Com. v. Salazar, F. ( 2018 )

J-A04044-18
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
FELIX ANTONIO SALAZAR
Appellant No. 1745 MDA 2016
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence May 17, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-06-CR-0004977-2014
BEFORE: STABILE, J., NICHOLS, J., AND RANSOM, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY RANSOM, J.: FILED MARCH 27, 2018
Appellant, Felix Salazar, appeals from the judgment of sentence entered
May 17, 2016, after a jury convicted him of rape by forcible compulsion, rape
by threat of forcible compulsion, rape of a child, intimidation of a witness or
victim to refrain from reporting, intimidation of a witness or victim to withhold
information, intimidation in a child abuse case, conspiracy to commit
intimidation of a witness or victim to refrain from reporting, conspiracy to
commit intimidation of a witness or victim to withhold information, indecent
exposure, corruption of minors – defendant age 18 or above, and corruption
of minors, generally.1 We affirm.
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118 Pa.C.S. §§ 3121(a)(1), 3121(a)(2), 3121(c), 4952(a)(1), 4952(a)(3),
4958(a)(2)(ii), 903 (both conspiracy), 3127(a), 6301(a)(1)(ii), and
6301(a)(1), respectively.
*Retired Senior Judge Assigned to the Superior Court
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The victim, L.C., was born in March 2000; her mother, M.C., and
Appellant’s girlfriend, V.G., are sisters. Notes of Testimony Trial (N. T. Trial)
at 200; Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 3/22/17, at 3-4. In 2013, L.C. disclosed to
M.C. that she had been sexually assaulted by Appellant multiple times when
she was between the ages of four and twelve years old and that the abuse
began while she lived in New York before moving to Pennsylvania in 2006.
After L.C. gave a written statement to police, Appellant left the United States
for the Dominican Republic.
V.G. called M.C. “two or three times” offering her money if L.C. and M.C.
would agree to retract their allegations against Appellant. N. T. Trial at 205-
07; TCO at 4. After M.C. told the police about V.G.’s offer, at the direction of
investigators, M.C. had three recorded telephone conversations with V.G.
regarding the payment of funds in return for dropping the charges. After a
few months, L.C.’s family received a promissory note, signed by Appellant and
prepared in the Dominican Republic, promising to pay $40,000 for L.C.’s
education. Shortly thereafter, Appellant returned to the United States and
was arrested.
At trial, L.C. provided a detailed account of her abuse. In addition, she
testified that, while the abuse was ongoing, Appellant would “say not to tell
anyone and if [she] did, then something bad would happen.” N. T. Trial at
115.
During cross-examination, defense counsel directed L.C. to a specific
paragraph in her written statement to law enforcement:
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Q And there you wrote, I don’t know my exact age at any
point, is that what you wrote in that statement?
A Yes.
N. T. Trial at 164. During re-direct, the Commonwealth requested L.C. read
her entire statement to the jury in order to provide context for that paragraph.
Appellant objected, contending: “The rest of the statement doesn’t say
anything about the one paragraph I asked about, it’s all different stuff again.”
Id. at 180-81. The trial court overruled Appellant’s objection and permitted
L.C. to read her statement, in which she had also written that she knew that
the sexual abuse began in 2004 while she still resided in New York.
Also during trial, after M.C. testified about the content of the recorded
phone calls between herself and V.G., N. T. Trial at 205-10, transcripts of all
three calls were provided to the jury. Commonwealth’s Ex. 18-20.2 M.C. also
testified about receiving the promissory note, and the promissory note itself
was admitted into evidence. Commonwealth’s Ex. 15; N. T. Trial at 211-13.
She further stated that she recognized the signature on the promissory note
as Appellant’s, and the handwriting on the envelope in which it was mailed to
her as V.G.’s.
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2 All three recorded telephone calls were conducted in Spanish. Transcripts of
the translations of the conversations into English were given to the jury.
Commonwealth’s Ex. 18 transcribes a recorded call from May 19, 2014;
Commonwealth’s Ex. 19 transcribes a recorded call from May 30, 2014; and
Commonwealth’s Ex. 20 transcribes a recorded call from June 3, 2014.
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V.G. exercised her right not to incriminate herself and did not testify at
Appellant’s trial. Appellant, however, did testify in his own defense and denied
L.C.’s allegations against him. Nevertheless, he admitted to executing a
promissory note to pay $40,000 for L.C.’s education, although he never
expected actually to give L.C.’s family any money, because V.G. “told” him
“how to word” it and to sign it. N. T. Trial at 334-35, 339.3
After the guilty verdict on November 19, 2015, Appellant was sentenced
on May 17, 2016, to eleven to twenty-two years of confinement followed by
ten years of probation. On May 27, 2016, Appellant filed a motion to
reconsider and modify sentence and a post-sentence motion for new trial
and/or arrest of judgment and/or judgment of acquittal. On September 26,
2017, all post-sentence motions were denied, with the exception of the trial
court’s grant of Appellant’s request to be allowed computers and internet
access when released on probation.
