Com. v. Waters, S. ( 2016 )

J. S69025/16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
:
v. :
:
SIDNEY LAMONT WATERS :
:
APPELLANT : No. 152 MDA 2016
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence December 23, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-36-CR-0001250-2015
BEFORE: STABILE, J., DUBOW, J., and PLATT, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED OCTOBER 19, 2016
Appellant, Sidney Lamont Waters, appeals from the December 23,
2015 Judgment of Sentence of two concurrent terms of two to five years’
incarceration imposed after the court found him guilty of one count each of
Firearms not to be Carried without a License and Possession of a Firearm
with Altered Manufacturer’s Number.1, 2
Appellant alleges specifically that
the trial court erred when it denied his pre-trial suppression motion. After
careful review, we affirm.
*
Retired Senior Judge Assigned to the Superior Court.
1
18 Pa.C.S. § 6106 and 18 Pa.C.S. § 6110.2, respectively.
2
The Commonwealth also charged Appellant with Possession of Marijuana,
35 Pa.C.S. § 780-113(a)(3), but did not present any evidence at trial in
support of this charge. Accordingly, the trial court found Appellant not guilty
of Possession of Marijuana.
J. S69025/16
The trial court’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion includes a thorough and
complete narrative of the facts and procedural history in this case, which we
adopt for purposes of our disposition. See Trial Ct. Op., 3/7/16, at 1-3, 5-9.
Appellant presents the following issue for our review:
Did the trial court err in denying [Appellant’s] motion to
suppress, where police did not have a reasonable suspicion
to stop and frisk [Appellant] initially, and therefore, any
observations of the police after that or any evidence taken
from [Appellant] should have been suppressed as the fruit
of the illegal stop and frisk?
Appellant’s Brief at 4.
Our standard of review in an appeal from an order denying a Motion to
Suppress is as follows:
Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to the denial of
a suppression motion is limited to determining whether the
suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the record
and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts are
correct. Because the Commonwealth prevailed before the
suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the
Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the defense as
remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record
as a whole. Where the suppression court’s factual findings are
supported by the record, we are bound by these findings and
may reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are erroneous.
Commonwealth v. Jones, 988 A.2d 649, 654 (Pa. 2010) (citation
omitted).
A police officer may conduct an investigative detention, otherwise
known as a Terry3 stop, of an individual if he or she has reasonable
3
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 24 (1968).
-2-
J. S69025/16
suspicion that criminal activity is afoot. Commonwealth v. Bryant, 866
A.2d 1143, 1146 (Pa. Super. 2005). That suspicion must be based on
“specific, articulable facts” known to the officer at the time and “reasonable
inferences drawn from those facts in light of the officer’s experience.”
Commonwealth v. Jackson, 698 A.2d 571, 573 (Pa. 1997).
After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the
applicable law, and the well-reasoned Opinion of the trial court we conclude
that the issue Appellant has raised on appeal lacks merit. The trial court
Opinion properly disposes of the question presented. See Trial Ct. Op. at 3-
5, 9-12 (concluding: (1) the officer reasonably suspected, based upon
specific and articulable facts and the reasonable inferences drawn from those
facts and their experience, that the three men he observed running in the
street shortly before a dispatch for shots fired, and who were subsequently
stopped by police were the same men involved in the shooting; (2) based on
the temporal and spatial proximity to the area where shots were reportedly
fired, the officer had reasonable suspicion to suspect that Appellant was
armed; and (3) the search performed was limited to what was necessary to
ensure officer safety, and the firearm was readily apparent). Accordingly,
we affirm on the basis of the trial court’s Opinion.
The parties are instructed to attach a copy of the trial court’s March
17, 2016 Opinion to all future filings.
-3-
J. S69025/16
Judgment of Sentence affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/19/2016
-4-
Circulated 09/23/2016 10:02 AM
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BY TOTARO, J.
