Com. v. Yoder, J. ( 2022 )

J-S07028-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JEFFREY SCOTT YODER :
:
Appellant : No. 702 WDA 2021
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 18, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-25-CR-0002670-2019
BEFORE: OLSON, J., SULLIVAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.: FILED: MAY 02, 2022
Jeffrey Scott Yoder (“Yoder”) appeals from the judgment of sentence
imposed following his conviction for defiant trespass and disorderly conduct.1
We affirm the judgment of sentence.
The relevant factual and procedural history is as follows. On the evening
of August 4, 2019, Yoder entered the American Legion post in Erie with his
“comfort cat” and a silver handgun tucked into his waistband. N.T., 4/9/21,
at 24. The American Legion, which requires a membership for entry, prohibits
its members from bringing firearms inside its posts. Id. at 26. This
prohibition is verbally communicated to all new members and is also
____________________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3503(b)(1)(i), 5503(a)(4).
J-S07028-22
prominently displayed on large signs near the main entrance and behind the
bar at the Erie post. Id. at 27, 32.
Dale Hunter, a member of the board of directors of the American
Legion’s Erie post, was inside the establishment that evening, and saw Yoder
enter with the gun in his waistband; he noted that Yoder’s gun was “visible to
anybody who saw him.” Id. at 24. Hunter approached Yoder and told him to
leave due to the prohibition against firearms. Id. at 28. Yoder refused and
walked toward the bar. Id. at 28-29. Bartender Stacey Moonitz also saw
Yoder enter the club with his cat and a firearm and heard him yell at several
patrons before Hunter told him to leave. Id. at 39, 41.
Hunter called the police; however, Yoder left before they arrived. Id.
at 29-30. Police located Yoder a couple of blocks away, confiscated his loaded
firearm, and told him not to return to the American Legion post. Id. at 55-
59. Shortly thereafter, Yoder returned to the American Legion post. Id. at
42. Moonitz observed him “screaming and yelling,” and saying that “it’s his
right. We can’t do this to him, he’s paid his dues. He has a membership.
He’s a vet.” Id. at 42-43. After responding to a second call reporting that
Yoder had returned to the American Legion post, police took him into custody.
Id. at 59.
The Commonwealth charged Yoder with defiant trespass and disorderly
conduct. Following a trial, a jury convicted him of both charges. On May 18,
2021, the trial court sentenced Yoder to one year of probation for defiant
trespass and a concurrent year of probation for disorderly conduct.
-2-
J-S07028-22
Yoder filed a post-sentence motion which the trial court denied. Yoder
filed a timely notice of appeal, and both he and the trial court complied with
Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Yoder raises the following issues for our review:
1. Whether the Commonwealth failed to present sufficient
evidence to find [Yoder] guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of
defiant trespass and disorderly conduct?
2. Whether [Yoder’s] sentence is manifestly excessive, clearly
unreasonable, and inconsistent with the objectives of the
sentencing code?
Yoder’s Brief at 3.
In his first issue, Yoder challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting his convictions. Our standard of review of a sufficiency claim is as
follows:
[W]e evaluate the record in the light most favorable to the
verdict winner[,] giving the prosecution the benefit of all
reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence. Evidence
will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it establishes
each material element of the crime charged and the commission
thereof by the accused[] beyond a reasonable doubt.
Nevertheless, the Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a
mathematical certainty. [T]he facts and circumstances
established by the Commonwealth need not be absolutely
incompatible with the defendant’s innocence. Any doubt about the
defendant’s guilt is to be resolved by the fact finder unless the
evidence is so weak and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no
probability of fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances.
Commonwealth v. Franklin, 69 A.3d 719, 722 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citations
and quotations omitted). The fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or none
-3-
J-S07028-22
of the evidence presented, and it determines the credibility of the witnesses.
Commonwealth v. Boyd, 73 A.3d 1269, 1274 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en banc).
We first address Yoder’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting his conviction for defiant trespass. The Crimes Code defines
defiant trespass as follows: “A person commits an offense if, knowing that he
is not licensed or privileged to do so, he enters or remains in any place as to
which notice against trespass is given by: [] actual communication to the
actor . . ..” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3503(b)(1)(i).
Yoder argues that the evidence was insufficient for the jury to find that
he knew he was not licensed or privileged to enter the American Legion or
that he remained therein despite “actual notice of trespass.” Yoder’s Brief at
8. He claims he was a member in good standing who used his key card to
gain entry to the post initially, and that he was permitted to re-enter the post
a second time. Yoder additionally argues that his membership was never
formally revoked by authorized personnel, and he was not given any notice
against trespass. Id.
