Mittereder, T. v. Seven Springs ( 2015 )


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  • J-A27044-15
    NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
    TIFFANY MITTEREDER                               IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    PENNSYLVANIA
    Appellant
    v.
    SEVEN SPRINGS MOUNTAIN RESORT,
    INC.: SEVEN SPRINGS FARM, INC.,
    SEVEN SPRINGS MOUNTAIN RESORT,
    INC., T/D/B/A SEVEN SPRINGS; SEVEN
    SPRINGS MOUNTAIN RESORT, INC.,
    T/D/B/A SEVEN SPRINGS MOUNTAIN
    RESORT; SEVEN SPRINGS FARM, INC.,
    T/D/B/A   SEVEN   SPRINGS;   SEVEN
    SPRINGS MOUNTAIN RESORT,
    Appellees                   No. 1790 WDA 2014
    Appeal from the Order Entered September 30, 2014
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Somerset County
    Civil Division at No: 571 CIVIL 2012
    BEFORE: BOWES, OLSON, and STABILE, JJ.
    MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.:                       FILED DECEMBER 21, 2015
    Appellant, Tiffany Mittereder, appeals from the September 30, 2014
    order entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Somerset County granting
    summary judgment in favor of Appellees, Seven Springs Mountain Resort
    and various affiliated entities.   Appellant contends the trial court erred by
    granting summary judgment in favor of Appellees.            We disagree and
    therefore affirm.
    The trial court provided the following factual background:
    J-A27044-15
    On February 19, 2012, [Appellant] and her boyfriend,
    Christopher Damron, were skiing at Seven Springs Resort. At
    approximately 3:00 p.m. [Appellant] and Mr. Damron entered
    the “Foggy Goggle” which is a bar and restaurant inside of the
    ski lodge. [Appellant] had her ski boots on the duration of time
    she was at the Foggy Goggle. [Appellant] consumed two to
    three Captain Morgan and Diet Coke drinks throughout the three
    hours she was there. At some point prior to the incident
    [Appellant] used the restroom.        About three hours after
    [Appellant] arrived at the Foggy Goggle, around 6:00 or 6:15
    p.m. [Appellant] began her second trip to the restroom. On her
    way to the restroom, [Appellant] fell, severely injuring her arm,
    which required extensive surgery. The area where [Appellant]
    fell was the hallway to the restroom which had a concrete floor.
    [Appellees’] employee took down an incident report following
    [Appellant’s] fall which lists “injured[’s] description of incident”
    (i.e. [Appellant’s] description) as “walking to the bathroom,
    turned corner, was ice on floor, slipped and fell—was wearing ski
    rental boots.”       Although the report states this, during
    [Appellant’s] deposition she said she did not have first hand
    knowledge of the cause of her fall, as the Brief in Opposition
    states she “cannot specifically identify precisely what caused her
    to fall” due to the pain she was in after the fall.
    [Appellant] does recall having a conversation with a woman who
    assisted her right after she fell “who stated that she had noticed
    ice or slush in the area where [Appellant] fell and knew someone
    was going to fall.”      Mr. Damron, who was walking behind
    [Appellant] when she fell, is also unable to testify as [to] the
    cause of [Appellant’s] fall, but does recall the woman assisting
    them. The incident report does not list a witness to the incident
    and the identity of the woman who made the statement remains
    unknown.
    [Appellant] filed suit for negligence on August 10, 2012 and
    [Appellees] moved for summary judgment on June 27, 2014.
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    Trial Court Memorandum (Memorandum), 10/1/14, at 1-3 (references to
    Appellant’s Brief in Opposition to Appellees’ Motion for Summary Judgment
    omitted).1
    By order entered September 30, 2014, the trial court granted
    Appellees’ motion for summary judgment, finding Appellees were entitled to
    judgment as a matter of law because there were no issues of material fact
    and also concluding the motion was not premature.       Memorandum at 11.
    This timely appeal followed in which Appellant asks this Court to consider
    two issues, which we have reordered for ease of discussion:
    1. Whether [Appellant] has provided sufficient circumstantial
    evidence and facts to establish a genuine issue of material
    fact that should be submitted to a jury for determination?