On March 5, 2015, shortly after 9:50 p.m., officers of the Lancaster City Bureau of Police
stopped Sidney Lamont Waters ("Appellant") and two other men in the vicinity of 644 Columbia
A venue, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, after Lancaster County dispatch reported a call of shots fired
and gave a description of three males wearing dark hoodies seen in the area. See Affidavit of
Probable Cause. According to the Affidavit, Appellant and two other men were found matching
the description. Id. Because they believed the men could be armed, officers performed a pat-
down search of all three individuals, at which time Appellant was found to be carrying a firearm
with obliterated manufacturers number and suspected marijuana. Id. Appellant was taken into
custody and charged with Firearms Not To be Carried without a License (F3), Possession of a
Firearm with Altered Manufacturer's Number (F2), and Possession of Marijuana (M).1 Id.On July 8, 2015, Appellant filed a Motion to Suppress Evidence, alleging the officers did
not have a proper warrant, probable cause or reasonable suspicion to effectuate the stop, search,
and seizure of Appellant. See Omnibus Pretrial Motion. As such, Appellant claimed the search
and seizure of a firearm violated his rights as guaranteed by the 4th and 14th Amendments of the
United States Constitution, as well as Article 1, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. Id.1
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106; 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6110.2; and 35 P.S. § 780-l l 3(a)(31 ), respectively.
, .._
.
On September 28, 2015, a suppression hearing was held on Appellant's Motion to
Suppress Evidence. At the conclusion of the suppression hearing, the Court found, based on
specific and articulable facts, that there was reasonable suspicion for police to conduct a
temporary stop of Appellant in relation to the dispatch of shots fired. (Notes of Transcript at 93-
94) (hereinafter "N.T."). Moreover, police had reasonable suspicion to believe Appellant was
potentially armed and dangerous, justifying a protective search of Appellant limited in nature to
that which was necessary to discover any weapons. Id. Further, the nature of the object as a
firearm was immediately apparent. Id at 94. Therefore, Appellant's motion was denied. Id.
Following the suppression hearing, the parties proceeded to a stipulated bench trial. (N.T.
at 100). At that time, both counsel agreed to incorporate the entire record from the suppression
hearing. Id. Counsel also entered into a number of stipulations which established factual guilt
on the firearms charges, and thus the Court found Appellant guilty on those counts.2 Id. at 100-
104, 106. However, because no evidence was presented with respect to the charge of possession
of marijuana, the Court found Appellant not guilty of that count. Id. at 104-06. A Presentence
Investigation Report was ordered, and sentence was deferred pending its completion.3 Id. at 106.
2
Counsel stipulated that the firearm found on Appellant was a functional firearm capable of
expelling a projectile under the action of an explosive; Appellant did not have a license to carry a
concealed weapon on the date of the offense and because he was only 19 years old on that date he was
not eligible for such a license; Appellant gave a voluntary statement to police detectives following his
arrest admitting to possessing the firearm; the manufacture's number on the firearm had been obliterated;
and Officer Sinnott charged Appellant with the three aforementioned counts. (N .T. at 100-04).
3
On December 23, 2015, the trial court imposed a standard range sentence of not less than two
years nor more than five years in the State Correctional Institution on each count, concurrent to each
other. (Notes of Transcript, Sentencing at 25) (hereinafter "N.T.S."); Sentencing Guideline Worksheet.
Appellant was ordered to pay a fine of $100, submit a DNA sample and pay the $250 cost, he was not
made eligible for the Recidivism Risk Reduction Incentive (RRRI) Program, and he received credit for
time served. (N.T.S. at 25-26). Appellant was also made eligible for boot camp, any programs dealing
with drug and alcohol addiction, as well as any vocational or educational programs. Id. at 26.
2
_ .....
On January 22, 2016, Appellant filed a Notice of Appeal with the Superior Court of
Pennsylvania. On February 16, 2016, Appellant timely filed a Statement of Errors Complained
of on Appeal ("Statement"), claiming the suppression court erred in denying his Motion to
Suppress Evidence because police did not have reasonable suspicion to stop and frisk Appellant.
