Com. v. L.C. ( 2021 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
L.C. :
:
Appellant : No. 1211 EDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered March 5, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-46-JV-0000337-2013
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., NICHOLS, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.
MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.: Filed: May 13, 2021
L.C. appeals from the order entered in the Montgomery County Court of
Common Pleas, which, following an Act 21 hearing, involuntarily committed
him pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6403(d). On appeal, L.C. challenges whether
the juvenile court erroneously denied his petition for early termination of court
supervision. Moreover, L.C. contends that the juvenile court erred in finding
there was clear and convincing evidence necessitating his involuntary
commitment. As we see no merit to either claim, we affirm the juvenile court’s
order.
While the facts and procedural history of this matter are lengthy and
somewhat complicated, we glean the following from the record in conjunction
with the submitted briefs. Approximately eight years ago, the court
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 Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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adjudicated L.C. delinquent after he admitted to committing indecent assault,
pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3126(a)(7). After this disposition, he was placed
in several treatment facilities for various periods of time, failing to adjust in
each circumstance.
Eventually, L.C. settled into South Mountain Secured Treatment Unit
(“South Mountain”) for over five years. At South Mountain, L.C. was diagnosed
with attention deficit hyperactive disorder, oppositional defiance disorder,
being a sexual abuse perpetrator, and being a sexual abuse victim. Even given
his long stay at South Mountain, L.C. was not able to make any demonstrable
progress on alleviating his illicit sexually related proclivities, and while in that
placement, he was arrested multiple times on adult charges.
Ultimately, the Sexual Offenders Assessment Board (“SOAB”), pursuant
to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6358(f) in tandem with § 6403(b), assessed L.C., resulting
in a recommendation of involuntary commitment. In concluding that L.C.
suffered from mental abnormalities, a SOAB member/expert witness testified
that L.C. suffered from two paraphilic disorders, exhibitionistic disorder and
frotteuristic disorder.1 However, she premised her findings exclusively on
L.C.’s juvenile probation and placement records.
From these findings, the juvenile court concluded that a prima facie case
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1
The SOAB member defined exhibitionistic order as “a deviant sexual arousal
to non-consensual exhibiting of one’s genitals or sexual behavior to a victim.”
N.T., Act 21 Hearing, 2/26/20, at 8. Likewise, she identified frotteuristic
disorder as “non-consensual rubbing of another’s genitals or your own genitals
against a victim.” Id.
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had been made under Act 21 for involuntary commitment and directed the
Commonwealth – in this case, the Montgomery County Solicitor’s Office – to
file a petition for involuntary commitment. Concurrent with the
Commonwealth filing its petition, L.C. filed a petition for early termination of
court supervision, which the court denied.
At the involuntary commitment hearing, which took place over a four-
day period, the Commonwealth presented the same SOAB representative’s
testimony. At this point, she indicated that both conditions L.C. suffered from
would last for his entire life and that L.C. had a high likelihood of re-offense.
After the hearing, the juvenile court simultaneously involuntarily committed
L.C. for a period of one year and terminated juvenile supervision of this
matter, effective on the date of his twenty-first birthday.
L.C. filed a timely notice of appeal, and all parties have complied with
their respective obligations under Pa.R.A.P. 1925. L.C. raises two issues for
our consideration:
1. Did the lower court err in denying L.C’s petition for early
termination of court supervision given his long placement time,
failure of those placements to meet their treatment obligations,
attainment of a high school equivalency diploma, and competition
of all educational and vocational programs offered at his most
recent placement?
2. Did the lower court err in finding that there was clear and
convincing evidence L.C. required court-ordered involuntary
treatment?
See Appellant’s Brief, at 3.
Preliminarily, we note our long-standing precedent when considering
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juvenile court matters: absent an abuse of discretion, those courts are
afforded broad discretion in crafting an appropriate disposition for a delinquent
child. See In the Interest of D.C.D., 171 A.3d 727, 736 n.13 (Pa. 2017).
However, we, as an appellate court, apply a de novo standard of review when
construing the Juvenile Act and its procedures. See id.In his first issue, L.C. asserts that this case is controlled by our Supreme
Court’s holding in D.C.D. In D.C.D., the delinquent juvenile filed a motion for
early termination of delinquency supervision, which was granted by the
juvenile court. See id., at 731-32, 735. The juvenile court terminated
delinquency supervision of D.C.D., finding that there was a lack of adequate
placement options for D.C.D. On appeal, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
approvingly cited the juvenile court’s actions and held that the primary focus
under these circumstances is the rehabilitative needs of the juvenile. See id.,
at 738, 742. The Supreme Court then went on to indicate that the juvenile
court correctly addressed the need for community protection and additionally
properly ascribed accountability to the juvenile’s underlying offenses. See id.,
at 742.
