Com. v. Barnes, D. ( 2021 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DARYL LEE BARNES :
:
Appellant : No. 329 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 9, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Bradford County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-08-CR-0000319-2019
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., McCAFFERY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.: FILED MAY 14, 2021
Daryl Lee Barnes (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence
imposed in the Court of Common Pleas of Bradford County on January 9, 2020,
after a jury found him guilty of driving under the influence, terroristic threats,
resisting arrest, and disorderly conduct.1 After granting in part Appellant’s
post-sentence motion, the trial court imposed an aggregate sentence of eight
to sixty months of incarceration. See Trial Ct. Op., 5/14/20, at 1. Appellant
challenges the denial of his mistrial motion and the sufficiency of evidence
supporting his terroristic threats conviction. We affirm.
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(a)(1); 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2706(a)(1), 5104, 5503(a)(1). The
trial court found Appellant guilty of the following summary offenses:
harassment (18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(a)(1)), unsafe lane change (75 Pa.C.S. §
3309(1)), driving at an unsafe speed (75 Pa.C.S. § 3361), careless driving (75
Pa.C.S. § 3714(a)), reckless driving (75 Pa.C.S. § 3736(a)), and failure to
give information/render aid (75 Pa.C.S. § 3744(a)).
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The trial court described the underlying facts as follows:
Trooper [John] Borisuck was called to the scene where Appellant
had been in a one vehicle accident while he was driving. Upon
[Trooper Borisuck’s] arrival, Appellant was sitting on or in the back
of an ambulance. Upon asking him to step out, there was a
moderate odor of alcohol. Appellant was erratic and became more
agitated as Troopers attempted to speak to him. At one point in
time, Appellant “squared up with” Trooper Borisuck [ ] “in a
fighting stance.” Trooper [Borisuck] told Appellant to sit down or
he would be arrested. Appellant then turned around and was
going to climb back into [the] ambulance. Troopers attempted to
place Appellant in custody and a struggle ensued. The Troopers
eventually handcuffed Appellant. Appellant continued to resist the
entire time Troopers walked him to [the] patrol car. Once in the
patrol car, Appellant was somehow able to slip the handcuffs from
behind his back to his front. Appellant then became “out of
control.” Troopers continued to restrain him by using a tie on
handcuffs and feet. It was at this point [ ] that Appellant told
Trooper Borisuck that he had a Smith and Wesson coming for him.
This was also [captured by] the police car video recorder that was
presented and played at trial.
Trial Ct. Op., 5/14/20, at 6 (citations to record omitted).
Appellant had a one-day jury trial on November 5, 2019, and was found
guilty of the aforementioned offenses.2 During the first portion of Appellant’s
trial, Appellant’s legs were shackled; Appellant made a mistrial motion, which
was denied. N.T., 11/5/19, at 60-62. He was sentenced on January 9, 2020,
and after a post-sentence motion was filed on January 14th, his sentence was
amended on January 21st. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on
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2 The Commonwealth withdrew a charge of simple assault (18 Pa.C.S. §
2701(a)(1)) and the jury acquitted Appellant of aggravated assault (18
Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(3)).
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February 19th, and made timely compliance with the trial court’s order per
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his mistrial motion
after Appellant was seated at the defense table while shackled at the ankle
during the first portion of his jury trial. Appellant’s Brief at 15-16. Appellant
points out that the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution prohibit use of physical restraints in view of jurors absent the trial
court’s determination that they are justified. Id. at 18.
The Commonwealth argues that Appellant failed to demonstrate
prejudice and failed to follow up on the trial court’s offer to query the jurors
post-verdict to find out whether they saw the leg restraints, and therefore
Appellant cannot carry his burden as to this claim. Commonwealth’s Brief at
3-7.
The trial court recounts an exchange outside of the jurors’ presence in
which Appellant’s counsel brought the issue to the court’s attention. Trial Ct.
Op. at 2. The trial court confirmed that Appellant’s legs were visible from the
jury box, but denied the motion without prejudice to revisit the issue later.
Id., quoting N.T., 11/5/19, at 60-63. The trial court suggested finishing trial
and, depending on the verdict, inquiring of the jurors whether they saw the
leg restraints. Id. at 3. However, this was the last time the issue was raised
until the present appeal. Id. The trial court explains that the exposure was
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de minimis, as Appellant’s pants covered the restraints save the short chain
connecting them, and the jury sat at a distance of at least twenty feet.3
A motion for a mistrial lies within the trial court’s discretion, and will not
be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion. Commonwealth v.
Bennett, 225 A.3d 883, 890 (Pa. Super. 2019). Mistrial is required where an
incident arises of such a nature that its unavoidable effect is to deprive a
defendant of a fair and impartial trial. Id.