See Statement. As such, any evidence taken from Appellant should have been suppressed "as the
fruit of the illegal stop and frisk." Id
LEGAL STANDARD
When a motion to suppress has been filed, the burden is on the Commonwealth to
establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the challenged evidence is admissible.
Commonwealth v. Bowmaster, 101 A.3d 789, 792 (Pa. Super. 2014). When the Commonwealth
prevails on a motion to suppress evidence before the trial court, an appellate court may consider
only the Commonwealth's evidence and so much of the evidence for the defense as remains
uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as a whole. Commonwealth v. Jackson, 62
A.3d 433, 438 (Pa. Super. 2012).
Where the record supports the factual findings of the trial court, the appellate court is
bound by those facts and may reverse only if the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are in error.
Commonwealth v. Angel, 946 A.2d 115, 117 (Pa. Super. 2008) (quoting Commonwealth v. Russo,
934 A.2d 1199, 1203 (Pa. 2007)). While the appellate court is not bound by the lower court's
conclusions oflaw, "it is within the suppression court's sole province as factfinder to pass on the
credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony." Angel, 946 A.2d at 117(quoting Russo, 934 A.2d at 1203); Commonwealth v. Dutrieville, 932 A.2d 240, 242 (Pa. Super.
2007); Commonwealth v. Martin, 101 A.3d 706. 719 (Pa. 2014).
3
- -.
A police officer may conduct an investigative detention of an individual if he has
reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot. Commonwealth v. Bryant, 866 A.2d 1143,
1147 (Pa. Super. 2005)(citing Commonwealth v. Zhahir, 751 A.2d 1153, 1156 (Pa. 2000)). That
suspicion must be based on specific, articulable facts known to the officer at the time and
reasonable inferences drawn from those facts in light of the officer's experience. Commonwealth
v. Jackson, 698 A.2d 571, 573 (Pa. 1997) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 24 (1968)). "The
fundamental inquiry is an objective one, namely, whether the facts available to the officer at the
moment of the intrusion warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the action taken
was appropriate." Zhahir, 751 A.2d at 1156 (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 21-22) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
"A police officer need not personally observe the suspicious conduct leading to the
reasonable belief needed for a Terry stop and may rely upon information received over the police
radio to justify the initial stop." Commonwealth v. Arch, 654 A.2d 1141, 1144 (Pa. Super. 1995).
An officer may also rely on information provided by third parties under certain circumstances.
Commonwealth v. Korenkiewicz, 743 A.2d at 958, 963 (Pa. Super. 1999).
Whether an officer has reasonable suspicion to stop an individual requires an evaluation
of the totality of the circumstances, viewed though the eyes of a trained officer rather than an
ordinary citizen. Zhahir, 751 A.2d at 1156; In re NL., 739 A.2d 564, 567 (Pa. Super. 1999).
Factors to consider include "the specificity of the description of the suspect in conjunction with
how well the suspect fits the given description, the proximity of the crime to the sighting of the
suspect, the time and place of the confrontation, and the nature of the offense reported to have
been committed." Commonwealth v. Jackson, 678 A.2d 798, 801 (Pa. Super. 1996).
4
--
Once an officer has lawfully detained an individual, the "officer may conduct a limited,
pat-down search for weapons when the officer has reasonable suspicion that the individual is
armed and dangerous." Jackson, 698 A.2d at 573. Because the justification of this search is for
the protection of the officer or others nearby, "such a protective search must be strictly limited to
that which is necessary for the discovery of weapons which might be used to harm the officer or
others nearby." Commonwealth v. Stevenson, 744 A.2d 1261, 1264-65 (Pa. 2000) (quoting
Terry, 392 U.S. at 26). The nature of the suspected criminal activity is a proper consideration in
the totality of the circumstances in determining whether a search was appropriate. Zhahir, 751
A.2d at 1157. It is appropriate for an officer to search an individual when the individual is
stopped for the investigation of gunshots in the nearby area. Bryant, 866 A.2d at 1147.
