Com. v. Enderle, L. ( 2021 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
LEE RICHARD ENDERLE :
:
Appellant : No. 971 EDA 2020
Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered March 5, 2020,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County,
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-15-CR-0002900-2013.
BEFORE: BOWES, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and MURRAY, J.
MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED: MAY 14, 2021
Lee Richard Enderle appeals pro se from the order denying in part and
granting in part his first petition filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief
Act (“PCRA”). 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-46. We reverse the PCRA court’s order,
and remand for an evidentiary hearing.
The pertinent facts and protracted procedural history1 are as follows:
Enderle was charged with multiple sexual offenses following an incident with
his seven-year old neighbor. The trial court appointed a public defender to
represent Enderle, and trial counsel entered her appearance as Enderle’s
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1 Throughout these proceedings, Enderle has been at odds with his appointed
counsel, and has filed multiple pro se motions, at times sending them directly
to the trial court. This has made our review of the certified record difficult.
In the above summary, we highlight only these filings, as well as those filed
by counsel, that are relevant to the issues Enderle raises on appeal.
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counsel on August 29, 2013. Thereafter, the parties engaged in discovery and
plea negotiations.
On April 18, 2014, trial counsel filed a habeas corpus petition on
Enderle’s behalf, in which Enderle claimed the evidence presented by the
Commonwealth at his preliminary hearing did not establish a prime face case
as to some of his charges. On May 6, 2014, the Commonwealth filed a motion
to permit the victim to testify by contemporaneous alternative method
pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. section 5985. The trial court scheduled a hearing on
both motions for May 7, 2014.
At this hearing, the trial court decided that it would first determine the
Commonwealth’s motion.2 The victim’s mother testified about how the
victim’s behavior had changed since the incident, and the trial court
interviewed the victim.3 Considering all of this evidence, the trial court
concluded that if the victim “had to testify in the presence and full view of
____________________________________________
2 Initially, the trial court discussed with the parties a letter it received from
Enderle in which Enderle complained about trial counsel. At that time, Enderle
informed the court of his concerns. Ultimately, he informed the court that,
“at this moment,” he was satisfied being represented by trial counsel. N.T.,
5/7/14, at 74. However, after trial counsel stated that she would not contest
some of the charges, Enderle objected and requested a change of counsel.
Id. at 77-78. The trial court denied this request, but later informed Enderle
“to think long and hard” about proceeding without a lawyer. Id. at 96.
3 The Commonwealth also informed the trial court of the substance of the
victim’s therapist proposed testimony. The Commonwealth had not asked her
to appear given its belief that its motion was unopposed. See N.T., 5/7/14,
at 29-30.
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[Enderle] it would result in her suffering serious emotional distress that would
substantially impair her ability to communicate.” N.T., 5/7/14, at 30. The
trial court then allowed the victim to testify via a contemporaneous alternative
method for the purpose of considering Enderle’s habeas motion. At the
hearing’s conclusion, the trial court denied Enderle’s motion.
On June 4, 2014, the trial court held a pre-trial hearing on several
matters, including a pro se “PCRA Ineffective Assistance of Counsel” motion
filed by Enderle, in which he expressed his desire to dismiss trial counsel and
have a different attorney appointed. Following a thorough colloquy by the
trial court, Enderle was permitted to proceed pro se. See N.T., 6/4/14, at 29.
The court and the parties then discussed the possibility of Enderle personally
cross-examining the witness at trial. The trial court asked the parties to
research the topic and determined the issue would be revisited at trial.
On July 31, 2014, the court held a pre-trial hearing to determine
whether the victim would be allowed to testify via a contemporaneous
alternative method at trial. At this hearing, the Commonwealth presented the
testimony of the victim’s mother and Kathy O’Connell, a therapist who had
been treating the victim for eight months. Ms. O’Connell testified that the
victim was referred to her for treatment after a psychiatrist diagnosed as
suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. See N.T., 7/31/14, at 28.
According to Ms. McConnell, requiring the victim to testify in Enderle’s
presence, or permit him to cross-examine her would act as a “trigger” and
cause her to relive her trauma. See id. at 40-41.