    2. Whether [Appellees’] motion for Summary Judgment was
    premature as discovery had not yet been completed in the
    instant case?
    Appellant’s Brief at 4.2
    ____________________________________________
    1
    Although not mentioned by the trial court in its factual summary, Appellees
    do not suggest that Appellant was intoxicated or that her alcohol
    consumption played any role in causing Appellant’s fall. See, e.g., Notes of
    Testimony, Argument, 9/11/14, at 2.
    2
    In her statement of questions involved, Appellant lists the two issues
    identified above.    However, Appellant’s argument is broken into four
    sections. We remind Appellant’s counsel that Rule of Appellate Procedure
    2119 requires the argument section of an appellant’s brief to “be divided into
    as many parts as there are questions to be argued; and shall have at the
    head of each part . . . the particular point treated therein, followed by such
    discussion and citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent.” Pa.R.A.P.
    2119.
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    Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1035.2 provides:
    After the relevant pleadings are closed, but within such time as
    not to unreasonably delay trial, any party may move for
    summary judgment in whole or in part as a matter of law
    (1) whenever there is no genuine issue of any material fact
    as to a necessary element of the cause of action or
    defense which could be established by additional discovery
    or expert report, or
    (2) if, after the completion of discovery relevant to the
    motion, including the production of expert reports, an
    adverse party who will bear the burden of proof at trial has
    failed to produce evidence of facts essential to the cause of
    action or defense which in a jury trial would require the
    issues to be submitted to a jury.
    Pa.R.C.P. No. 1035.2.
    This Court reviews a decision granting summary judgment according
    to the following standard:
    A reviewing court may disturb the order of the trial court only
    where it is established that the court committed an error of law
    or abused its discretion. As with all questions of law, our review
    is plenary.
    In evaluating the trial court’s decision to enter summary
    judgment, we focus on the legal standard articulated in the
    summary judgment rule. Pa.R.C.P. 1035.2. The rule states that
    where there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving
    party is entitled to relief as a matter of law, summary judgment
    may be entered. Where the non-moving party bears the burden
    of proof on an issue, he may not merely rely on his pleadings or
    answers in order to survive summary judgment. Failure of a
    nonmoving party to adduce sufficient evidence on an issue
    essential to his case and on which it bears the burden of proof
    establishes the entitlement of the moving party to judgment as a
    matter of law. Lastly, we will view the record in the light most
    favorable to the non-moving party, and all doubts as to the
    existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be resolved
    against the moving party.
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    JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Murray, 
    63 A.3d 1258
    , 1261–62 (Pa.
    Super. 2013) (quoting Murphy v. Duquesne Univ. of the Holy Ghost,
    777 A.2d. 418, 429 (Pa. 2001)).
    In her first issue, Appellant contends she has provided sufficient
    circumstantial evidence and facts to establish a genuine issue of material
    fact that should be submitted to a jury for determination.    The trial court
    examined this contention under the test announced by our Supreme Court in
    Carrender v. Fitterer, 
    469 A.2d 120
     (Pa. 1983), which states:
    Possessors of land owe a duty to protect invitees from
    foreseeable harm. Restatement[ (Second) of Torts], §§ 341A,
    343 & 343A. With respect to conditions on the land which are
    known to or discoverable by the possessor, the possessor is
    subject to liability only if he,
    “(a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would
    discover the condition, and should realize that it involves
    an unreasonable risk of harm to such invitee, and
    (b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the
    danger, or will fail to protect themselves against it, and
    (c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them
    against the danger.”
    Restatement, supra, § 343.
    Id. at 123.
    The trial court first considered Appellees’ assertion that Appellant
    lacked sufficient evidence to present an issue of fact as to whether a
    “dangerous condition” existed.    Memorandum at 6.    The trial court agreed
    with Appellees, determining:
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    [T]here is only a statement by an unidentified witness (that may
    or may not be admissible) to imply that there was any water or
    slush on the floor in the first place, as every other witness to the
    incident as well as [Appellant] herself does not remember seeing
    water or ice on the floor, and there is no evidence that
    [Appellees] knew or should have known about the alleged
    condition as required by the first prong of Carrender.
