Jenkins, E. v. Cunningham, E. ( 2016 )

J-S66027-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
EARNEST C. JENKINS IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
ERIN C. CUNNINGHAM
Appellant No. 669 WDA 2015
Appeal from the Order entered March 30, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County
Civil Division at No: 00446 of 2014 DR
BEFORE: OLSON, STABILE, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.: FILED JANUARY 20, 2016
Erin C. Cunningham (Mother) appeals from the March 30, 2015 order
entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County, confirming the
court’s August 19, 2014 interim order that required Mother to make $711
monthly support payments to Earnest C. Jenkins (Father). Mother argues
that the trial court abused its discretion and/or committed error of law in
calculating Father’s income. Following review, we affirm.
On March 25, 2015, the trial court conducted a de novo hearing in
response to Mother’s challenge to the August 19, 2014 interim order. In its
Pa.R.A.P. Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court summarized the testimony
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*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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presented by Mother’s financial expert at the March 25 proceedings as
follows:
On March 25, 2015, Mother presented the testimony of
Samuel G. White[,] a Certified Public Accountant who[m] the
court recognized as an expert in the field of accounting and tax
examination. Mr. White testified that the income of [Father] was
determined to be $22,000 for the year 2013 on his federal tax
return, but that his actual income was $77,730.00 for that year.
Father is the sole owner and operator of Jenkins Timber [&]
Wood, an S Corporation.[1] Mr. White arrived at his conclusion
by starting with Father’s adjusted gross income from his tax
return and determined that certain “add-backs” were required,
specifically depreciation and section 179 expenses that are
considered non-cash items.[2] Mr. White testified that he
calculated $25,000.00 in section 179 deductions and $6,300.00
in depreciation to arrive at the true cash flow or income of the
entity.
Mr. White opined that certain expenses . . . were items
that he believed would be disallowed by the IRS and should be
used to increase Father’s income. Mr. White also believed that
rent paid to ENS[, a sole proprietorship,] for $7,500.00 should
be credited as income to Father because Father is the owner of
that entity.
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1
The witness explained that “[a]n S Corporation is a flow-through entity and
the profit and loss of that entity are reported on the shareholder’s tax
return.” Notes of Testimony, 3/25/15, at 42.
2
The witness testified that “[d]epreciation is where you write-off equipment
over time, and it’s a non-cash outlay. Section 179 is where you write-off a
specific amount of equipment that’s purchased that year.” Notes of
Testimony, 3/25/15, at 44.
Section 179 of the IRS Code (Election to expense certain depreciable
business assets) is codified at 26 U.S.C.A. § 179 and provides, in part, that
“[a] taxpayer may elect to treat the cost of any section 179 property as an
expense which is not chargeable to capital account. Any cost so treated
shall be allowed as a deduction for the taxable year in which the section 179
property is placed in service.” 26 U.S.C.A. § 179.
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With regards to the Section 179 deductions, Mr. White
testified that Father purchased a truck for $73,000, but he could
not recall if the $25,000.00 deduction was related to that.
When questioned by the Court how he arrived at his figure,
Mr. White opined that he started with the base income of
$25,000, added $25,000.00 as Section 179 deductions, added
$6,300.00 as depreciation, added $13,000.00 for real estate
taxes, $3,400 for professional fees, $360.00 for rentals, and
$2,700.00 for auto expenses.
Trial Court Opinion (T.C.O.), 7/9/15, at 1-2 (references to Notes of
Testimony omitted).
In its March 30, 2015 order, the trial court rejected Mother’s
suggested income calculations for Father, as supported by Mr. White’s
testimony, and upheld the August 19, 2014 interim order of the Domestic
Relations Section. The trial court concluded “that the depreciation, Section
179 deductions, and real estate taxes were necessary business-related
expenses and were not taken to avoid distribution from Jenkins Timber [&]
Wood, Inc. to Father.” T.C.O., 7/9/15, at 4-5.
Mother filed a timely appeal from the March 30 order and complied
with the trial court’s April 27, 2015 order to file a statement of errors
complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). In her Rule 1925(b)
statement, Mother raised the same two issues she asks this Court to
consider on appeal:
1. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion and/or err as a
matter of law in failing to add back depreciation and Section
179 deductions to determine the true operation income or
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cash flow of Jenkins Timber & Wood, Inc. in calculating the
income of [Father]?
2. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion and/or err as a
matter of law in failing to add back real estate tax deductions
inappropriately taken by Jenkins Wood & Timber, Inc. in
calculating the income of [Father]?
Mother’s Brief at 4.
In J.P.D. v. W.E.D., 114 A.3d 887 (Pa. Super. 2015), this Court
recently reiterated:
Our standard of review in child support matters is well settled:
Appellate review of support matters is governed by an
abuse of discretion standard. When evaluating a support
order, this Court may only reverse the trial court’s
determination where the order cannot be sustained on any
valid ground. An abuse of discretion is [n]ot merely an
error of judgment, but if in reaching a conclusion the law is
overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is
manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality,
prejudice, bias or ill-will, as shown by the evidence of
record. The principal goal in child support matters is to
serve the best interests of the children through the
provision of reasonable expenses.
Id. at 889 (quoting R.K.J. v. S.P.K., 77 A.3d 33, 37 (Pa. Super. 2013)
(citations and quotation marks omitted)).
In her first issue, Mother contends the trial court abused its discretion
by failing to consider depreciation and Section 179 deductions as part of the
operating income of Father’s business. Mother relies largely on
Cunningham v. Cunningham, 548 A.2d 611 (Pa. Super. 1988), in support
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of her position.3 We find Cunningham factually distinguishable. In that
case, the husband argued trial court abuse of discretion for refusing to
deduct depreciation and depletion expenses from his gross income in
arriving at an estimate of his disposable income. This Court explained:
It is well established that depreciation and depletion expenses,
permitted under federal income tax law without proof of actual
loss, will not automatically be deducted from gross income for
purposes of determining awards of alimony and equitable
distribution. . . . Depreciation and depletion expenses should be
deducted from gross income only where they reflect an actual
reduction in the personal income of the party claiming the
deductions, such as where, e.g., he or she actually expends
funds to replace worn equipment or purchase new reserves.
This is not the case here. Mr. Cunningham does not claim on
appeal, nor did he claim below, that he in fact spent any of his
$24,000 income to replace worn equipment or purchase new
coal reserves. . . . To the contrary, the couple’s daughter, an
accountant who prepared a financial analysis of the
Cunninghams’ coal company based on Mr. Cunningham’s 1984
income tax return, testified that the depreciation and depletion
claimed by her father did not represent any actual expenditures
on his part.
Id. at 612-13 (footnote omitted) (emphasis in original).
It is clear that the depreciation and depletion expenses in
Cunningham were not connected to business expenditures by any evidence
of record. By contrast, Father’s business spent $73,000 on a truck for the
business. Notes of Testimony, 3/25/15, at 55. The tax return for the
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3
On page 12 of her brief, Mother cites Cunningham in support of
assertions relating to the burden of proof to show “proof of actual loss” and
the shifting of that burden. However, our review of Cunningham does not
reveal any such discussion.
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business reflected a $25,000 Section 179 depreciation for the purchase of
the truck, even though Mother’s expert acknowledged Father could have
written off more than $25,000. Id. at 48. Father explained that he left the
decision to his accountant whether to write off the vehicle all at once or to
depreciate it over time. Id. at 55. In any event, unlike in Cunningham, it
is clear in this case that funds were expended to purchase a new asset for
the business.
The trial court acknowledged that a person could conceivably “use a
corporation to shelter income from support obligation calculation[s] by
improperly retaining cash flows within the corporation rather than disbursing
them to the shareholders[.]” T.C.O., 7/9/15, at 3. However, “the mere fact
that the corporation took a depreciation deduction against gross income in
calculating net taxable income passed on to shareholders does not establish
the presence of sheltered cash flows.” Id. (citing Labar v. Labar, 731 A.2d
1252, 1255 (Pa. 1999)). “This is because depreciation does not generate
cash flow.” Id. Quoting Labar, the trial court noted:
Deprecation and cash flow are not equivalents.
Depreciation is an accounting mechanism which allocates the
original cost of an asset to the periods in which the asset is
used. Depreciation does not result in income. Rather, when
depreciation expense is claimed, taxable income is decreased by
the amount so claimed, resulting in a “marginal income tax
savings,” not an increase in income.