Other than his terse reference to D.C.D., L.C. cites no further cases nor
statutory authority. In fact, L.C. only utilizes two pages of text to make his
argument. He contends, however, that D.C.D. compels a reversal of the
juvenile court’s denial of his petition for early termination. He challenges the
court’s finding that he “failed to show positive adjustment at any of his
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placements and had clearly exhausted all alternatives in the delinquency
system at the time his [p]etition for [e]arly [t]ermination was filed.”
Appellant’s Brief, at 13. Moreover, L.C. presents several factual similarities
between the juvenile in D.C.D. and himself, such as their respective IQs and
the ages when they were adjudicated dependent for the same offense. See
id. Finally, L.C. asserts he has effectively reached the endpoint of the
educational and vocational opportunities available to him under his
supervision by the juvenile court system. See id.Initially, we note that it is unclear whether the juvenile court’s order
denying L.C.’s petition for early termination of court supervision, filed
separately from the juvenile court’s adjudication of L.C.’s Act 21 proceedings,
constituted a separate, yet final, appealable order. “It is a fundamental
principle of law that an appeal will lie only from a final order unless otherwise
permitted by rule or statute.” Puricelli v. Puricelli, 667 A.2d 410, 412 (Pa.
Super. 1995). Absent an appealable order, we lack jurisdiction to review an
appellant's underlying claims. See id.Therefore, if denial of L.C.’s petition for early termination was a final
order, we lack jurisdiction to review that denial. Clearly, the grant of such a
petition constitutes a final order. See D.C.D. However, it is not so clear that
an order denying early release is automatically a final, appealable order. In
spite of this ambiguity, we need not reach this thorny issue, as we conclude
that under the specific circumstances of this case, the order denying L.C.’s
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petition for early termination was not separable from the already existing Act
21 proceedings.
The Commonwealth initially instituted Act 21 proceedings in August of
2019. At L.C.’s request, however, the proceedings were delayed until February
2020, shortly before L.C. turned twenty-one. After the Commonwealth re-
commenced the Act 21 proceedings, L.C. filed his petition for early
termination. Under these specific circumstances, we conclude that the
petition for early release was merely a preliminary ruling incorporated into the
existing Act 21 proceedings. See Juvenile Court Opinion, 9/10/20, at 9
(concluding that it would be reckless to release L.C. prior to Act 21
hearing). That said, we still find no basis to provide L.C. with relief.
While no party has raised or addressed this issue, we find L.C.’s attempt
to effectively seek reversal of his petition for early termination of juvenile
court supervision mooted or, at a minimum, necessarily subsumed by his
attack on the order involuntarily committing him pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. §
6403(d). Stated differently, L.C.’s petition attempted to terminate the juvenile
court’s supervision early and occurred prior to any adjudication of the need
for involuntary treatment. Furthermore, L.C. reached the age of majority a
few weeks after his petition was filed. Unambiguously, “the juvenile court
terminated supervision of [L.C.],” Juvenile Court Opinion, 9/10/20, at 3; see
also Appellant’s Brief, at 10, so we are unable to determine what possible
relief we could grant L.C. for this claim on appeal.
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Even if we were to consider the substantive components of his claim,
his challenge would fail. As L.C. sought early termination under Pennsylvania
Rule of Juvenile Court Procedure 632, which does not require the conditions
of probation to be satisfied, the court must find there to be “compelling
reasons to discharge the juvenile.” Pa.R.J.C.P. 632(F). As D.C.D. makes clear,
a court should, when faced with a Rule 632 motion, consider community
protection, accountability, and rehabilitation when making its determination.
See 171 A.3d at 741. We are satisfied that the juvenile court adequately
considered these factors in making its decision and find no abuse of discretion.
In support of his petition for discharge, L.C. presented to the court that
he was arrested on adult charges multiple times while at his South Mountain
placement. L.C. further indicated that he was not receiving adequate
treatment. Further, he claimed he had exhausted all pathways to success in
the juvenile justice system and noted that he had spent more time in
placement than the corresponding prison sentence of an adult convicted of
the same crime.