    Id. The trial court suggested it would exclude as inadmissible hearsay the
    statement supposedly made to Appellant by an unknown witness, but
    indicated a finding of admissibility would not alter its ruling on the motion.
    “Assuming hypothetically that the statement is admissible, it does not, nor
    does any other evidence, create a question of fact as to whether [Appellees]
    knew about the alleged slush or ice.”            Id. at 7.   Consequently, Appellant
    could not satisfy the first prong of the Carrender test because there was
    “no dispute of fact as to whether [Appellees] had actual notice.” Id.3
    As to the second element of the Carrender test, the trial court
    determined Appellant could not satisfy that prong, which requires that the
    possessor of land should expect that invitees would fail to discover or realize
    the danger of a condition or will fail to protect themselves against it.
    Because Appellees did not have notice of the condition, they had “no basis to
    expect that invitees, like [Appellant], may fail to protect themselves from
    the unknown condition.” Id. at 9.
    ____________________________________________
    3
    The trial court similarly and appropriately dismissed any suggestion
    Appellees had constructive notice.
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    Finally, to meet the third prong of Carrender, Appellant must prove
    that Appellees failed to exercise reasonable care to protect her against any
    dangerous condition.    “Where a fall is alleged because of water [on] the
    floor, [Appellant] must prove that the proprietor failed to monitor and
    maintain the area in order to establish a breach of duty.” Id. at 10 (citing
    Estate of Swift v. Northeastern Hospital of Philadelphia, 
    690 A.2d 719
    ,
    723 (Pa. Super. 1997)).      The trial court concluded Appellant failed to
    produce evidence to show Appellees breached any duty to maintain or
    monitor the Foggy Goggle on the day in question.       “In fact, [Appellees]
    presented evidence that six bartenders and seven waitresses were on staff
    in the Foggy Goggle that day, who were trained to report any spill or other
    such condition to housekeeping, and two housekeepers were assigned to the
    building that day.”    
    Id.
     (citing Appellees’ Memorandum in Support of Its
    Motion for Summary Judgment, 6/25/14, at 16).
    The trial court concluded there were no genuine issues of material fact.
    Because Appellant failed to produce evidence to satisfy any of the
    Carrender prongs, the trial court found Appellees were entitled to judgment
    as a matter of law.
    As reflected above, this Court may disturb the trial court’s grant of
    summary judgment only if Appellant establishes that the trial court
    committed an error of law or abused its discretion.     JP Morgan Chase
    Bank, 
    63 A.3d at 1261
     (citation omitted). Again:
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    In evaluating the trial court’s decision to enter summary
    judgment, we focus on the legal standard articulated in the
    summary judgment rule. Pa.R.C.P. 1035.2. The rule states that
    where there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving
    party is entitled to relief as a matter of law, summary judgment
    may be entered. Where the non-moving party bears the burden
    of proof on an issue, he may not merely rely on his pleadings or
    answers in order to survive summary judgment. Failure of a
    non-moving party to adduce sufficient evidence on an
    issue essential to his case and on which it bears the
    burden of proof establishes the entitlement of the moving
    party to judgment as a matter of law. Lastly, we will view
    the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party,
    and all doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue of material
    fact must be resolved against the moving party.
    
    Id. at 1261-62
     (emphasis added) (citation omitted).