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After hearing this evidence, and hearing argument from the
Commonwealth and pro se argument from Enderle, the trial court concluded:
I find that their testimony has established that for this victim
to testify in [Enderle’s] presence, that would result in this
child victim suffering serious emotional distress, that would
substantially, impair this child victim’s ability to reasonably
communicate and the interfering with her ability to
communicate. Both witnesses felt that she would not be
able to testify about what she allegedly experienced. If she
was in front of [Enderle], or if he were allowed to ask
her questions, she would not be able to reasonably
communicate.
***
So having found the child [victim] will suffer serious
emotional distress, and that would substantially impair the
child victim to reasonably communicate, I am granting the
Commonwealth’s motion for testimony by contemporaneous
alternative method.
N.T., 7/31/14, at 75-77 (emphasis added).
The trial court informed Enderle that he “still [had] the right to present
questions to [the victim]. It’s just she will not her your voice.” Id. at 77-78.
The court then appointed prior trial counsel to act as standby counsel, and a
method was determined whereby any questions Enderle wished to ask the
victim would be communicated to standby counsel. In response, Enderle
persisted that refusing to permit him to cross-examine the victim directly
violated his constitutional rights of confrontation and due process.
When Enderle’s trial began, he requested that trial counsel represent
him. Trial counsel requested a continuance so that she could further prepare.
The trial court denied this request, and Enderele’s trial began with trial counsel
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and another assistant public defender acting as co-counsel. Following a four-
day trial, a jury convicted him on all of the charges. On March 6, 2015, the
trial court sentenced him to an aggregate term of nine to eighteen years of
imprisonment and a consecutive ten-year probationary term. The trial court
denied Enderle’s timely post-sentence motion. Although Enderle originally
filed a notice of appeal to this Court, he later discontinued it by order entered
August 5, 2016.
On April 20, 2017, Enderle filed a timely pro se PCRA petition in which
he raised multiple claims of trial court error, asserted that 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5985
(relating to testimony by contemporaneous alternative method) was
unconstitutional, and claimed the Commonwealth violated Brady v.
Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). In addition, he claimed trial counsel was
ineffective for: 1) failing to impeach the victim with inconsistent statements;
2) not objecting to testimonial hearsay and videos of forensic interviews by
police; and 3) not objecting to a Commonwealth’s witness reading his police
statement out loud as part of his trial testimony. The PCRA court appointed
counsel.
On August 18, 2017, PCRA counsel filed a motion to withdraw and “no-
merit” letter pursuant to Commonwealth v. Turner, 544 A.2d 927 (Pa.
1988), and Commonwealth v. Finley, 550 A.2d 213 (Pa. Super. 1988) (en
banc). Enderle filed a pro se response. By order entered September 20,
2017, the PCRA court directed PCRA counsel to review Enderle’s response and
then either file an amended petition or a supplemental Turner/Finley letter.
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PCRA counsel filed a second motion to withdraw and supplemental
Turner/Finley letter on October 20, 2017. Thereafter, Enderle filed another
pro se response.
On November 5, 2018, the PCRA court issued a Pa.R.A.P. 907 notice of
its intent to dismiss Enderle’s PCRA petition without a hearing. Enderle filed
a timely response.
On April 29, 2019, Enderle filed a pro se supplemental PCRA petition in
which he asserted that his designation as a sexually violent predator (SVP)
was unconstitutional given this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Butler,
173 A.3d 1212 (Pa. Super. 2017), reversed 226 A.3d 972 (Pa. 2020). In this
filing, Enderle further contended that his trial counsel was ineffective for
conceding his guilt of some of the charges during her closing argument without
his consent, pursuant to McCoy v. Louisiana, 138 S. Ct. 1500 (2018). Once
again, the PCRA court directed PCRA counsel to review Enderle’s pro se filing
and either file an amended PCRA petition or proceed with his petition to
withdraw and submit another supplemental Turner/Finley letter.