The trial court considered Yoder’s sufficiency challenge to his conviction
for defiant trespass and determined it lacked merit. The court reasoned:
At trial, the Commonwealth presented evidence that
[Yoder], as a long-time member of the American Legion, was
aware that no weapons were allowed when he entered . . . with a
gun visible in his waistband. Dale Hunter testified that [Yoder]
was aware he was not allowed in the American Legion with a
firearm:
-4-
J-S07028-22
[Prosecutor:] Is the rule prohibiting the possession of a
firearm within the establishment
communicated to members?
[Hunter:] Yes
[Prosecutor:] How were those rules communicated?
[Hunter:] There are signs posted. There are rules
that are gone over when you obtain your
membership when you first get it, so you
would have known no weapons allowed.
****
[Prosecutor:] And you said that Mr. Yoder had been going
there for years, a period of years before
this incident.
[Hunter:] Correct.
[Prosecutor:] So for a period of years, Mr. Yoder would
have known he’s not supposed to be
bringing guns into the American Legion?
[Hunter:] Correct.
****
[Prosecutor:] You told him to leave. And why did you tell
him to leave?
[Hunter:] Because no guns [were] allowed.
[Prosecutor:] And that’s a well-known rule?
[Hunter:] Well-known rule.
[Prosecutor:] And how did Mr. Yoder respond to you
when you asked him to leave?
[Hunter:] That he wasn’t going to.
[N. T., 4/9/21, at 24-26, 27-28.]
-5-
J-S07028-22
Thus, the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to
support a guilty verdict on the defiant trespass charge as
testimony established that [Yoder] knew he was not licensed or
privileged to enter the American Legion with a weapon and that
he entered or remained where notice against trespass was given
by actual communication.
Trial Court Opinion, 9/16/21, at 2.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
along with all reasonable inferences therefrom, we conclude the evidence was
sufficient to establish the elements of defiant trespass. The Commonwealth
presented evidence that the American Legion does not permit patrons to enter
with firearms; new members are informed of this prohibition; Yoder was a
member; two signs prohibiting firearms are prominently posted in the
establishment; and Yoder was specifically told to leave because he entered
with a visible firearm, but he refused to do so. Thus, the evidence was
sufficient for the jury to convict Yoder of defiant trespass. See
Commonwealth v. Wanner, 158 A.3d 714, 718 (Pa. Super. 2017) (rejecting
a sufficiency challenge to a defiant trespass conviction where the appellant
entered a fur shop posing as a customer and then refused to leave despite
actual notice of trespass in the form of “multiple commands” to leave).
We next address Yoder’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting his conviction for disorderly conduct. The Crimes Code provides
that “[a] person is guilty of disorderly conduct if, with intent to cause public
inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof,
-6-
J-S07028-22
he . . . creates a hazardous or physically offensive condition by any act which
serves no legitimate purpose of the actor.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5503(a)(4). A
“hazardous condition” within the meaning of the statute is one that “involves
danger or risk.” Commonwealth v. Williams, 574 A.2d 1161, 1164 (Pa.
Super. 1990).
Yoder maintains that the Commonwealth “failed to present any evidence
of [his] intent . . . to intentionally or recklessly cause public inconvenience,
annoyance or alarm,” or that he created a hazardous situation. Yoder’s Brief
at 9. He thus challenges the mens rea of the offense and the finding that he
created a hazardous situation.2
The trial court considered Yoder’s sufficiency challenge to his disorderly
conduct conviction and determined that it, too, lacked merit. The court
explained its reasoning as follows:
As to the disorderly conduct charge, Stacy Moonitz testified
about what transpired in the American Legion after [Yoder] was
asked to leave:
[Prosecutor:] And this was almost two years ago, August
4, 2019. Describe the commotion that
Jeffrey Yoder caused at the American
Legion, please.
[Moonitz:] He came into the club with a support cat
and a firearm.
____________________________________________
2 Yoder presents no challenge in his brief to the “no legitimate purpose” or
“public” elements of the offense. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5503(a)(4), 5503(c).
-7-
J-S07028-22
[Prosecutor:] Can you describe generally how he was
interacting with the other members or
patrons of the American Legion[?]
[Moonitz:] It came down to an all-out screaming
match.