However, in its opinion, the juvenile court emphasized that “there were
no treatment centers, plans, or stepdown services proposed or put into place
for [L.C.] upon termination of court supervision.” Juvenile Court Opinion,
9/10/20, at 8. At the hearing and after considering all relevant testimony, the
court concluded that no one could reasonably believe that L.C.’s treatment
was complete. See N.T., Early Termination of Court Supervision Hearing,
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2/24/20, at 39. The court acknowledged L.C.’s successes and his length of
time spent in the juvenile system, but still found L.C.’s emotional and
behavioral progress to be incongruous with release into the general
community.
In fact, the court saw the inherent dangers in releasing L.C. back into
the community at large given his undeveloped emotional skills, pending adult
charges, and continuing propensity to commit crimes. Additionally, the court
found it to be “reckless” to terminate L.C.’s court supervision prior to his Act
21 hearing and on the eve of his twenty-first birthday. Juvenile Court Opinion,
9/10/20, at 9. The court reasoned that keeping L.C. “in the juvenile system
and proceeding to the Act 21 hearing ensured that he was in a place where
he could receive necessary psychiatric and psychological resources, and
ensured the protection of the community.” Id.
We find the juvenile court’s rationale to be sound and further note the
dissimilarities between this case and D.C.D. First, given the juvenile’s age in
D.C.D., Act 21 was not referenced nor implicated.
Second, D.C.D. involved an affirmative finding by the juvenile court that
early termination of court supervision was necessary and within the best
interests of the juvenile and community at large. See 171 A.3d at 729. The
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania did not create a new legal rule, it merely
affirmed the discretion exercised by the juvenile court. Here, in contrast, the
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juvenile court exercised its discretion to deny early termination. This
procedural distinction weakens D.C.D.’s relevance to the present matter.
Third and most importantly, D.C.D. involved a specific situation where
the juvenile “needed a new placement immediately that could meet his
therapeutic needs, and the only placement available required discharge of
delinquency supervision.” Id., at 742 (citation omitted). In other words,
D.C.D. did not result in that juvenile no longer receiving treatment. Instead,
our Supreme Court recognized the juvenile court’s finding that termination of
delinquency supervision was the sole pathway to obtain continued treatment.
Conversely, although conceding that he did not make adequate progress
under his placements, L.C. has not, either during his hearing or now on appeal,
proposed any alternative channel to address his rehabilitative needs.
Accordingly, D.C.D. does not compel early termination here, and L.C. is due
no relief on this claim.
L.C. next asserts that the Commonwealth failed to adduce clear and
convincing evidence that L.C. required involuntary treatment. Effectively, L.C.
is raising a sufficiency of the evidence claim in the context of his Act 21
hearing. Our Court has clarified that Act 21 requires the Commonwealth to
bear the burden, by clear and convincing evidence, in demonstrating that the
respondent suffers from a mental abnormality that results in an unacceptable
risk of recidivism:
at the [Act 21] hearing, it is the Commonwealth that bears the
burden of showing by clear and convincing evidence that the
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person has a mental abnormality or personality disorder which
results in serious difficulty in controlling sexually violent behavior
that makes the person likely to engage in an act of sexual
violence. If the Commonwealth meets this burden, the court is to
enter an order committing the person to inpatient treatment for a
period of one year. Our Supreme Court has defined clear and
convincing evidence as testimony that is so clear, direct, weighty,
and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear
conviction, without hesitation, of the truth of the precise facts in
issue. Thus, the clear and convincing evidence test has been
described as an intermediate test, which is more exacting than a
preponderance of the evidence test, but less exacting than proof
beyond a reasonable doubt. Moreover, in conducting a sufficiency
review, we must consider the evidence in the light most favorable
to the Commonwealth, which prevailed upon the issue at trial.
With regard to sexually violent predator assessments, the task of
the Superior Court is one of review, and not of weighing and
assessing evidence in the first instance.
In re J.C., 232 A.3d 886, 894 (Pa. Super. 2020) (en banc) (internal
quotations, citations, brackets, and alterations omitted).
L.C. refutes the juvenile court’s findings by attempting to controvert the
SOAB expert’s conclusions. Namely, L.C. implies that because she based her
conclusions exclusively on L.C.’s paper records, the SOAB expert was without
a complete clinical record and could not have opined that he suffered from
two paraphilic disorders considered to be Act 21 mental abnormalities. In
other words, L.C. contends that since no other treating therapist or medical
professional ever concluded that he suffered from those two conditions, there
is an inherent contradiction in the record, and the SOAB expert’s
determinations should not have been used against him.