On July 1, 2019, PCRA counsel filed an amended petition in which
Enderle raised the sole contention that his designation as an SVP constituted
an illegal and unconstitutional sentence. In a footnote, PCRA counsel also
discussed Enderle’s reliance upon McCoy, supra, for the proposition that “a
defendant has a right under the Sixth Amendment of the United States
Constitution to insist that his counsel refrain from admitting his guilt, even if
counsel had a reasonable strategy for doing so.” See Amended Petition,
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7/1/19, at 7 n.3. According to PCRA counsel, this claim had no merit because
an attorney cannot be declared ineffective for failing to anticipate a change in
the law, and because neither the federal or state supreme court has held that
the McCoy ruling applies retroactively. See id.
On July 12, 2019, Enderle filed a motion to compel a hearing, in which
he essentially asserted PCRA counsel’s ineffectiveness and his desire to have
a Grazier hearing.4 In a supplemental answer, the Commonwealth conceded
that Enderle’s SVP designation should be vacated and a hearing held for the
sole purpose of issuing the appropriate registration notice. Enderle filed a
response.
Following a Grazier hearing on October 18, 2019, the PCRA court
permitted PCRA counsel to withdraw and appointed new counsel (“second
PCRA counsel”). On February 18, 2020, second PCRA counsel filed a petition
to withdraw and a Turner/Finley “no-merit” letter. In an order entered March
5, 2020, the PCRA court denied Enderle post-conviction relief.5 Additionally,
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4 Commonwealth v. Grazier, 713 A.2d 81 (Pa. 1998).
5 The PCRA court issued its order denying Enderle’s PCRA petition without
again issuing a Rule 907 notice of its intent to do so. On March 18, 2020,
Enderle filed a document entitled “Nuc [sic] Pro Tunc” in which he noted that
the PCRA court did not issue Rule 907 notice, and reiterated claims regarding
first PCRA counsel. On that same date, Enderle also filed a motion for another
Grazier hearing, as well as a Rule 907 response, in which he asserted that
second PCRA counsel was ineffective for failing to raise four issues in an
amended PCRA. Enderle attached to his response a letter he had sent second
PCRA counsel identifying these issues. Enderle also filed a pro se amended
PCRA petition.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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upon the agreement of the Commonwealth, the PCRA court granted Enderle’s
amended petition insofar as the court vacated Enderle’s SVP designation and
scheduled a hearing for April 27, 2020. Finally, the PCRA court granted second
PCRA counsel’s request to withdraw. This timely pro se appeal followed. The
PCRA court did not require Pa.R.A.P. 1925 compliance.
Enderle raises the following five issues on appeal:
1) Was [second PCRA counsel] ineffective for not raising
four (4) issues in [Enderle’s PCRA]?
2) Were both post-sentencing and direct appeal [counsel]
ineffective for not raising a structural error in [Enderle’s]
appeal proceeding?
3) Were both post-sentencing and direct appeal [counsel]
ineffective for not raising how 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5985 is
unconstitutional to a [pro se] litigant in [Enderle’s]
appeal proceeding[?]
4) Was trial counsel ineffective for conceding guilt upon
[Enderle] during closing argument, violating A.B.A.
Model Rule of Professional Conduct 1.2(a) which violated
[his] autonomy rights and denied [Enderle] a fair trial
under [the federal and state constitutions]?
5) Did the trial court [err] by forcing [Enderle] to trial
without the effective aid and assistance of counsel?
Enderle’s Brief at unnumbered 7 (excess capitalization and citations to brief
omitted).
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By order entered April 29, 2020, the PCRA court issued Rule 907 notice
of its intent to dismiss Enderle’s amended petition as an untimely second PCRA
petition. In addition, the PCRA court denied Enderle’s additional filings.
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Our scope and standard of review is well settled:
In PCRA appeals, our scope of review is limited to the
findings of the PCRA court and the evidence on the record
of the PCRA court's hearing, viewed in the light most
favorable to the prevailing party. Because most PCRA
appeals involve questions of fact and law, we employ a
mixed standard of review. We defer to the PCRA court's
factual findings and credibility determinations supported by
the record. In contrast, we review the PCRA court's legal
conclusions de novo.
Commonwealth v. Reyes-Rodriguez, 111 A.3d 775, 779 (Pa. Super. 2015)
(citations omitted).
