bingo Law and Local Option Small Games of Chance Act. PRIV-00874 (Control No. 1401723)28 is an email message from Eckert attorney Hittinger to Eckert attorney Stewart concerning Senate Bill 710 and forwarding a copy of draft legislation that Eckert attorneys had previously prepared, which had proposed amending 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5513 to ban electronic skill games altogether. The subject matter of this communication concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus it is not protected by attorney- client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that this communication involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 329 U.S. at 508; , 232 F.R.D. at 481–82; , 136 F.R.D. at 426–27; , 1992 WL 57916, at *5; , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273; , 294 F. Supp. 3d at 405. , 150 F.R.D. at 490. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00874 (Control No. 1401723) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. 28 Tab 2-89. PRIV-00973 (Control No. 1701132)29 is an email exchange between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger in which Hittinger summarized and attached copies of a dozen different draft legislative proposals concerning skill games that Hittinger found on Eckert’s document system, which appears to include both drafts prepared by Eckert attorneys and copies of bills actually proposed in the state legislature. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 329 U.S. at 508; , 232 F.R.D. at 481–82; , 136 F.R.D. at 426–27; , 1992 WL 57916, at *5; , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273; , 294 F. Supp. 3d at 405. , 150 F.R.D. at 490. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV- 00973 (Control No. 1701132) on attorney-client privilege grounds is 29 Tab 2-106. overruled. PRIV-00056 (Control No. 1900242),30 PRIV-00057 (Control No. 502252),31 PRIV-00062 (Control No. 60848),32 PRIV-00068 (Control No. 1900210),33 PRIV-00069 (Control No. 1900231),34 PRIV-00071 (Control No. 1900229),35 PRIV-00072 (Control No. 500973),36 PRIV-00076 (Control No. 304115),37 PRIV-00077 (Control No. 1900168),38 PRIV-00079 (Control No. 304194),39 PRIM-00084 (Control No. 1900216),40 PRIV-00089 (Control No. 304526),41 PRIV-00090 (Control No. 800811),42 PRIV-00092 (Control No. 304193),43 and PRIV-00101 (Control No. 2000181)44 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and 30 Tab 2-4. 31 Tab 2-5. 32 Tab 2-6. 33 Tab 2-10. 34 Tab 2-11. 35 Tab 2-12. 36 Tab 2-13. 37 Tab 2-16. 38 Tab 2-17. 39 Tab 2-18. 40 Tab 2-21. 41 Tab 2-22. 42 Tab 2-23. 43 Tab 2-24. 44 Tab 2-25. Yocum and Eckert legal assistant Jennifer Skoff concerning the preparation of a “skill games industry letter.” Some of these email messages include drafts of a letter expressly intended for distribution to a mailing list of state legislators on behalf of a group of (ultimately) thirteen separate casino groups.45 One of the email messages includes a draft of a “collaborative letter” addressed to an official of the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board requesting temporary relief from a particular table-gaming regulation on behalf of a group of eleven separate casino groups.46 Some of the messages also include forwarded email messages about the skill games industry letter reflecting email exchanges with non-Eckert attorneys representing the non-party casino groups. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications between Eckert attorneys involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; 45 The number of casino group signatories grew as revised drafts of the letter were circulated. 46 PRIV-00090 (Control No. 800811). , 861 A.2d at 273 Indeed, based on the context provided by our review of all of these contested documents, the “industry letter” was prepared not on behalf of the three clients listed on Eckert’s privilege log (Parx, Mohegan, and Cordish47), but a larger group that also included non-client casino groups, which shared a common or interest in opposition to electronic skill games and joint lobbying efforts directed at the state legislature, not a common interest that would permit them to share confidential communications without waiver of any attorney-client privilege that might otherwise apply. , 492 F.3d 806, 815–16 (7th Cir. 2007); , 278 F.R.D. 112, 118 & n.6 (E.D. Pa. 2011) (“The common interest binding parties to the communication must be legal in nature, and not merely commercial or business related.”). Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00056 (Control No. 47 The privilege log identifies the third client as “Stadium Casino,” owner and operator of the Philly Live! Hotel & Casino. It is our understanding that Stadium Casino began as a joint venture between Parx and the Cordish Companies, but Cordish had acquired Parx’s share of Stadium Casino prior to the time period at issue here. The materials submitted for review refer to all three entities at times— Cordish, Live!, and Stadium Casino—but references are predominantly to Cordish. Thus, we too will generally refer to Cordish rather than Live! or Stadium Casino. 1900242), PRIV-00057 (Control No. 502252), PRIV-00062 (Control No. 60848), PRIV-00068 (Control No. 1900210), PRIV-00069 (Control No. 1900231), PRIV-00071 (Control No. 1900229), PRIV-00072 (Control No. 500973), PRIV-00076 (Control No. 304115), PRIV-00077 (Control No. 1900168), PRIV-00079 (Control No. 304194), PRIM-00084 (Control No. 1900216), PRIV-00089 (Control No. 304526), PRIV-00090 (Control No. 800811), PRIV-00092 (Control No. 304193), and PRIV-00101 (Control No. 2000181) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00081 (Control No. 501149)48 is an email exchange between Eckert attorney Stewart and Mohegan in-house counsel David Rome concerning corrections to the signature block to be used for Mohegan on the aforementioned “industry letter.” The email chain also included additional emails exchanged between Stewart, Rome, Gmerek, and other Mohegan executives providing updates on legislative and lobbying developments with respect to electronic skill games. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney- client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. 48 Tab 2-20. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00081 (Control No. 501149) on attorney- client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00065 (Control No. 500116),49 PRIV-00066 (Control No. 600637),50 and PRIV-00067 (Control No. 1900210)51 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart, Yocum, and Sjkodal and attorney-lobbyist Schafer regarding an email message and attached letter that had been distributed to state legislators by a public relations firm on behalf of Tom Marino, vice president of government affairs and public relations. Marino’s letter concerned electronic skill game legislation, and while his letter and the internal Eckert email messages referenced “legal memos,” these memos were non- confidential documents circulated widely and made publicly available on the internet by POM, a business adversary to Parx, the purported client 49 Tab 2-7. 50 Tab 2-8. 