    Here, Appellant failed to adduce sufficient evidence of the existence of
    any “dangerous condition,” any notice that can be imputed to Appellees, or
    any failure of Appellees to exercise reasonable care, all of which are issues
    essential to her case and on which she bore the burden of proof. Although
    Appellant does not suggest she had—or could establish—evidence of direct
    negligence on the part of Appellees, she asserts that circumstantial evidence
    can serve as a basis for defeating summary judgment. Appellant points to
    her deposition testimony in which she testified that her fall occurred “on the
    concrete/tile surface leading to the restroom facilities” and to the testimony
    both she and her boyfriend offered about the “independent witness”—an
    unidentified individual neither Appellant nor her boyfriend could describe—
    who said “she knew someone was going to fall on the snow/slush/water that
    was present on the floor” where Appellant fell.       Appellant’s Brief at 28
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    (citations to deposition testimony omitted).     She also suggests that the
    incident report reveals she was “[w]alking to bathroom, turned corner, was
    ice on the floor, slipped and fell, was wearing rental ski boots.” Id. at 29
    (citations omitted). However, she admits she did not see anything on the
    floor and acknowledges that the information in the incident report, including
    the reference to “ice on the floor,” was not based on her observation but
    rather on a statement by the phantom witness.          Appellant’s Deposition,
    8/2/13, at 25, 31.   Nevertheless, Appellant suggests she “has established
    sufficient circumstantial evidence of the existence of a dangerous, hazardous
    and unsafe condition through deposition testimony, the incident report, and
    common sense.” Appellant’s Brief, at 29.
    In support of her position regarding sufficiency of circumstantial
    evidence, Appellant cites several cases in which circumstantial evidence was
    deemed sufficient to warrant a case going to a jury. Appellant’s Brief at 18-
    21. Appellant’s reliance on each case is misplaced.
    For instance, in First v. Zem Zem Temple, 
    686 A.2d 18
     (Pa. Super.
    1996), the trial court entered summary judgment against a woman who fell
    on a temporary dance floor during a wedding reception. The appellant and a
    witness established evidence of two potential defects on the dance floor, i.e.,
    a discolored, slippery area and a raised metal rim, both of which were near
    where she fell and either of which may have caused her to fall. This Court
    determined the trial court erred by granting summary judgment because the
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    appellant presented sufficient evidence to create a jury question on
    causation.
    In McMillan v. Mountain Laurel Racing, Inc., 
    367 A.2d 1106
     (Pa.
    Super. 1976), the trial court granted a compulsory nonsuit against a
    racetrack patron who slipped and fell in a large room described as the
    ground floor of the track’s grandstand. The room, measuring 250’ in length
    and 80 to 125’ in width, contained more than 30 betting windows in the
    center of the room and four refreshment stands, each 25’ long, on one side
    of the room. The appellant fell near one of the refreshment stands where
    significant debris had accumulated over the course of more than two hours
    during the evening. Although she could not say precisely what caused her to
    fall, she testified she believed her fall was caused “by the liquid, cups,
    papers, or tickets on the floor.” Id. at 1108. On appeal, this Court reversed
    the trial court’s grant of a nonsuit, concluding the appellant’s “proof
    identified the cause of [appellant’s] fall with enough sufficiency to allow the
    jury to determine questions of negligence.” Id. at 1111.
    In First and McMillan, as well as in the remaining cases cited by
    Appellant,4 the plaintiffs and/or witnesses observed and were able to
    ____________________________________________
    4
    Appellant also looks to cases from our Supreme Court, our Commonwealth
    Court, and the United States District Court for the Middle District of
    Pennsylvania. Appellant’s Brief at 18-21. While we are bound only by the
    Supreme Court’s decisions, we discuss all four briefly to illustrate they are
    readily distinguishable from the instant case.
    (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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    describe a dangerous condition that existed in the area of the plaintiff’s fall.
    _______________________
    (Footnote Continued)
    In Schwartz v. Warwick-Philadelphia Corp., 
    226 A.2d 484
     (Pa. 1967),
    the plaintiff was injured in a fall at a wedding reception where waiters
    carrying trays of food crossed the dance floor on their way to the tables
    where the guests dined. Plaintiff established the presence of asparagus and
    sauce on the dance floor where she and her dance partner fell. Our
    Supreme Court determined the trial court abused its discretion by granting a
    nonsuit and reversed its ruling, finding “it is reasonable, proper, and fair to
    conclude that this concatenation of circumstances made out a prima facie
    case of negligence against the establishment running the wedding feast.”
    Id. at 486.