The PCRA court has discretion to dismiss a petition without
a hearing when the court is satisfied that there are no
genuine issues concerning any material fact, the defendant
is not entitled to post-conviction collateral relief, and no
legitimate purpose would be served by further proceedings.
To obtain a reversal of a PCRA court’s decision to dismiss a
petition without a hearing, an appellant must show that he
raised a genuine issue of material fact which, if resolved in
his favor, would have entitled him to relief, or that the court
otherwise abused its discretion in denying a hearing.
Commonwealth v. Blakeney, 108 A.3d 739, 750 (Pa. 2014) (citations
omitted).
To be eligible for relief pursuant to the PCRA, a petitioner must establish,
inter alia, that his conviction or sentence resulted from one or more of the
enumerated errors or defects found in 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2). In his first
four issues, Enderle raises claims involving the ineffective assistance of
counsel. To obtain relief under the PCRA premised on a claim that counsel
was ineffective, a petitioner must establish by a preponderance of the
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evidence that counsel’s ineffectiveness so undermined the truth determining
process that no reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken
place. Commonwealth v. Johnson, 966 A.2d 523, 532 (Pa. 2009).
“Generally, counsel’s performance is presumed to be constitutionally
adequate, and counsel will only be deemed ineffective upon a sufficient
showing by the petitioner.” Id. This requires the petitioner to demonstrate
that: (1) the underlying claim is of arguable merit; (2) counsel had no
reasonable strategic basis for his or her action or inaction; and (3) petitioner
was prejudiced by counsel's act or omission. Id. at 533. A finding of
"prejudice" requires the petitioner to show "that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different." Id. A failure to satisfy any prong of
the test for ineffectiveness will require rejection of the claim.
Commonwealth v. Martin, 5 A.3d 177, 183 (Pa. 2010).
Central to Enderle’s first three claims of ineffectiveness of counsel, is
the assertion that prior counsel, including second PCRA counsel, were
ineffective for failing to raise and/or preserve his assertion that refusing to
permit him to cross-examine the victim at trial violated his constitutional
rights of confrontation, as well as challenging as unconstitutional 42 Pa.C.S.A.
section 5985 when applied to a pro se litigant. As to second PCRA counsel’s
ineffectiveness, we note that Enderle arguably preserved this claim below.
See n.5, supra. Regarding post-sentence and direct appeal counsel, Enderle
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has not properly raised a layered claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
See generally, Commonwealth v. McGill, 832 A.2d 1014 (Pa. 2003).
Nevertheless, we conclude that Enderle has failed to establish that either
of his substantive claims are of arguable merit.
Enderle asserts his right to confrontation and due process was violated.
In Commonwealth v. Tighe, 184 A.3d 560 (Pa. Super. 2018), the defendant
represented himself at trial and was found guilty of various sex offenses
perpetuated against a fifteen-year-old victim. As was proposed in this case,
the trial court required standby counsel to cross-examine the victim and ask
her all questions on Tighe’s behalf by using written questions prepared in
advance by Tighe prior to cross-examination.
Among the multiple issues he raised in a counseled appeal, Tighe
asserted that the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment under both the
United States Constitution and Article I, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania
Constitution by refusing to allow him to personally cross-examine the victim.
This Court recognized the constitutional right at issue as the right of self-
representation:
Succinctly stated, [Tighe] argues that the right to
represent himself necessarily includes the right to act as
attorney for all purposes, and cannot be limited. [Tighe]
also notes that requiring [standby] counsel to ask the
questions amounts to hybrid representation, which is
impermissible.
Tighe, 184 A.3d at 566.
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Before addressing Tighe’s substantive claim, this Court noted that
“[Tighe] explicitly distance[d] himself from the analysis offered by the
Commonwealth and the trial court, which focused on the Sixth Amendment
right of confrontation.” Id. Nevertheless, because “other jurisdictions that
have considered this issue has drawn parallels to that right, we begin our
analysis there.” Id.