51 Tab 2-9. on whose behalf privilege is asserted.52 The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00065 (Control No. 500116), PRIV-00066 (Control No. 600637), and PRIV-00067 (Control No. 1900210) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00080 (Control No. 900657)53 is an email exchange between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Skjoldal regarding the same Marino letter. For the same reasons stated in the preceding paragraph, this email exchange is not protected from disclosure by attorney-client privilege. Eckert, however, has also asserted federal work-product protection with respect to this communication. The email exchange included a summary 52 We note that, at the time, POM was still a client of Eckert as well, in connection with POM’s activities in Virginia. 53 Tab 2-19. by Sjkodal of the non-confidential “legal memos” disseminated by Parx’s adversary, POM, commenting that the arguments presented by Marino in his letter and the referenced non-confidential legal memos “parrot” those set forth in POM’s Commonwealth Court briefs. It is clear upon review that this communication predominantly—if not exclusively—concerns Eckert’s legislative or lobbying strategy, and that these email messages were not prepared in connection with the litigation at all. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00080 (Control No. 900657) on attorney-client privilege and federal work-product protection grounds is overruled. PRIV-00105 (Control No. 1900236)54 is a three-message chain of email messages. The two most recent messages involve a discussion between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Yocum about attendance at an upcoming press conference by a state senator regarding skill games legislation. The earliest message in the chain, sent on June 2, 2019, at 11:01 a.m., is an email to Stewart from William J. Downey of Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, LLP (“Brownstein”), an attorney representing Harrah’s, a non-party casino group, apparently addressing both the press 54 Tab 2-27. conference and the Commonwealth Court litigation. Harrah’s later joined with Parx in filing an amicus brief and moving to intervene in the Commonwealth Court litigation. The subject matter of the two most recent communications solely between Eckert attorneys concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that any of these three email messages involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273. The earliest email message, from Downey to Stewart, however, is properly withheld from disclosure under the federal work- product doctrine, as it was prepared in anticipation of the underlying Commonwealth Court litigation, and disclosure of Downey’s mental impressions to the Eckert attorneys did not constitute waiver of that protection. , 951 F.2d at 1428; , 104 F.R.D. at 445–46. Thus, the objection to production of PRIV-00105 (Control No. 1900236) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled, and the objection to production of this document on federal work-product protection grounds is overruled in part and sustained in part. This document shall be produced, but with the email sent by William J. Downey at 11:01 a.m. on June 2, 2019, redacted. PRIV-00106 (Control No. 304653),55 PRIV-00107 (Control No. 400309),56 and PRIV-00108 (Control No. 304428)57 is an email exchange between Eckert attorney Stewart, Cordish executives Joe Weinberg and Robert Norton, Cordish general counsel Charles Jacobs, and Richard W. Hayden of Saul Ewing LLP, another outside attorney for Cordish. The emails concerned upcoming testimony to be presented at a state legislative gaming oversight committee meeting by Ballard attorney King, accompanied by Stewart and Brownstein attorney Downey. The first email included, as an attachment, a copy of King’s draft testimony summarizing the information and arguments previously shared with legislators in a recent “industry letter” regarding skill games, apparently the same one we have touched on previously in this opinion. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by 55 Tab 2-28. 56 Tab 2-29. 57 Tab 2-30. attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00106 (Control No. 304653), PRIV-00107 (Control No. 400309), and PRIV-00108 (Control No. 304428) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00175 (Control No. 304601)58 and PRIV-00996 (Control No. 304259)59 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Burns discussing whether and when Burns had time to review and summarize recently introduced legislation—Senate Bill 784—concerning the legality of electronic skill games. The email chain also included a non-privileged prior email message from attorney- lobbyist Gmerek to Stewart and a dozen Mohegan executives or in-house attorneys, advising them of the senate bill’s introduction and providing a brief summary of its background. The email chain, as represented in PRIV-00996, was produced to POM in discovery with the most recent 58 Tab 2-31. 59 Tab 2-110. email message from Stewart to Burns redacted; the Gmerek email message and attachments were produced without redaction.60 The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00175 (Control No. 304601) and PRIV-00996 (Control No. 304259) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00262 (Control No. 304160),61 PRIV-00263 (Control No. 1800457),62 PRIV-00264 (Control No. 304508),63 and PRIV-00265 (Control No. 1800543)64 consist of an exchange of email messages among Eckert attorneys Stewart, Burns, Yocum, Marsilio, and Skjoldal about an upcoming legislative committee hearing on proposed legislation to tax 60 ECKERT019101–ECKERT019114. 61 Tab 2-34. 62 Tab 2-35. 63 Tab 2-36. 64 Tab 2-37. and regulate—rather than prohibit—skill games, House Bill 1598. The email chain also included earlier, clearly non-privileged emails exchanged between Eckert attorney Stewart, attorney-lobbyists Schafer and Gmerek, Parx executive Green, Parx general counsel Tom Bonner, and Ryan Skoczylas, who served as chief of staff to a state senator at the time.65 The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 65 It is beyond cavil that the inclusion of a state government official—the chief of staff for Senator Tommy Tomlinson, who sponsored or advocated anti-skill games legislation favored by the casino groups on multiple occasions—in of these earlier email messages precludes any argument that these earlier communications are protected by attorney-client privilege. , , 570 F. Supp. 3d 258, 265 (E.D. Pa. 2021) (“Attorney-client privilege will not ordinarily attach to communications made in the presence of a third party, and disclosing privileged communications to a third party waives the privilege.”) (citing , 210 A.3d 966, 982 (Pa. 2019)); , 493 F.3d at 364 (noting that application of the exception to waiver of attorney-client privilege under the common-interest doctrine requires not only a shared interest, but also that “the communication must be shared with the of the member of the community of interest”) (emphasis in original). Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00262 (Control No. 304160), PRIV-00263 (Control No. 1800457), PRIV-00264 (Control No. 304508), and PRIV-00265 (Control No. 1800543) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00308 (Control No. 304159)66 and PRIV-00998 (Control No. 1900215)67 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Yocum concerning attendance at an upcoming legislative committee hearing on proposed legislation to tax and regulate—rather than prohibit—skill games, House Bill 1598. The email chain also includes an earlier non-privileged email message from attorney-lobbyist Gmerek to Parx executive Green, Parx general counsel Bonner, attorney-lobbyist Schafer, and Eckert attorney Stewart reporting on the upcoming hearing and the anticipated roster of witnesses who would present testimony. The email chain, as represented in PRIV-00998, was produced to POM in discovery with the two email messages between Stewart and Yocum redacted; the Gmerek email message was produced without redaction.68 The subject matter of these communications 66 Tab 2-40. 67 Tab 2-111. 68 ECKERT019061. concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice— and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV- 00308 (Control No. 304159) and PRIV-00998 (Control No. 1900215) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00271 (Control No. 304122)69 and PRIV-00305 (Control No. 900215)70 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart, Skjoldal, and Burns regarding the drafting of a cover letter to accompany a draft ordinance making skill games a public nuisance in adopting municipalities, for consideration by unspecified municipal officials to whom the letter was to be sent. Attached to the first email message is an initial draft cover letter prepared by Burns. Attached to the second email message is a revised draft cover letter prepared by Skjoldal. The second email message also includes prior email messages 69 Tab 2-38. 70 Tab 2-39. forwarding both draft cover letters to Eckert attorneys Miller and G. Edward Schweikert for comment. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00271 (Control No. 304122) and PRIV-00305 (Control No. 900215) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00329 (Control No. 304139)71 is an email message from Eckert attorney Stewart to Eckert attorney Yocum forwarding a copy of the final version of the draft nuisance ordinance cover letter discussed in the preceding paragraph. The email chain includes an earlier transmittal message from Stewart to Parx executive Green forwarding the very same document. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus 71 Tab 2-44. they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Finally, based on Stewart’s own comments, the attached cover letter was disseminated widely to third-party municipal officials, and thus it cannot be considered confidential information. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00329 (Control No. 304139) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00333 (Control No. 1900224),72 PRIV-00334 (Control No. 304576),73 and PRIV-00335 (Control No. 304575)74 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Yocum discussing whether to add information about the state gaming board’s local law enforcement grant program to their cover letter to municipal officials forwarding a draft ordinance designed to make skill games a public nuisance. The email chain also includes prior email messages in which Stewart considered whether to forward this same information on 72 Tab 3-1. 73 Tab 3-2. 74 Tab 3-3. to Eckert’s casino group clients as well. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00333 (Control No. 1900224), PRIV- 00334 (Control No. 304576), and PRIV-00335 (Control No. 304575) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00366 (Control No. 304699)75 is an email message from Eckert attorney Stewart to Cordish executives Weinberg, Norton, and Joe Billhimer. Stewart’s seven-paragraph email message addressed both developments in POM’s Commonwealth Court cases and developments in state skill games legislation. The first three paragraphs of Stewart’s message discussed the Commonwealth Court’s November 20, 1999, skill games decision and legal arguments being floated by both sides, but without any factual application at all. The last four paragraphs of the 75 Tab 2-45. message, however, summarized recent developments on the legislative / lobbying front with respect to skill games. Appended to the email message was a copy of a public “co-sponsorship” memorandum from two non-party state representatives, Jim Marshall and Scott Conklin, to all members of the state house indicating the intent of Marshall and Conklin to introduce legislation to legalize and regulate skill games in club liquor- licensed establishments. The subject matter of this communication predominantly concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus it is not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that any part of this email message involved any confidential client information, particularly in the absence of factual application whatsoever to the client. , 136 F.R.D. at 426–27; , 1992 WL 57916, at *5; , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273. Nevertheless, we find that the first three paragraphs are properly withheld from disclosure under the federal work-product doctrine, as this segregable portion of Stewart’s message appears to have been prepared in anticipation of the client’s intervention in the underlying Commonwealth Court litigation. , 951 F.2d at 1428; , 104 F.R.D. at 445–46. Thus, the objection to production of PRIV-00366 (Control No. 304699) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled, and the objection to production of this document on federal work-product protection grounds is overruled in part and sustained in part. This document shall be produced, but with the first three paragraphs (following the salutation, “Guys,”) redacted. PRIV-00493 (Control No. 800930),76 PRIV-00495 (Control No. 800305),77 PRIV-00496 (Control No. 801228),78 and PRIV-00497 (Control No. 801231)79 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorney Stewart and Cordish executives Weinberg, Norton, and Billhimer, concerning a public “co-sponsorship” memorandum from the non-party state senate majority leader, Jake Corman, to all members of the state senate indicating his intent to introduce legislation to legalize and regulate the placement of skill games in liquor-licensed establishments statewide. Stewart’s initial email message also conveyed 76 Tab 2-46. 77 Tab 2-47. 78 Tab 2-48. 79 Tab 2-49. a proposal by Parx executives to hold a casino industry meeting and legislative reception. Senator Corman’s co-sponsorship memorandum was attached to the first email in the chain. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00493 (Control No. 800930), PRIV-00495 (Control No. 800305), PRIV-00496 (Control No. 801228), and PRIV-00497 (Control No. 801231) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00597 (Control No. 801161)80 consists of an exchange of email messages between Eckert attorney Stewart and Cordish executive Norton regarding the agenda for the aforementioned industry meeting. The email chain includes a prior message from Stewart to a number of casino executives and outside counsel providing a schedule and logistical details for the meeting. The subject matter of these communications 80 Tab 2-51. concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice— and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV- 00597 (Control No. 801161) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00554 (Control No. 1102670)81 consists of an exchange of email messages between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger concerning an upcoming legislative hearing. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of 81 Tab 2-50. PRIV-00554 (Control No. 1102670) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00614 (Control No. 800947)82 is an email chain concerning a public “co-sponsorship” memorandum by a non-party state representative, Martina A. White, indicating her intent to introduce legislation allocating the local share derived from Philadelphia-area casinos to SEPTA. The initial email message in the chain is from attorney-lobbyist Gmerek to a blind distribution list providing a brief summary of the co-sponsorship memorandum and forwarding a copy of the memorandum. The next and final email message is from Eckert attorney Stewart to Cordish executives Weinberg, Norton, and Billhimer, forwarding Gmerek’s email message and the co-sponsorship memorandum, and providing some legal analysis and factual application to the client, Cordish. The subject matter of Gmerek’s initial email message concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus it is not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that this portion of the 82 Tab 2-52. communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 The latest email message, from Stewart to the Cordish executives, however, is shielded from disclosure by attorney-client privilege. , 136 F.R.D. at 426–27; , 1992 WL 57916, at *5. Thus, the objection to production of PRIV-00614 (Control No. 800947) on attorney- client privilege grounds is overruled in part and sustained in part. This document shall be produced, but with the email sent by Mark S. Stewart at 12:56 p.m. on February 9, 2020, redacted. PRIV-00651 (Control No. 801264)83 consists of an exchange of email messages between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger concerning an upcoming legislative hearing on House Bill 1983. The email chain also included a prior email message on the same subject from Hittinger to Ballard attorney King, attorney-lobbyist Gmerek, and Stewart. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to 83 Tab 2-53. suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00651 (Control No. 801264) on attorney- client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00653 (Control No. 1102545),84 PRIV-00654 (Control No. 801204);85 PRIV-00655 (Control No. 801206),86 PRIV-00656 (Control No. 801207),87 and PRIV-00657 (Control No. 801205)88 consists of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger and Eckert legal assistant Skoff concerning Hittinger’s attendance at a legislative committee hearing, brief comments on questions asked by various state representatives, and discussion about obtaining a transcript or recording of the hearing. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. 84 Tab 2-54. 85 Tab 2-55. 86 Tab 2-56. 87 Tab 2-57. 88 Tab 2-58. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00653 (Control No. 1102545), PRIV-00654 (Control No. 801204); PRIV-00655 (Control No. 801206), PRIV-00656 (Control No. 801207), and PRIV-00657 (Control No. 801205) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00660 (Control No. 801345)89 consists of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Hittinger and Stewart regarding questions asked at the aforementioned hearing by a non-party state representative, Marcia Hahn, and about prior interactions Stewart and attorney-lobbyist Gmerek had with her. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any 89 Tab 2-59. communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00660 (Control No. 801345) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00677 (Control No. 1001314)90 is an email exchange between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Burns regarding proposed skill games legislation in Virginia, House Bill 881, to legalize and regulate electronic skill games by carving out an exception to a general statewide ban on skill games to permit their placement in “family entertainment centers.” This Virginia legislation paralleled similar proposed legislation in Pennsylvania, which Stewart and the casino groups opposed. The most recent email message in the chain from Burns to Stewart contains a summary of the Virginia bill’s provisions, without factual application to any client. Burns also attached a PDF copy of the Virginia bill to that message. The email chain also included an earlier, non-privileged transmittal email message from attorney-lobbyist Gmerek to Parx executive Green, attorney-lobbyist Schafer, and Eckert attorney Stewart merely forwarding a link to a newspaper article reporting on the Virginia 90 Tab 1-2. legislature’s approval of legislation generally banning skill games.91 The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00677 (Control No. 1001314) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00692 (Control No. 1001312),92 PRIV-00711 (Control No. 502250),93 and PRIV-00722 (Control No. 501421)94 consists of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart, Burns, and Yocum and Eckert legal assistant Skoff regarding the status of Virginia House Bill 881, which ultimately was adopted with amendments and 91 Marie Albiges, , Newport News Daily Press (Mar. 8, 2020), https://www.dailypress.com/2020/03/08/lawmakers-approve-casinos-in- portsmouth-norfolk-and-3-other-cities/ [https://perma.cc/9ZVJ-HH7L], 2020 WLNR 6975695 (Mar. 9, 2020). 92 Tab 1-3. 93 Tab 1-4. 94 Tab 1-5. signed into law by the state governor. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00692 (Control No. 1001312), PRIV-00711 (Control No. 502250), and PRIV-00722 (Control No. 501421) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00679 (Control No. 1000448),95 PRIV-00684 (Control No. 1000446),96 and PRIV-00755 (Control No. 400483)97 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger concerning attached drafts of a memorandum prepared by Hittinger on legislative strategies for outlawing skill games. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice 95 Tab 2-61. 96 Tab 2-62. 97 Tab 2-69. only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney- client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client; the memorandum itself merely summarized pertinent case law without factual application to any client whatsoever. , 329 U.S. at 508; , 232 F.R.D. at 481–82; , 136 F.R.D. at 426–27; , 1992 WL 57916, at *5; , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00679 (Control No. 1000448), PRIV-00684 (Control No. 1000446), and PRIV-00755 (Control No. 400483) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00685 (Control No. 500257)98 is a transmittal email message from Eckert attorney Stewart to attorney-lobbyist Gmerek, forwarding, without any substantive comment, a copy of the non-privileged legislative strategies memorandum prepared by Eckert attorney Hittinger, discussed in the preceding paragraph. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00685 (Control No. 500257) on attorney-client 98 Tab 2-63. privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00701 (Control No. 500660)99 and PRIV-00703 (Control No. 1001050)100 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger regarding a “legal update”101 prepared by Hittinger with respect to “Windfall Amusements 777,” an unlicensed “mini-casino” operating with 60 to 90 skill machines in a Berks County shopping plaza storefront. The email chain includes prior transmittal email messages circulated among a larger group of attorney-lobbyists regarding a casino lobbyist meeting, but documents attached to these earlier email messages are not attached to the two email chains presented for review. In one of these two email chains, Stewart has forwarded a copy of a fact sheet prepared by Ballard attorney King regarding Windfall Amusements 777 for Hittinger to consider incorporating into the “legal update” he was preparing.102 In the second 99 Tab 2-65. 100 Tab 2-66. 101 Despite labeling the document prepared by Hittinger a “legal update,” it contains only factual information and no legal advice. 102 It is unclear from the context provided in this email exchange whether this “legal update” was intended for distribution to Eckert attorneys, Eckert clients, or the wider casino industry group. The intended recipients, however, are immaterial, as none of the information or attached documents contain any confidential client information. email chain, Hittinger has forwarded a copy of a “legal update” he has prepared regarding the Windfall Amusements 777 facility, incorporating facts and photographs Stewart had received from King. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege.103 , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00701 (Control No. 500660) and PRIV- 00703 (Control No. 1001050) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00740 (Control No. 500940)104 is an email from Eckert 103 Indeed, we note that there is nothing in the record before us to suggest any litigation—or even consideration of litigation—by Parx or any other Eckert client with respect to this facility. Though not material to the discovery dispute at issue, we note by way of background that Windfall Amusements 777 was ultimately raided and shut down by state police. Gillian McGoldrick, , Lancaster Newspapers (Aug. 21, 2020), 2020 WLNR 23665432. 104 Tab 2-67. attorney to Cordish executive Weinberg forwarding a proposed draft letter for Weinberg to use to personally lobby state legislators to oppose legislation that would expand the availability of skill games. The draft letter itself is intended for non-confidential dissemination to multiple recipients in the state legislature. The email message from Stewart further indicates that the draft letter is not provided in response to any request by Weinberg or Cordish, but at the behest of Parx executive Green. The email message provides additional comments on the industry group’s broader lobbying and public relations efforts in opposition to skill games expansion. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Finally, while both Weinberg/Cordish and Green/Parx were clients of Stewart, the two clients shared at most a common or interest in opposition to electronic skill games and joint lobbying efforts directed at the state legislature, not a common interest that would permit them to share confidential communications without waiver of any attorney-client privilege that might otherwise apply. , 492 F.3d at 815–16; , 278 F.R.D. at 118 & n.6; , 493 F.3d at 364 (noting that application of the exception to waiver of attorney-client privilege under the common-interest doctrine requires not only a shared interest, but also that “the communication must be shared with the of the member of the community of interest”) (emphasis in original). Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00740 (Control No. 500940) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00751 (Control No. 502397)105 is an email message from Eckert attorney Stewart to Cordish executive Weinberg providing him with an “FYI” regarding the identity of a lobbyist recently hired by POM. The subject matter of this communication concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus it is not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that this communication involved any confidential client 105 Tab 2-68. information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00751 (Control No. 502397) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00760 (Control No. 402110),106 PRIV-00761 (Control No. 402019),107 PRIV-00762 (Control No. 502333),108 and PRIV-00763 (Control No. 500757)109 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger regarding an attached summary by Hittinger of key provisions of proposed legislation to legalize skill games, House Bill 1325. The latest of these email messages, PRIV-00763, included a copy of a prior transmittal email message from Stewart to Parx executives Green and Hausler, Parx general counsel Bonner, attorney-lobbyist Gmerek, and non-lawyer public relations consultant Shelly, distributing a copy of Hittinger’s summary without additional comment. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 106 Tab 2-70. 107 Tab 2-71. 108 Tab 2-72. 109 Tab 2-73. F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00760 (Control No. 402110), PRIV-00761 (Control No. 402019), PRIV-00762 (Control No. 502333), and PRIV-00763 (Control No. 500757) on attorney- client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00782 (Control No. 801235),110 PRIV-00783 (Control No. 1102560),111 PRIV-00784 (Control No. 1500588),112 PRIV-00786 (Control No. 1500798),113 PRIV-00787 (Control No. 302906),114 PRIV-00788 (Control No. 1001628),115 and PRIV-00804 (Control No. 1001578)116 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger regarding newly proposed legislation to legalize skill games, Senate Bill 1256, and the drafting of a memorandum summarizing the key provisions of this proposed legislation. Each of 110 Tab 2-74. 111 Tab 2-75. 112 Tab 2-76. 113 Tab 2-77. 114 Tab 2-78. 115 Tab 2-79. 116 Tab 2-80. these email chains include prior non-privileged transmittal email messages from attorney-lobbyist Gmerek to Stewart and various Parx or Mohegan casino group executives forwarding a PDF copy of the actual bill.117 One includes a complete copy of Senate Bill 1256 itself as an attachment. Several others include a copy of one of two versions of Hittinger’s memorandum summarizing the key provisions of the bill. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00782 (Control No. 801235), PRIV-00783 (Control No. 1102560), PRIV-00784 (Control No. 1500588), PRIV-00786 (Control No. 1500798), PRIV-00787 (Control No. 302906), PRIV-00788 (Control No. 1001628), and PRIV-00804 (Control 117 One of the email chains produced for review started with an initial message from Gmerek to Stewart and various Parx executives. The rest started with an initial message from Gmerek to Stewart and various Mohegan executives. No. 1001578) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00806 (Control No. 1001753)118 is a transmittal email message from Eckert attorney Hittinger to Mohegan executives Anthony Carlucci and Raymond Pineault, Eckert attorney Stewart, and attorney- lobbyist Gmerek forwarding copies of his memorandum summarizing the key provisions of Senate Bill 1256 and a copy of the bill itself. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00806 (Control No. 1001753) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00807 (Control No. 1001756)119 is a transmittal email message from Eckert attorney Hittinger to Parx executives Green and Hausler, Parx general counsel Bonner, Eckert attorney Stewart, and 118 Tab 2-81. 119 Tab 2-82. attorney-lobbyist Gmerek forwarding copies of his memorandum summarizing the key provisions of Senate Bill 1256 and a copy of the bill itself. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00807 (Control No. 1001756) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00810 (Control No. 1401405),120 PRIV-00816 (Control No. 1401278),121 and PRIV-00817 (Control No. 1401350)122 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger concerning the preparation of a second “industry letter” on behalf of the same thirteen casino groups, this time focused on the industry’s opposition to Senate Bill 1256. One of these email chains includes a prior exchange of email messages between Hittinger and attorney-lobbyist 120 Tab 2-83. 121 Tab 2-84. 122 Tab 2-85. Gmerek regarding the letter’s composition. A second email chain includes prior email messages circulated among a number of lobbyists and public relations consultants for the casino groups regarding a conference call, as well as a draft of this second industry letter that had been circulated to the conference call participants by Stewart. A third email chain includes a prior email message from attorney-lobbyist Gmerek summarizing the content of testimony presented at a public hearing before a state legislative committee. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Indeed, based on the context provided by our review of all of these contested documents, the “industry letter” was prepared not on behalf of the three clients listed on Eckert’s privilege log (Parx, Mohegan, and Cordish), but a larger group that also included non-client casino groups, which shared a common or interest in opposition to electronic skill games and joint lobbying efforts directed at the state legislature, but not a common interest that would permit them to share confidential communications without waiver of any attorney-client privilege that might otherwise apply. , 492 F.3d at 815–16; , 278 F.R.D. at 118 & n.6. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00810 (Control No. 1401405), PRIV-00816 (Control No. 1401278), and PRIV-00817 (Control No. 1401350) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00830 (Control No. 1500644)123 and PRIV-00832 (Control No. 1500638)124 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger regarding an upcoming state legislative hearing on skill games. In these email messages, Stewart requested and Hittinger provided questions for friendly legislators to ask at the hearing.125 The subject matter of these communications concerns 123 Tab 2-86. 124 Tab 2-87. 125 We pause to underscore that these questions were expressly intended for disclosure to third party government officials, and thus any claim of confidentiality or privilege with respect to the questions themselves is untenable. note 65. Indeed, a subsequent, revised version of these same questions, as they were ultimately communicated from Stewart to attorney-lobbyist Gmerek, was produced to POM in discovery. Doc. 295-7 (ECKERT005188–ECKERT005190). legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00830 (Control No. 1500644) and PRIV-00832 (Control No. 1500638) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00843 (Control No. 302368)126 is an email message from Eckert attorney Stewart to Cordish executive Weinberg concerning an upcoming state senate committee hearing on skill games legislation, Senate Bill 1256. The message includes an invitation to join Stewart in dining with Senator Tommy Tomlinson and Parx executive Green the evening before the hearing, logistical information about the hearing itself, and an outline of casino industry speakers scheduled to appear at the hearing, including Weinberg and Green. Attached to the email message was a copy of Eckert attorney Hittinger’s memorandum 126 Tab 2-88. summarizing the key provisions of Senate Bill 1256127 and a one-page set of talking points in opposition to the bill. The subject matter of this communication concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus it is not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that this communication involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00843 (Control No. 302368) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00881 (Control No. 1401459)128 consists of an exchange of email messages between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger and non-lawyer lobbyist Joseph M. Uliana concerning a list of key legislative issues for the casino industry group, prepared in connection with upcoming lobbyist meetings with state legislators. The email chain also included prior email messages between Uliana, Stewart, Ballard lawyer King, attorney-lobbyist Gmerek, and attorney-lobbyist Alex Urrea 127 See PRIV-00804 (Control No. 1001578), PRIV-00806 (Control No. 1001753), or PRIV-00807 (Control No. 1001756), discussed . 128 Tab 2-90. concerning the agenda for those meetings with state legislators. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00881 (Control No. 1401459) on attorney- client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00900 (Control No. 303143)129 is a chain of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger regarding drafting prepared testimony for an upcoming state legislative committee hearing. Attached is a copy of draft testimony prepared by Stewart on behalf of Eckert client Mohegan, to be presented at the public hearing by Mohegan executive Carlucci. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice— and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. 129 Tab 2-91. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV- 00900 (Control No. 303143) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00902 (Control No. 1500490)130 is a chain of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger regarding a casino industry lobbyist conference call, in which Stewart asked Hittinger to cover the call because he had another commitment, and Hittinger reported on the “relatively uneventful” call. The email chain includes prior email message circulated among a larger group of casino lobbyists, including non-lawyer lobbyists Uliana and Shelly, with call-in information for the conference call. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these 130 Tab 2-92. communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00902 (Control No. 1500490) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00911 (Control No. 302166),131 PRIV-00912 (Control No. 303907),132 and PRIV-00913 (Control No. 1500840)133 are email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger regarding time-sensitive efforts to conduct fact research on the status of skill games legislation in Virginia and other states in connection with preparing a friendly Pennsylvania state legislator, Senator Tommy Tomlinson, to respond to anticipated remarks by a pro-skill games legislator, Senator Gene Yaw. The email chain included prior email messages exchanged between Stewart and attorney-lobbyists Gmerek and Schafer regarding the same issue. One of the email messages included a copy of a draft response to Yaw prepared for Tomlinson by Schafer. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice 131 Tab 2-93. 132 Tab 2-94. 133 Tab 2-95. only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney- client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information.134 , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00911 (Control No. 302166), PRIV-00912 (Control No. 303907), and PRIV-00913 (Control No. 1500840) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00919 (Control No. 302985)135 consists of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger and attorney-lobbyist Gmerek regarding the preparation of proposed “poison pill” legislative amendments for unspecified friendly legislators to use in a floor fight on skill games legislation. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client 134 We note that this draft response was expressly prepared for a third party government official, Senator Tomlinson, with the expectation that Tomlinson would further convey these remarks to other, adverse legislators, and thus any claim of confidentiality or privilege with respect to the draft response is untenable. note 65. 135 Tab 2-96. privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00919 (Control No. 302985) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00935 (Control No. 2000675),136 PRIV-00938 (Control No. 1500868),137 and PRIV-00942 (Control No. 1800563)138 consist of email messages exchanged between Eckert attorneys Stewart, Hittinger, Yocum, Marsilio, and Sarah C. Stoner regarding an attempt by Hittinger to locate a “one-pager” for Stewart on the legality of skill games under the Pennsylvania criminal code, Title 18. Ultimately, Hittinger forwarded a “two-pager”—a draft letter on that issue from the previous year addressed to the chairman of the Pennsylvania gaming control board— to Stewart. The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus 136 Tab 2-97. 137 Tab 2-98. 138 Tab 2-99. they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 329 U.S. at 508; , 232 F.R.D. at 481–82; , 136 F.R.D. at 426– 27; , 1992 WL 57916, at *5; , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273. Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00935 (Control No. 2000675), PRIV-00938 (Control No. 1500868), and PRIV-00942 (Control No. 1800563) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00949 (Control No. 302621)139 is an email exchange between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger regarding the status of the skill games ban enacted in Virginia and related implications for the casino groups’ legislative efforts in Pennsylvania.140 The subject matter of these 139 Tab 1-7. 140 We note that the most recent email message in this email string makes reference to POM’s Commonwealth Court litigation. But Eckert has expressly omitted federal work-product protection as a basis for its objection to disclosure of these communications. In any event, the substantive content of this email chain does not reveal the mental impressions of counsel with respect to the Commonwealth Court litigation, but merely speculates on the implications that a communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00949 (Control No. 302621) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-000950 (Control No. 1500447)141 consists of an email message from Eckert attorney Stewart to Eckert attorney Hittinger instructing the latter to conduct factual research as outlined in an attached prior email message from Gmerek to Stewart, Parx executive Bob Green, and non-lawyer public relations consultant Pete Shelly, which summarized the content of a public meeting by a state legislative committee and posed Commonwealth Court victory for the casino groups would have on their broader legislative and business strategy vis-à-vis POM and other skill games proponents. 141 Tab 2-102. several questions for general factual research.142 The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney- client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-000950 (Control No. 1500447) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00958 (Control No. 302301)143 is an email message from Eckert attorney Stewart to Parx executives Green and Eric Hausler and attorney-lobbyist Gmerek forwarding an attached outline of potential gaming legislation prepared by Stewart based on a prior discussion about legislative strategy involving Stewart, Green, and possibly Hausler and Gmerek. PRIV-00960 (Control No. 302303)144 is an email message from 142 By “general,” we mean fact research regarding skill games and video gaming terminals at a statewide or industry-wide level. There is nothing to suggest any application whatsoever of the hearing testimony or Gmerek’s questions to any potentially confidential client information. 143 Tab 2-103. 144 Tab 2-104. Eckert attorney Stewart forwarding the same legislative strategy outline to Eckert attorneys Hittinger, Stoner, Marsilio, and Yocum. Although the attached legislative strategy outline was prepared with some client input and conveyed in confidence, the subject matter of this communication concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice— and thus it is not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that this communication involved confidential facts disclosed by the client to the attorney.145 , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00958 (Control No. 302301) and PRIV-00960 (Control No. 302303) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00971 (Control No. 1700641)146 is an exchange of email messages between Eckert attorney Stewart and Cordish executives Weinberg and David Cordish discussing legislative strategy with respect to video lottery terminals or video gaming terminals. The subject matter 145 Based on our review of this document, the “highly confidential” designation applied to this outline by Stewart appears to reflect his sensitivity to disclosure of the strategy itself, not any underlying confidential facts communicated by the client. 146 Tab 2-105. of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney- client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00971 (Control No. 1700641) on attorney- client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-00987 (Control No. 1400275)147 is an exchange of email messages between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Hittinger about attendance at an upcoming press conference by two state legislators regarding skill games legislation. This email chain includes a prior email message from attorney-lobbyist Gmerek to Stewart and ten Mohegan executives or in-house attorneys, advising them of the press conference. PRIV-00988 (Control No. 1103273)148 is an email message from Hittinger to Stewart summarizing the content of public statements made by the legislators and other speakers at the press conference. The subject matter 147 Tab 2-107. 