    In Marks v. Tasman, 
    589 A.2d 205
     (Pa. 1991), an 89-year old legally blind
    man tripped and fell on a sidewalk outside his ophthalmologist’s office. The
    friend who accompanied him to the office did not see the man fall but did
    see a depression in the sidewalk near the plaintiff’s feet immediately after
    the man fall. Our Supreme Court reversed the grant of summary judgment,
    finding the evidence was sufficient to support an inference that the man fell
    because of the defect in the sidewalk and, as such, created a genuine issue
    of material fact. (To further distinguish Marks, we note that—unlike the
    other cases upon which Appellant relies—Marks does not involve a
    transitory condition.)
    In Hyatt v. County of Allegheny, 
    547 A.2d 1304
     (Pa. Cmwlth. 1988), an
    airline employee presented evidence that the upturned edge of a floor mat
    caused her to fall. Because the evidence, when viewed in the light most
    favorable to the plaintiff, established the condition responsible for her fall
    and because the county and its maintenance company were in control of the
    mats and had adopted a policy of taping all four edges to avoid falls, the
    Commonwealth Court reversed a directed verdict entered by the trial court
    and remanded for a new trial.
    In Evans v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 
    2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 66675
     (M.D. Pa.
    Sept. 10, 2007), a witness observed grapes on the floor of the area where
    the plaintiff fell in the grocery area of a Hazelton Wal-Mart. The district
    court denied summary judgment, finding there were questions of fact for a
    jury concerning whether Wal-Mart created a dangerous condition that was
    known or should have been known by the store.
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    In the cited cases, it was determined that there was at least circumstantial
    evidence of a dangerous condition that existed in the vicinity of the fall at
    the time of the fall. By contrast, Appellant could only say that she “turned
    the corner and fell.” Appellant’s Deposition, 8/2/13, at 27. She did not see
    or observe anything that might have cause her to fall.          Id. at 27-28.
    Neither she nor any identified witness could testify as to a dangerous
    condition because no condition, dangerous or otherwise, was observed or
    reported.   It is axiomatic that if no dangerous condition was observed or
    reported, notice of a dangerous condition cannot be imputed to Appellees.
    Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Appellant as non-
    moving party and resolving all doubts in her favor, it is clear Appellant is
    unable to establish the existence of any genuine issue of material fact to
    evade the grant of summary judgment.              Because Appellant cannot
    demonstrate that the trial court committed error of law or abused its
    discretion by granting summary judgment against her, Appellant’s first issue
    fails for lack of merit.
    In her second issue, Appellant contends Appellees’ summary judgment
    motion was premature because discovery had not been completed.            A fair
    reading of the argument section of her brief reveals it is not the motion itself
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    Appellant claims was premature but rather the trial court’s grant of that
    motion.5 We will conduct our review accordingly.
    Appellant contends the trial court’s grant of summary judgment
    foreclosed her from deposing various individuals currently or formerly
    employed by Appellees and from conducting an expert examination of the
    area where Appellant fell. Appellant’s Brief at 22-23. She does not suggest
    she was impeded from conducting discovery by any conduct on the part of
    Appellees but simply claims she “should have been afforded additional time
    by the trial court to complete all aspects of discovery prior to the trial court
    ruling” on the motion for summary judgment.            Id. at 26.     However,
    Appellant has failed to demonstrate how any additional discovery could help
    develop her case or save it from the grant of summary judgment.
    Although not addressed in her brief, Appellant’s counsel asserted at
    oral argument on the summary judgment motion that his client had not been
    afforded an opportunity to depose the employee who completed the incident
    report or the medic who tended to Appellant.             Notes of Testimony,
    Argument, 9/11/14 at 13.6 However, Appellant did not—nor can she—argue
    ____________________________________________
    5
    The pleadings were closed on September 13, 2012, more than twenty-one
    months before Appellees filed their motion for summary judgment.
    Therefore, the prerequisite to the filing of a summary judgment motion was
    satisfied. See Pa.R.C.P. 1035.2.