DISCUSSION
On March 5, 2015, at approximately 9:51 p.m., Officer Ben Bradley ("Bradley") of the
Lancaster City Police Department C'LCPD") was patrolling in the area of East Filbert Street
approaching Lafayette Street when he observed three men running together north on East Filbert
Street. (N.T. at 6, 8-11). Fresh snow was on the ground and the temperature was 18 degrees. Id.
at 9. Although it was dark, there were street lights in the area and he could tell they were males.
Id at 18~ 19. Because hardly anyone was out that night and the ground was icy, Bradley took
mental note of the three males. Id. at 22. Bradley observed the men were around five foot five
inches tall, wearing dark clothing that included jackets or hooded sweatshirts. Id. at 10, 17, 18.
Shortly thereafter, Bradley saw a fourth man look up the street in the direction where the
first three males had just traveled. (N.T. at 12). When Bradley saw the fourth man throw a
cardboard pizza box on the ground, Bradley stopped the man for littering. Id. at 12, 20, 22.
5
-.
Approximately 15 seconds after stopping the fourth man, Lancaster County dispatch reported a
call of shots fired at 25 New Dorwart Street, and gave the description of three individuals who
were wearing hoodies. Id. at 12-13. According to Bradley, 25 New Dorwart is at the comer of
Lafayette Street, and the dispatch for shots fired occurred approximately "a minute or less" after
Bradley saw the three individuals running. Id. at 11-13. At that point, Bradley dispatched
information about his observation of the three men he just saw running down the street. Id. at 13.
After clearing the fourth man, Bradley joined the search and was called to assist officers
who had stopped three men. (N.T. at 13). Upon arrival, Bradley stated the three males who were
stopped looked like the same three individuals he saw running around the comer on Filbert
Street, based on their clothing, similar height and build. Id. at 13-14, 23. Furthermore, only a
few minutes had passed between the time he observed the three men running and the time the
three individuals were stopped. Id. at 14. Because of the weather, pedestrian traffic was "pretty
low that night," and from the time he saw the three individuals until he responded to where they
had been detained Bradley did not see any other groups of individuals matching the description
that was given out over the radio. Id. at 14-15.
Bradley testified he has been employed as a police officer with LCPD since October
2007. (N.T. at 6). He further testified that the area where he saw three men running and where
the three men were later stopped is within his jurisdiction. Id. at 7. Bradley stated he is familiar
with the area and officers are frequently dispatched there for criminal activity such as robberies,
aggravated assaults, and weapons calls. Id. at 8. More specifically, during his career he has seen
"at least two homicides, three shootings and countless shots fired calls" in the area. Id.
6
Officer Michael Fisher ("Fisher") of the LCPD was on duty on March 5, 2015, riding in a
patrol vehicle with Officer Bogner ("Bogner"). (N.T. at 25-28). At approximately 9:50 p.m.,
Fisher and Bogner were dispatched to respond to a call of shots fired in the first block of New
Dorwart Street. Id. at 27-29. The dispatch gave an address and a description of three men in
hooded sweatshirts. Id. at 29. Thereafter, Fisher and Bogner heard Bradley's radio transmission
describing his observation of three men wearing darker clothing with hooded sweatshirts on
Filbert Street. Id. at 29-30. The officers then heard Sergeant McCrady ("McCrady") call out on
the radio that he located three men in hooded sweatshirts at 644 Columbia Avenue in Lancaster
City. Id. at 31. Fisher and Bogner responded to McCrady' s location within seconds, and when
they arrived Fisher saw three men wearing hoodies. Id at 31-34. At no time did Fisher recall
seeing any other people, "let alone anybody in groups." Id. at 33-34.