[Prosecutor:] And how long were these—how long was
Mr. Yoder in there yelling and causing a
scene?
[Moonitz:] 10 minutes, if that.
[N. T., 4/9/21, at 39-41.]
Thus, the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to
support a guilty verdict on the charge of disorderly conduct as
[Yoder] caused a public inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm which
served no legitimate purpose.
Trial Court Opinion, 9/16/21, at 3.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
and granting all reasonable inferences therefrom, we conclude the evidence
was sufficient to establish the mens rea for disorderly conduct and that Yoder
created a “hazardous condition.” The Commonwealth presented evidence that
Yoder intentionally entered the American Legion with a loaded firearm, despite
advanced notice and prominent signage prohibiting firearms. When asked to
leave, Yoder refused and yelled at several patrons, which risked an altercation,
and resulted in a call to police. Even after police admonished Yoder not to
return to the American Legion post, Yoder returned and began screaming
about his perceived right to be there, until another call was made to police.
The evidence was thus sufficient for the jury to find that Yoder intended to
-8-
J-S07028-22
create, or recklessly created, a risk of public annoyance or alarm by creating
a hazardous condition. See Commonwealth v. Roth, 531 A.2d 1133, 1137
(Pa. Super. 1987) (holding that a “hazardous condition” involves one where a
defendant “create[s] a dangerous situation in which altercations . . . could
have occurred,” and that intent may be found where an actor intentionally
disregards advanced notice against entering or bringing unwanted objects
onto a property). Accordingly, Yoder’s first issue merits no relief.
In his second issue, Yoder challenges the discretionary aspects of his
sentence. A challenge to the discretionary aspects of a sentence does not
entitle an appellant to review as of right. See Commonwealth v. Moury,
992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa. Super. 2010). Rather, such a challenge is considered
a petition for permission to appeal. See Commonwealth v. Christman, 225
A.3d 1104, 1107 (Pa. Super. 2019). Before reaching the merits of a
discretionary sentencing issue,
[w]e conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1) whether
appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see Pa.R.A.P. 902
and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly preserved at
sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify sentence, see
Pa.R.Crim.P. 720; (3) whether appellant’s brief has a fatal defect,
Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a substantial question
that the sentence appealed from is not appropriate under the
Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).
Moury, 992 A.2d at 170 (internal citation and brackets omitted).
Here, Yoder filed a timely notice of appeal; preserved his challenge to
the discretionary aspects of his sentence in a post-sentence motion for
reconsideration; and included a Rule 2119(f) statement in his appellate brief.
-9-
J-S07028-22
Therefore, we review his 2119(f) statement to determine whether he has
presented a substantial question for our review. See Commonwealth v.
Christine, 78 A.3d 1, 10 (Pa. Super. 2013).
Whether an appellant has raised a substantial question must be
evaluated on a case-by-case basis. See Moury, 992 A.2d at 170. A
substantial question exists only when the appellant advances a colorable
argument that the sentencing judge’s actions were either: (1) inconsistent
with a specific provision of the Sentencing Code; or (2) contrary to the
fundamental norms which underlie the sentencing process. Id.In his Rule 2119(f) statement, Yoder indicates that his probationary
sentences fall within the standard range of the guidelines. See
Commonwealth v. Goggins, 748 A.2d 721, 727 (Pa. Super. 2000) (holding
that the Rule 2119(f) statement must specify where the sentence falls in
relation to the sentencing guidelines). However, the remainder of Yoder’s
Rule 2119(f) statement consists of boilerplate case law and statutory
provisions with no discussion of how his particular sentences are inconsistent
with specific provisions of the Sentencing Code or are contrary to the
fundamental norms underlying the sentencing process. Yoder thus fails to
raise a substantial question. See Commonwealth v. Martin, 727 A.2d 1136,
1143 (Pa. Super. 1999) (holding that when a Rule 2119(f) statement contains
mere incantations of statutory provisions and pronouncements of conclusions
of law, it is inadequate); see also Commonwealth v. Gibbs, 981 A.2d 274,
- 10 -
J-S07028-22
283–84 (Pa. Super. 2009) (declining to review an appeal from the
discretionary aspects of a sentence because the boilerplate Rule 2119(f)
statement failed to articulate how the sentence violated a specific provision of
the Sentencing Code or was contrary to fundamental norms underlying the
sentencing process). Because Yoder fails to raise a substantial question, we
decline his petition for permission to appeal the discretionary aspects of his
sentence.
Judgement of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 05/02/2022
- 11 -