    6
    Counsel for Appellees noted in his argument that all persons on duty on the
    day of the incident had been identified in written discovery and the fact
    (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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    J-A27044-15
    that testimony from either witness would shed any light on the issue
    essential to her case, i.e., that Appellees had notice of the existence of any
    dangerous condition.          As previously stated, neither Appellant nor her
    boyfriend could identify or describe the “phantom witness” who, they
    contend, said there was slush on the floor.          Further, the individual who
    completed the incident report recorded “N/A” in the section designated for
    identifying witnesses.        Counsel’s suggestion that the unidentified witness
    could potentially be identified through receipts from the Foggy Goggle is
    implausible at best and would entail what can only be described as a “fishing
    expedition.” Therefore, we find no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial
    court for not ordering additional time for discovery.
    Appellant takes issue with the trial court’s reliance on Porro v.
    Century III Associates, 
    846 A.2d 1282
     (Pa. Super. 2004), in rejecting her
    prematurity claim.        In Porro, the appellant claimed he fell on March 26,
    1998, on a soapy liquid substance that was on the floor of a mall stairwell.
    Porro filed an amended complaint on March 24, 2000 and was deposed on
    April 16, 2001.        On March 18, 2002, the appellees filed a motion for
    summary judgment arguing Porro failed to produce evidence or testimony to
    establish that the allegedly dangerous condition resulted from the appellees’
    _______________________
    (Footnote Continued)
    Appellant had not deposed any of those individuals was beyond Appellees’
    control. Id. at 17.
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    negligence, to establish the property owner had actual notice of the
    condition, or to establish the condition existed for such a length of time that
    the owner should have known of it.
    At oral argument, Porro requested additional time to conduct discovery
    on the notice issue.   In response, the trial court initially denied summary
    judgment without prejudice, giving Porro time to conduct additional
    discovery.   Nothing further transpired until October 24, 2002, when the
    appellees placed the case at issue.     On January 17, 2003, Porro directed
    written discovery to the appellees, to which they responded. On March 3,
    2003, the appellees refiled their motion for summary judgment.            Porro
    claimed the appellees filed only incomplete and evasive responses to the
    discovery requests but acknowledged he did not file additional requests,
    notices of depositions, or any motion to compel additional responses. The
    trial court granted the summary judgment motion.
    On appeal, this Court affirmed, quoting from the trial court:
    Summary judgment was originally denied because plaintiff
    wanted more time for discovery. Inexplicably, however, plaintiff
    waited over seven months from the denial of summary judgment
    (and almost three years from the filing of his amended
    complaint) to begin discovery. Even though plaintiff alleges that
    defendants are improperly withholding discovery, he has not
    sought court intervention since defendants responded to his
    discovery requests on March 28, 2003. Plaintiff explains neither
    how defendants have specifically evaded their duty to provide
    discovery, nor how this information sought would help him. No
    request to extend discovery has been made. In short, plaintiff
    has shown neither materiality nor due diligence with respect to
    such information, as required by Kerns v. Methodist Hospital,
    
    393 Pa. Super. 533
    , 
    574 A.2d 1068
     (1990).
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    Id. at 1284-85 (quoting Trial Court Opinion, 8/13/03, at 6).
    We acknowledge that the facts and timeline in Porro differ from those
    in the case before us—most notably in that the trial court originally denied
    the motion for summary judgment without prejudice and granted Porro’s
    request for additional time to undertake discovery.        However, we find no
    abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court for entering summary
    judgment instead of granting additional time for discovery, not because
    Appellant did not request additional discovery time, but rather because
    Appellant has failed to explain how any additional discovery could help
    develop her case or save it from the grant of summary judgment.
    Therefore, we reject Appellant’s assertion that the grant of summary
    judgment was premature. Appellant’s second claim fails for lack of merit.
    We find no error of law or abuse of discretion in the trial court’s grant
    of summary judgment in favor of Appellees and against Appellant.
    Therefore, we shall not disturb the trial court’s order.
    Order affirmed.
    Judgment Entered.
    Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
    Prothonotary
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    Date: 12/21/2015
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