As officers approached the three men, Fisher asked them to "hold up" so officers could
talk to them. (N.T. at 34). The men complied. Id. at 35. Within a period ofless than four
minutes, when a sufficient number of officers arrived at the scene, a pat-down search was
conducted of the three men. Id. at 35-37. According to Fisher, the search was appropriate
"because of the call that was received and because of the investigation into the shots fired .... "
Id. at 35. Fisher also testified the area where the shots were fired is a high crime area, based on
continual problems such as fights, shootings, and weapons calls. Id. at 27, 42.
Officer Timothy Sinnott ("Sinnott") of the LCPD testified he was working on the evening
of March 5, 2015, when he heard county dispatchers relay information about a shooting that was
reported by Maria Montes. (N.T. at 45-46, 61·62). Thereafter, Sinnott responded to the scene
where three men were being held, arriving within three to five minutes after the call came out for
7
shots fired. Id. at 45-50. Prior to arriving at that location, while driving around looking for the
suspects, Sinnott did not see anyone else out that evening. Id. at 48. According to Sinnott, the
distance from where the shots were reportedly fired to where Appellant and the other two men
were stopped was within two to three blocks of each other. Id. at 65-66.
Upon arrival, Sinnott approached Appellant. (N.T. at 49). While Fisher and Bogner
conducted pat-down searches of their respective suspects, Sinnott conducted a pat-down search
of Appellant. Id. at 51. According to Sinnott, he did so due to the nature of the call that had
been given out and for officer safety. Id. at 52.
Sinnott conducted the pat-down by "running over the outside of [Appellant's] clothing,
feeling for anything that [he could] recognize." (N.T. at 52-53). While placing his hand over
Appellant's right pant leg, Sinnott immediately recognized a hard object in the shape of a firearm
inside Appellant's right pant pocket. Id. at 53. Sinnott alerted other officers of his finding, at
which time Appellant was put on the ground and placed in custody. Id. Officer Steven
Alexander ("Alexander")then retrieved a firearm from underneath Appellant's outer pants, in the
pocket of his gym shorts. Id. at 55-56.
At the suppression hearing. Alexander stated he responded to the area where three men
were being held after hearing a dispatch for shots fired and transmissions from Bradley and
McCrady detailing their observations. (N.T. at 68-71). Prior to his arrival, while looking for the
suspects himself, Alexander did not see any other groups of people who matched the description
put out over the radio. Id at 71. Upon arrival, within approximately five minutes of the initial
call for shots fired, Alexander observed three males wearing dark clothing. Id. at 71-72.
Because Appellant was very loud and belligerent, Alexander assisted Sinnott in detaining him.
8
Id. at 73. After Sinnott informed Alexander that he felt a firearm on Appellant's person,
Alexander retrieved a black semiautomatic handgun from the pocket of Appellant's shorts that
Appellant was wearing underneath his jeans. Id. at 73- 75.
Appellate court cases support the finding of reasonable suspicion to stop and frisk
Appellant in the present case. In Commonwealth v. Bryant, supra, an officer heard the firing of
gunshots and saw the appellant and his companions running around the corner from where the
officer heard the shots originate, while no other persons were seen running at the time. 866 A.2d
at 1147. On appeal, the Superior Court, noting the encounter happened in a high crime area,
stated as follows:
Viewing the totality of the circumstances through the lense of [the officer's]
experience, the combination of the aforementioned facts indicates that [the appellee]
was engaged in 'unusual and suspicious conduct.' Given the facts before him at the
time he heard the gunshots and saw [the appellee], [the officer] could have concluded
reasonably that [the appellee] was a perpetrator, victim, or eyewitness of a possible
shooting.
Id. Therefore, the court concluded the officer possessed sufficient reasonable suspicion to
conduct a Terry stop. Id The court also found the officer was justified in conducting a pat-down
frisk for his safety due to recent gunfire in the area. Id.In Commonwealth v. Jackson, supra, there was a radio report of an armed robbery, and
the only description of the suspect was a male wearing a black baseball hat and black jacket. 678
A.2d at 799. Five minutes after receiving the report a police officer saw an individual matching
that description two and one half blocks from the scene of the robbery. Id. at 800. Although the
Superior Court noted there was a meager physical description of an alleged perpetrator wearing
two common articles of clothing, the Court found the stop and frisk were justified when
9
~-
considering the totality of circumstances, including the fact that the appellant fit the given
description, appellant was spatially and temporally proximate to the crime scene when stopped,
the crime was a serious felony, and it occurred late in the evening in a dangerous area. Id. at 801.