Preliminarily, we note that L.C.’s brief is woefully deficient in exploring
or supporting his sufficiency argument. In fact, after omitting his replication
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of our Court’s standard of review, his entire contention spans only two
paragraphs consisting of five sentences. However, even in overlooking this
glaring deficiency, we find that L.C.’s sufficiency averment fails.
Act 21 effectively provides a bridge between the juvenile system and
adult system wherein there is an adjudicated need for a juvenile’s treatment
and involuntary commitment beyond twenty years of age. See Interest of
J.M.G., 229 A.3d 571, 580-81 (Pa. 2020). Act 21 establishes three criteria for
the Commonwealth to seek a court-ordered commitment by clear and
convincing evidence: 1) there must have been an adjudication of delinquency
for a specific act of sexual violence as defined by the statute; 2) the juvenile
must have been committed to an institution and remain committed there upon
reaching the age of twenty; and 3) the juvenile must require involuntary
treatment due to a mental abnormality or personality disorder that makes it
difficult for that juvenile to control, yet likely to engage in, sexually violent
behavior. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6403(a). Although unclear, it appears that L.C.
seeks to challenge the third criterion: whether L.C. suffered from a mental
abnormality. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6402 (defining mental abnormality as a
“congenital or acquired condition of a person affecting the person’s emotional
or volitional capacity[]”).
In addition to the elements defining a person subject to this statute, the
procedures for initiating court-ordered involuntary commitment are clearly
enumerated as well. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6403(b). First, the SOAB assesses an
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individual and presents those findings to the juvenile court. See id., at §
6403(b)(1). The juvenile court then makes the determination as to whether a
prima facie case has been presented such that the individual is in need of
involuntary treatment. See id.
If so, the court is to direct the county solicitor to file a related petition
seeking involuntary commitment. See id. The petition is to include the facts
identifying why court-ordered involuntary treatment is necessary and must
include the SOAB’s assessment. See id., at § 6403(b)(2). After that, a hearing
is scheduled, which then requires the Commonwealth to demonstrate by clear
and convincing evidence that a person has a statutorily significant mental
abnormality or personality disorder. See id., at § 6403(d). L.C. does not
contend that there were any procedural irregularities with his Act 21
proceeding.
We find that there was sufficient evidence for the juvenile court to
conclude that L.C. suffered from at least one mental abnormality. The
testifying SOAB member was a veteran of many previous Act 21 evaluations.
See N.T., Act 21 Hearing, 2/26/20, at 6 (indicating that she had, at that point,
performed several dozen evaluations). After evaluating the treatment
documents at her disposal, consisting of, inter alia, post-treatment discharge
summaries and police and juvenile justice reports, she unequivocally
determined that L.C. was suffering from an Act 21 mental abnormality, was
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likely to reoffend, and had tremendous difficulty curbing his sexually
dangerous behavior. See id., at 13.
L.C. provides no support to refute the idea that it was somehow legally
erroneous for the SOAB member to exclusively rely on written reports in
making her diagnoses. Unlike the cases cited by L.C. in his brief, which are
easily distinguishable if not completely irrelevant, the SOAB member’s findings
were not premised exclusively on published studies, the existence of a
“situational motivating factor,” or internal inconsistencies in the
Commonwealth’s case. See Appellant’s Brief, at 16.
Instead, the SOAB member was well apprised of L.C.’s tendencies to be
inappropriate and ascertained that he would, with a high degree of likelihood,
be more dangerous as time progressed. See N.T., Act 21 Hearing, 2/26/20,
at 10, 13-14. The SOAB member concluded that L.C.’s actions were consistent
with two separate mental abnormalities and that L.C. continued to engage in
unacceptable behavior even in the most restrictive environments. See id., at
10. Further, the SOAB member aligned specific incidences documented in
L.C.’s reports with the definitional or behavioral elements of the mental
abnormalities she considered L.C. to have. See id., at 7-14. Ultimately, the
juvenile court found the SOAB member to be credible, and in considering the
evidence in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the prevailing
party, we see no compelling reason to contradict the juvenile court’s finding
that L.C. required involuntary commitment.
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As neither of L.C.’s issues merit relief, we affirm the order involuntarily
committing him for a period of one year.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 5/13/21
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