This Court then discussed thoroughly federal decisions stating that the
constitutional right to confrontation is not absolute and discussing limitations
that could be placed on that right. In particular, we discussed the United
States Supreme Court in Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836 (1990):
Craig determined that a “State’s interest in the
physical and psychological well-being of child abuse
victims may be sufficiently important to outweigh, at
least in some cases, a defendant’s right to face his or
her accusers in court.” [Craig, 497 U.S. at 853].
Simultaneously, the Court required “an adequate
showing of necessity” to justify the use of the
procedure, which “of necessity must of course be a
case-specific one[.]” Id. at 855[.] The mere fact that
face-to-face confrontation is generically traumatic and
unpleasant was not sufficient. As to the second
component, that the reliability of the testimony is
otherwise assured, the Court determined that the
[Maryland statute at issue] protected
all of the other elements of the confrontation
right: The child witness must be competent to
testify and must testify under oath; the
defendant retains full opportunity for
contemporaneous cross-examination; and the
judge, jury, and defendant are able to view
(albeit by video monitor) the demeanor (and
body) of the witness as he or she testifies.
Although we are mindful of the many subtle
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effects face-to-face confrontation may have on
an adversary criminal proceeding, the presence
of these other elements of confrontation—oath,
cross-examination and observation of the
witness’ demeanor—adequately ensures that
the testimony is both reliable and subject to
rigorous adversarial testing in a manner
functionally equivalent to that accorded live, in-
person testimony.
Id. at 851[.]
Tighe, 184 A.3d at 567-68 (footnote omitted).
In Tighe, this Court recognized that Craig was a case involving the
confrontation clause and did not address the right to self-representation. We
then discussed Fields v. Murray, 49 F.3d 1024 (4th Cir. 1995) (en banc), in
which the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit “held that a
court could properly prevent a pro se defendant from cross-examining the
child victims where the defendant conceded that the motivation for
representing himself was to cross-examine the victims.” Tighe, 184 A.3d at
568. This Court then cited Fields’ reasoning that “[i]f a defendant’s
Confrontation Clause right can be limited in the manner provided in Craig, we
have little doubt that a defendant’s self-representation right can be similarly
limited.” Id. We then quoted the following from Fields:
Fields’ self-representation right could have been properly
restricted by preventing him from cross-examining
personally some of the witnesses against him, which is one
“element” of the self-representation right, if, first, the
purposes of the self-representation would have otherwise
been assured and, second, the denial of such personal
cross-examination was necessary to further an important
public policy.
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Id.
In Tighe, this Court further recognized that the Fields court “noted that
the purpose of self-representation was ‘to allow the defendant to affirm [his]
dignity and autonomy’ and to present what he believes is his best possible
defense.” Tighe, 184 A.3d at 568 (quoting Fields, 49 F.3d at 1035). As we
explained, however:
[Fields] recognized that the defendant’s dignity and
autonomy were obviously limited by preventing personal
cross-examination, thus affecting the jury’s perception that
he was representing himself. However, the court
determined that this restriction only “reduced slightly” his
ability to present a chosen defense. That ability was
otherwise assured because he could have personally
presented his defense in every other portion of the
trial and could have controlled the cross-examination
by specifying the questions to be asked. As a result,
we are convinced that the purposes of the self-
representation right were better “otherwise assured”
here, despite the denial of personal cross-
examination, than was the purpose of the
Confrontation Clause right in Craig when the
defendant was denied face-to-face confrontation with
the witnesses.
Id. at 1035-36.
Tighe, 184 A.3d at 568-69.
In Tighe, we further noted that, in “[a]ddressing the second aspect of
Craig, the State’s interest, the court determined that since Craig held that
the interest in the physical and psychological well-being of child abuse victims
could outweigh the right to face-to-face confrontation, it followed that the
right to self-representation could be limited for the same reason. Id. at 569.
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After discussing the above holdings, this Court in Tighe again noted
that, because Tighe did not claim a deprivation of his Confrontation Clause
rights, the only question to be addressed was “whether the principle
announced in Craig, which permitted a procedure that limited the
Confrontation Clause rights due to the countervailing interests of the victim
when the procedure otherwise preserved the reliability of the cross-
examination, should be adopted in this Commonwealth as a permissible
restriction on the right of self-representation.” Tighe, 184 A.3d at 569.