Additionally, in the case of In re Ii.M; 727 A.2d 556 (Pa. 1999), the Pennsylvania
Supreme Court found the stop and frisk of four black males was justified where an identified
victim reported an armed robbery involving four or five black males, the officer observed four
black males walking very quickly one-half block from the crime scene about one minute after the
call, they were the only males the officer observed in the vicinity of the crime, and the group
abruptly began walking in the opposite direction upon seeing the police. Id. at 558. In justifying
the stop, the Court recognized that an officer who lacks probable cause to arrest "need not
'simply shrug his shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape.:" Id. at 557. The
Court further stated the officer "would have been derelict in his duties had he not detained the
group which was very possibly armed and retreating after having committed a violent armed
felony mere moments earlier." Id. at 558.
In the case sub Judice, Officer Bradley was patrolling in the area of East Filbert Street
approaching Lafayette Street in Lancaster City when he observed three men running together
north on East Filbert Street. This was in a high crime area, where there are continual problems
such as fights, shootings, and weapons calls. Because hardly anyone was out that night and the
ground was icy, Bradley took mental note of the three males and what they were wearing.
Within one minute of seeing these individuals, Lancaster County dispatch reported a call of shots
fired occurring at 25 New Dorwart Street, and gave the description of three individuals who were
wearing hoodies. The call and information were provided by an identified individual.
10
According to Bradley, the three men were observed by him running in close proximity to
the area where the shots were reportedly fired, less than five minutes afer the report of gunshots.
The men were also wearing clothing that matched the description given by the caller. Based on
the totality of these circumstances, Bradley believed the three individuals he saw were involved
in the shooting. Therefore, Bradley dispatched information about his observations of the three
men to other officers.
A few minutes later, Bradley was called to assist officers who had stopped three men that
were wearing dark clothing. The officers made the stop based on information contained in the
police dispatch and information provided by Bradley. The distance from where the shots were
reportedly fired to where Appellant and the other two men were stopped was within two to three
blocks of each other. Upon arrival, Bradley stated the three males who were stopped looked like
the same three individuals he saw running, based on their clothing, similar height and build.
Moreover, officers did not see any other groups of individuals matching the description given
over the radio between the time of dispatch and the stop of Appellant and his two colleagues.
Based on this information, the trial court properly found that Bradley had specific and
articulable facts, and reasonable inferences drawn from those facts in light of his experience, to
suspect that the three individuals he had observed running in the street shortly before a dispatch
for shots fired and who were subsequently stopped by police were the same individuals involved
in the shooting. Additionally, based on the suspected criminal activity and close proximity to the
area where the shots were reportedly fired, the officers had reasonable suspicion to suspect that
Appellant and his two colleagues were armed and dangerous. As such, the pat-down frisk
conducted of Appellant was appropriate for officer safety. Moreover, the manner in which the
11
search was performed was limited to what was necessary for the discovery of weapons that might
be used to harm the officers, and the discovery of a firearm was readily apparent. Thus, the
search itself was reasonable.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Court did not err when it found the officers had reasonable
suspicion to stop and search Appellant. Therefore, this appeal should be denied.
BY THE COURT:
Date: -=M~ar=-c=h~l 7'-'-,. .e: 2=0..e. cl 6"'--- DONALD R. TOT ARO, JUDGE
ATTEST:
Copies: Travis S. Anderson, Esquire, Assistant District Attorney
Diana C. Kelleher, Esquire, Assistant Public Defender
•. ,
I certify this document to be filed
in the Lancaster County Office of
the Clerk of the Courts.
Jacquelyn E. Pfursich
Clerk of Courts
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