Our Supreme Court has upheld denial of mistrial where a defendant was
possibly viewed by a jury panel while in handcuffs, because no evidence was
presented that there was prejudice or that any juror actually saw the
handcuffed defendant. See Commonwealth v. Davis, 351 A.2d 642, 649
(Pa. 1976). The trial court’s opinion indicates that this was an inadvertent
oversight rather than a safety measure. Therefore, Appellant is correct that
it should not have happened. To grant relief, we would also have to find that
he was denied a fair trial due to the unavoidable effect of the leg restraints’
influence over the jury. This we cannot do, as the record does not reflect that
the jury even noticed the restraints, and under Davis there must be some
showing of prejudice. See id. We also note that the trial court invited
Appellant to raise the issue later in proceedings, and raised the possibility of
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3 The trial court notes that this distance estimate is not of record. Trial Ct.
Op. at 4. We do not rely on it except inasmuch as it is consistent with the
discussion recounted on pages two and three of the trial court’s opinion and
memorialized in the trial notes of testimony.
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asking the jurors about it post-verdict, yet Appellant did not avail himself of
these options. See Trial Ct. Op. at 3. The possibility of improper influence,
without more, is not sufficient to surmount the steep requirements of the
abuse of discretion standard.
Appellant next argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his
terroristic threats conviction, as his severely impaired state at the time he
made the “Smith and Wesson” comment negates the intent to terrorize. The
trial court concludes that the evidence was sufficient, given the plainly
threatening nature of the comment itself. Trial Ct. Op. at 6. This Court has
held that intoxication can negate the intent necessary to make out the charge.
See Commonwealth v. Kidd, 442 A.2d 826, 827 (Pa. Super. 1982). In
Kidd, the “appellant told the police he was going to kill them, machine gun
them, if given a chance” during his arrest for public drunkenness. Id. This
Court concluded that “[Kidd] was obviously inebriated and in an agitated and
angry state of mind. The record evinces that his conduct expressed transitory
anger rather than a settled purpose to carry out the threat or to terrorize the
other person.” Id. Appellant also points to the Official Comment to the
statute, which specifies that “[i]t is not intended by this section to penalize
mere spur-of-the-moment threats which result from anger.” See Appellant’s
Brief at 19; 18 Pa.C.S. § 2706, Official Comment.
The Commonwealth argues that this case is more like Commonwealth
v. Hardwick, 445 A.2d 796 (Pa. Super. 1982). Commonwealth’s Brief at 9.
In Hardwick, corrections officers broke up a fight at Allegheny County Jail,
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and the defendant, who was subdued during the fight, approached one of the
officers who subdued him over a week later and said that when he was freed
from jail, he would get a gun and come after the officer and his colleague.
Hardwick, 445 A.2d at 797. The Commonwealth focuses on the nature of
the threats in this comparison, but Hardwick does not involve evidence of
extreme intoxication at the time the threat was issued.
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we “must
determine whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth as verdict winner, together with all reasonable inferences
therefrom, the trier of fact could have found that each and every element of
the crimes charged was established beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Commonwealth v. Lytle, 663 A.2d 707, 708 (Pa. Super. 1995). To be found
guilty of terroristic threats, a person must “threaten to [ ] commit any crime
of violence with [the] intent to terrorize another....” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2706(a)(1).
“In reviewing a statement alleged to be a terroristic threat, we do not look at
the statement in a vacuum. Instead, we must look at it in light of the
surrounding circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Anneski, 525 A.2d 373,
376 (Pa. Super. 1987) (citation omitted). “‘[N]either the ability to carry out
the threat nor a belief by the person threatened that it will be carried out is
an essential element of the crime.’” Commonwealth v. Hudgens, 582 A.2d
1352, 1358 (Pa. Super. 1990) (citation omitted). “Rather, the harm sought to
be prevented by the statute is the psychological distress that follows from an
invasion of another’s sense of personal security.” Commonwealth v. Tizer,
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684 A.2d 597, 600 (Pa. Super. 1996) (citation omitted). This Court has long
recognized that intent to terrorize is integral to the offense of terroristic
threats. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Kline, 201 A.3d 1288, 1290 (Pa.
Super. 2019) (while ability to carry out threat or belief it will be carried out is
not essential, intent to terrorize is required; making the threat with intent to
terrorize constitutes the crime).
We decline to second-guess the jury’s verdict as to terroristic threats.
“[T]he defense of diminished capacity is a matter for a jury to believe or
disbelieve as it sees fit.” Commonwealth v. Vandivner, 962 A.2d 1170,
1177 (Pa. 2009). The jury is in the best position to weigh such matters, and
we will not disturb their determination that Appellant’s conduct established
beyond a reasonable doubt that the threat he issued, which on its face fits
within the conduct proscribed by the statute, was made with prohibited intent.
We agree with the trial court that “[t]he jury was free to infer that Appellant
was verbalizing a threat to commit a crime of violence with the intent to
terrorize Trooper Borisuck.” Trial Ct. Op. at 6.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 05/14/2021
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