148 Tab 2-108. of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice—and thus they are not protected by attorney- client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-00987 (Control No. 1400275) and PRIV-00988 (Control No. 1103273) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. PRIV-01008 (Control No. 301569)149 is an email message from Eckert attorney Stewart to Eckert attorney Hittinger discussing a recent state legislative committee hearing on video gaming terminals and skill games and asking Hittinger to prepare a draft letter to the committee offering additional information or arguments to supplement or counter the responses given by witnesses at the hearing.150 The email chain also included a non-privileged prior email message from attorney-lobbyist 149 Tab 2-112. 150 The hearing included testimony by a panel of state police officials, a panel of video gaming termina industry representatives, and a panel of skill game industry representatives. Gmerek to Stewart, forwarding a summary of the content of the public hearing—i.e., a summary of key questions asked by legislators and responses by the witnesses. This email chain was produced to POM in discovery with the most recent email message from Stewart to Hittinger redacted; the Gmerek transmittal message was produced without redaction, but the attached summary of questions and answers was withheld from production.151 The subject matter of these communications concerns legislative, political, or policy advice only—not advice— and thus they are not protected by attorney-client privilege. , 148 F.3d at 1106; , 136 F.R.D. at 426. Moreover, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that these communications involved any confidential client information, nor any communication whatsoever to or from a client. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Accordingly, the objection to production of PRIV-01008 (Control No. 301569) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled. E. Litigation Report PRIV-00925 (Control No. 1900567)152 is an exchange of email 151 ECKERT018746. 152 Tab 1-6. messages between Eckert attorneys Stewart and Yocum and Parx in- house counsel Robert Mulhern Jr. These email messages concern a request by Parx for a description of pending and recently closed litigation matters and judgments for use in connection with an application by Parx for a Virginia gaming license, which required disclosure of this information to state regulators. Attached to Yocum’s response to Mulhern’s request is a memorandum describing all litigation matters within the preceding five years in which Eckert represented Parx or was otherwise aware of the litigation, including the two POM Commonwealth Court cases. Based on our review of this attachment, the memorandum includes only non-confidential factual background and procedural information. The email messages and attached memorandum do not include any confidential client information; indeed, it is clear that the information was conveyed with the intent that it be disclosed to state regulators in connection with the client’s application for a gaming license. , 889 A.2d at 599; , 861 A.2d at 273 Eckert has also asserted federal work-product protection. The memorandum describes numerous pending litigation matters, but it does not convey any mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of an attorney, limiting itself to a purely factual description of each litigation matter and its procedural status. Based on our review of the memorandum, however, it appears that this factual summary was originally prepared as part of the firm’s regular report on pending litigation handled by Eckert, and then incorporated into this memorandum in response to a specific request by the client for this same information. Under these circumstances, we find this information is properly withheld from disclosure under the federal work-product doctrine, as the primary motivating purpose of the initial creation of this factual compilation was to aid in the management of ongoing litigation matters. , 897 F.2d 1255, 1266 (3d Cir. 1990). Disclosure of this factual information to Virginia gaming regulators does not appear to constitute waiver of work-product protection, as there is nothing before us to suggest that the application itself is publicly available or otherwise accessible to an adversary. , 951 F.2d at 1428; , 104 F.R.D. at 445–46. Finally, there is nothing in the record before us to suggest that POM has a substantial need for these materials and cannot, without undue hardship, obtain their substantial equivalent by other means. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3). Thus, the objection to production of PRIV-00925 (Control No. 1900567) on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled, but the objection to production of this document on federal work-product protection grounds is sustained. This document shall not be produced. IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the objections to production by Eckert will be granted in part and sustained in part. Of the 120 documents for which Eckert’s objections to production have been challenged by POM, one shall be withheld from production altogether, three shall be produced with redactions as described below, and 116 shall be produced redactions. With respect to PRIV-00105 (Control No. 1900236),153 the objection to production on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled, but the objection to production on federal work-product protection grounds is overruled in part and sustained in part. This document shall be produced, but with the email sent by William J. Downey at 11:01 a.m. on June 2, 2019, redacted. 153 Tab 2-27. With respect to PRIV-00366 (Control No. 304699),154 the objection to production on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled, but the objection to production on federal work-product protection grounds is overruled in part and sustained in part. This document shall be produced, but with the first three paragraphs (following the salutation “Guys,”) redacted. With respect to PRIV-00614 (Control No. 800947),155 the objection to production on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled in part and sustained in part. This document shall be produced, but with the email sent by Mark S. Stewart at 12:56 p.m. on February 9, 2020, redacted. With respect to PRIV-00925 (Control No. 1900567),156 the objection to production on attorney-client privilege grounds is overruled, but the objection to production on federal work-product protection grounds is sustained. This document shall be produced. With respect to all other documents challenged by POM and submitted for review, the objections to production on attorney- 154 Tab 2-45. 155 Tab 2-52. 156 Tab 1-6. client privilege and federal or state work-product protection grounds are overruled. These documents shall be produced redaction. Absent a timely appeal of this decision, Eckert shall produce the documents described in the preceding paragraphs to POM, in the manner described, within 21 days after entry of the accompanying order. The parties shall each bear its own costs in connection with this discovery dispute. An appropriate order follows. Dated: December 1, 2023 JOSEPH F. SAPORITO, JR. United States Magistrate Judge