The presence of a depreciation deduction (on a federal tax
return) or a depreciation expense (on consolidated financial
statements) simply signals that a corporation has made capital
expenditures, the costs of which it seeks to allocate to the
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periods in which the assets underlying the capital expenditures
are being used. Only by asserting that the capital expenditures,
for which depreciation deductions are currently being claimed,
were made with cash flows that should have instead been
disbursed to the shareholders, can it be argued that a
corporation is improperly sheltering cash flows.
Id. (quoting Labar, 731 A.2d at 1255-56) (footnote omitted).
The trial court concluded that Mother “presented no evidence that the
deductions [and] depreciation . . . were not proper and necessary
expenditures in the operation of Father’s business. Further, no evidence was
presented that Jenkins Timber & Wood, Inc. was used to shelter cash flows
to Father.” T.C.O., 7/9/15, at 4. We find no abuse of discretion on the part
of the trial court in reaching its conclusions. Mother’s first issue does not
provide any basis for relief.
In her second issue, Mother argues the trial court abused its discretion
by failing to add back into Father’s income the real estate tax deductions
taken by his business. Mother argues that Father’s business “paid $13,159
in real estate taxes that Father had a legal obligation to pay. [The
business’s] payment of the taxes is therefore income attributable to Father.”
Mother’s Brief at 21 (references to Notes of Testimony and citation omitted).
Mother’s expert witness testified that the entity entitled to take real
estate tax deductions is the legal owner of the property. Notes of
Testimony, 3/25/15, at 46. Mother’s counsel then asked, “And if [Father]
has previously testified today that Jenkins Timber & Lumber does not own
any parcels, would that withstand [sic] to reason that Jenkins Timber &
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Lumber should not be taking any deductions for property taxes?” Id.
Mother’s expert responded, “Based on any other knowledge, I agree.” Id.
While it is true that Father’s business did not own the real estate, the
actual ownership was not established at the hearing. What was established
is that Father owns the business, Notes of Testimony, 3/25/15, at 28; Father
is the sole proprietor of ENS, which received rent from Father’s business, id.
at 60; and Father did not know why property taxes were deducted on behalf
of the business because he left that up to his accountant, id. at 63. While it
was not established whether the real estate was titled in the name of Father
individually or his sole proprietorship, what was not even suggested was that
the property was owned by some unrelated individual or entity other than
Father individually or his sole proprietorship such that Father improperly
claimed a real estate tax deduction for property in which he did not have an
ownership interest.
Father suggests that even if Mother is correct in asserting that the tax
deduction constituted income to Father, the issue would be moot because:
The $13,159 income that would be attributed to [Father] on his
individual income taxes would be a legitimate deduction for the
business . . . thus lowering the business’s net income by the
same amount of $13,159 and [] although [Father’s] gross
income would be increased by $13,159, the net income would
then be reduced by $13,159 as a deduction for paid real estate
taxes paid for the property he owns.
Father’s Brief at 8. We agree. Further:
Pennsylvania courts cannot attribute as income funds not
actually available to or received by the party. Our [S]uperior
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[C]ourt has additionally agreed that Pennsylvania case law does
not accept the cash flow argument in calculating income
available for support. In the instant case, the amount of real
estate taxes paid, whether by the business or by [Father]
individually does not represent funds that are “available” to
[Father]. [Mother] does not argue that these funds were used
for anything other than for real estate taxes on property owned
by [Father]. These funds were not used for luxury items,
investments, or voluntary purchases. These funds were used for
real estate taxes levied by the government and [were] certainly
a non-optional expense.
Id. at 9 (citations, quotations and brackets omitted).
The trial court determined Mother failed to present evidence that the
“real estate taxes were not proper and necessary expenditures in the
operation of Father’s business . . . and were [] taken to avoid distributions
from [Father’s] business to Father.” T.C.O., 7/9/15, at 4-5. As with
Mother’s first issue, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s
conclusions.
As noted above, this Court’s standard of review of a support order is
abuse of discretion and we may reverse the trial court’s determination only if
the trial court’s order cannot be sustained on any valid ground. J.P.D., 114
A.3d at 889. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.
Because Mother has not established any grounds for disturbing the order, we
affirm the trial court’s March 30, 2015 order.
Order affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 1/20/2016
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