This Court answered this question in the affirmative. After discussing
and rejecting arguments from case law relied upon by Tighe, this Court
concluded:
We are persuaded by the analysis set forth in Fields that, if
the constitutional right of confrontation can be limited on
the basis of emotional trauma to the victim, then it follows
that the same State interest serves to justify the restriction
at issue. Indeed, the fact that Craig permitted a limitation
of actual face-to-face confrontation suggests that the lesser
intrusion herein, where [the victim] was subjected to [cross-
examination by standby counsel, while in the same
courtroom as Tighe,] is permissible. Additionally, we find
that this intrusion did not affect the jury’s perception that
[Tighe] was representing himself[.] With the exception of
this one witness, [Tighe] cross-examined all other
witnesses, made opening and closing statements, and
otherwise presented his own defense according to his
wishes.
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Tighe, 184 A.3d at 571 (footnote omitted). Because this Court determined
that Tighe’s constitutional rights were not violated, we held that the trial court
did not err in preventing him from personally cross-examining the victim.6
Here, by contrast, Enderle chose to have trial counsel represent him,
and trial counsel and co-counsel always represented him prior to the jury’s
verdicts. Enderle challenges the denial of his ability to cross-examine the
victim as violative of both his confrontation rights and his right to self-
representation. Unlike the facts of Tighe, however, there exists ample
evidence in the certified record to support the trial court’s ruling that the
seven-year-old victim suffered from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder following
the incident such that permitting Enderle to personally cross-examine the
victim would cause further emotional trauma to her. Thus, the facts of this
case present even a stronger basis to affirm the proposed limitations placed
upon Enderle’s pro se right to confront and cross-examine the victim.
Moreover, since the same method would have been used had Enderle
chose to represent himself at trial, his right to self-representation was not
violated. Tighe, supra. Unlike the situation in Enderle’s trial, the fifteen-
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6 Our Supreme Court granted allowance of appeal in Tighe, and, in a plurality
decision, affirmed, albeit on an alternative basis—that no constitutional
violation occurred because Tighe forfeited his right to personally cross-
examine the victim after he willfully violated his bail conditions by contacting
her prior to trial and imploring her not to pursue his prosecution of sex
offenses he committed upon her. Commonwealth v. Tighe, 224 A.3d 1268,
1280-82 (Pa. 2020).
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year-old victim in Tighe did not testify via an alternative contemporaneous
method. Nevertheless, given the discussion of the right to confrontation and
self-representation by this Court in Tighe, supra, Enderle’s related claim of
ineffectiveness regarding the unconstitutional application of 42 Pa.C.S.A.
section 5985 to a pro se litigant is also is without merit. Thus, Enderele’s
first three issues fail.
In his fourth issue, Enderle asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for
conceding his guilt during her closing argument. Although Enderle raised this
issue in his supplemental PCRA motion, both his second PCRA counsel, and
the first attorney who filed two Turner/Finley letters previously, see infra,
concluded that this claim lacked merit because the case Enderle relied upon
to support his claim, McCoy v. Louisiana, 138 S. Ct. 1500 (2018), was
decided after his jury trial. The PCRA lawyers believed trial counsel could not
be found ineffective for failing to anticipate a change in the law. In addition,
both attorneys asserted that neither the federal nor state supreme court have
applied McCoy retroactively. The Commonwealth and the PCRA court reach
the same conclusion.
We disagree. As explained more fully below, McCoy did not constitute
a change in the law, and Enderle had raised his claim of ineffectiveness
regarding a violation of his right to autonomy in a timely PCRA petition. Thus,
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we address the merits of the claim. See generally Commonwealth v. Ruiz,
131 A.3d 54 (Pa. Super. 2015).7
In McCoy, supra, the United States Supreme Court held that under the
Sixth Amendment, a defendant has a right to insist that his counsel refrain
from conceding guilt during the guilt phase of a capital trial, even when the
attorney reasonably believes the concession is an essential part of a strategy
to avoid the death penalty. McCoy, 138 S. Ct. at 1509. The McCoy court also
determined that allowing a defendant’s attorney to proceed with that strategy
over his client’s objections was a structural error on the part of the trial court
that entitled McCoy to a new trial and did not necessitate a finding of
prejudice. Id. at 1511.
Moreover, the McCoy decision did not constitute a change in the law.
As our Supreme Court has stated:
[O]nly a criminal defendant has the authority to concede
criminal liability and authorize counsel to present a defense
of diminished capacity. Counsel cannot do so over the
objections of a client who maintains his innocence.
Commonwealth v. Weaver, ___ Pa. ___, 457 A.2d 505,
506-7 (1983) (holding that even if diminished capacity was
the only viable defense, trial counsel would be deemed
ineffective for presenting this defense without consent of the
defendant).
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7 We reject the Commonwealth’s claim that Enderle has waived this issue
because he never raised this issue with the PCRA court during his PCRA
proceedings. As summarized above, however, Enderle did raise the issue, but
both PCRA counsel found it to be without merit. Additionally, we note that the
PCRA court addressed the issue. Given these circumstances, we decline to
find waiver.
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Commonwealth v. Weiss, 81 A.3d 767, 798 (Pa. 2013). Further, a recent
panel of this Court explained:
[A] defendant’s “secured autonomy” under the Sixth
Amendment is not a “new” constitutional right. See, e.g.,
Florida v. Nixon, [543 U.S. 175 (2004)] (recognizing
defendant’s ultimate authority to decide whether to plead
guilty, waive jury trial, testify in his own defense, or take
appeal); Faretta v. California, [422 U.S. 806 (1975)]
(explaining Sixth Amendment grants to accused personally
right to make his own defense; Sixth Amendment speaks of
“assistance” of counsel; “assistant,” however expert, is still
assistant). McCoy simply applied a defendant’s well-rooted
Sixth Amendment right to autonomy to a new set of
circumstances.
Commonwealth v. Hoffman, 2020 WL 200838 at *2 (Pa. Super. 2020)
(unpublished memorandum).8
Finally, because a concession of guilt by counsel over a defendant’s
objection constitutes “structural error,” Enderle’s issue poses a pure question
of law, to which we apply a de novo standard of review. See Commonwealth
v. Tejada, 188 A.3d 1288, 1292-93 (Pa. Super. 2018).
Here, Enderle did not testify at trial. Our review of his multiple filings
in this case establishes that Enderle has consistently maintained his innocence
of all the charges, and at no time authorized trial counsel to concede
otherwise. In her closing argument, however, trial counsel stated:
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8See Operating Procedures of the Superior Court, § 65.37B (providing “[n]on-
precedential decisions filed after May 1, 2019, may be cited for their
persuasive value).
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At the beginning of this case, I also told you that Mr.
Enderle was innocent unless the prosecution proves beyond
a reasonable doubt that he is not, and that was true. And
what I will say to you now is I believe the Commonwealth
has met their burden on some of these charges, but
certainly not all of the charges.
N.T., 8/7/14, at 74. A violation of Enderle’s “secured autonomy” under the
Sixth Amendment could not be clearer.
Thus, we conclude that Enderle has raised a material issue of fact—
whether he consented to trial counsel’s concession of guilt to some of the
charges the Commonwealth filed against him. Because resolution of this fact
involves a credibility assessment, and the PCRA court dismissed the claim
without a hearing, we remand this matter so that the PCRA court can hold an
evidentiary hearing, as to only this issue, after which it can make the required
factual and credibility determinations, and grant post-conviction relief if
appropriate. See Commonwealth v. Shaw, No. 21 MAP 2020, at 15-16
(Pa., March 25, 2021) (reversing this Court’s grant of a new trial based upon
a meritorious post-conviction issue, and remanding to the PCRA court as the
proper “forum for the evidentiary and factual development” of the claim).9
The PCRA court shall appoint new counsel for Enderle.
Order reversed. Case remanded for proceedings consistent with this
memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.
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9Given this disposition we need not address Enderle’s fifth issue, in which he
essentially reiterates his claim regarding trial counsel conceding his guilt to
some of the charges.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 5/14/21
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