Appellant timely appealed and filed a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
statement of errors complained of on appeal. The trial court issued a
responsive opinion.
Appellant now raises the following issues on appeal:
I. Did the trial court abuse its discretion where, after a limited
and entirely accurate reference during cross-examination to
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3 When asked why he signed the promissory note, Appellant stated that he
wanted to stop the “harassing” calls to V.G., because “her diabetes went down
to 56, [V.G.] was about to die,” although he did not know at the time he
executed the note that detectives had not yet spoken with V.G. N. T. Trial at
333-34.
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[L.C.]’s written statement, it permitted the Commonwealth to
introduce the entire statement pursuant to an erroneous reading
of Pa.R.E. 106?
II. Where phone calls between [V.G.] and [M.C.] were not in
furtherance of a conspiracy, and contained irrelevant and
prejudicial hearsay, did the trial court abuse its discretion by
permitting the jury to hear the calls in their entirety?
III. Was the evidence insufficient to sustain three counts each
of intimidation of a witness and conspiracy to commit the same
where it demonstrated only financial inducement and vague
statements that if others learned of the charged abuse, something
bad would happen?
Appellant’s Brief at 5 (suggested answers omitted).
Standard of Review for Admission of Evidence
Because Appellant’s first two issues concern the admission of evidence,
we begin by noting the standard of review for the admission of evidence:
Questions regarding the admissibility or exclusion of evidence are
also subject to the abuse of discretion standard of review.
Pennsylvania trial judges enjoy broad discretion regarding the
admissibility of potentially misleading and confusing evidence.
Relevance is a threshold consideration in determining the
admissibility of evidence. A trial court may, however, properly
exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice. Generally, for the purposes of
this evidentiary rule, “prejudice” means an undue tendency to
suggest a decision on an improper basis. The erroneous
admission of harmful or prejudicial evidence constitutes reversible
error.
Partlow v. Gray, 165 A.3d 1013, 1016–17 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation
omitted).
Admission of L.C.’s Statement
Appellant first contends that “[t]he trial court abused its discretion by
permitting the Commonwealth to introduce the entirety of L.C.’s written
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statement to law enforcement based on an erroneous reading of Pa.R.E. 106.”
Appellant’s Brief at 10. Appellant refers to his questions to L.C. as “cursory,”
adding that they “did not mischaracterize any part of the statement.” Id. He
continues that “[t]he Commonwealth never identified how [Appellant’s] trial
counsel’s questions were misleading or how introduction of L.C.’s statement
in its entirety would have put the questions and her answers in context.” Id.
at 11. He further argues that “[t]he portions of the statement outside of that
introduced by Appellant were offered as a prior consistent statement and
were, therefore, inadmissible hearsay.” Id.
Pa.R.E. 106 states, in its entirety: “If a party introduces all or part of a
writing or recorded statement, an adverse party may require the introduction,
at that time, of any other part--or any other writing or recorded statement--
that in fairness ought to be considered at the same time.” The comment to
Pa.R.E. 106 explains:
The purpose of Pa.R.E. 106 is to give the adverse party an
opportunity to correct a misleading impression that may be
created by the use of a part of a writing or recorded statement
that may be taken out of context. This rule gives the adverse
party the opportunity to correct the misleading impression at the
time that the evidence is introduced. The trial court has discretion
to decide whether other parts, or other writings or recorded
statements, ought in fairness to be considered
contemporaneously with the proffered part.
Here, L.C. was asked about her age during the sexual assaults. In her
statement to law enforcement, L.C. had written that she was unsure of her
“exact age at any point.” During cross-examination, defense counsel implied
that L.C. was uncertain when the assaults occurred. The trial court permitted
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L.C. to read her entire statement during re-direct, including where she had
written that the abuse began in 2004 while she still lived in New York.
We agree with the trial court that L.C.’s entire statement needed to be
read in order “to correct the misleading impression” given by defense counsel
that L.C.’s memory was vague or flawed when only a portion of her written
statement had been “taken out of context.” Cmt. to Pa.R.E. 106. The entirety
of the statement clarified that L.C. merely could not recall her precise age at
the time of each assault, not that she was unaware of or lying about the
timeframe for Appellant’s course of conduct. Accordingly, the entirety of L.C.’s
written statement was properly introduced, because it “ought in fairness to be
considered contemporaneously with the proffered part.” Id.
As for Appellant’s argument that the trial court improperly admitted
L.C.’s out-of-court statements into evidence as prior consistent statements,
and, “therefore, inadmissible hearsay,” Appellant’s Brief at 11, this argument
also lacks merit, as L.C.’s statements would also have been admissible as prior
consistent statements pursuant to Pa.R.E. 613(c). Rule 613(c) allows for the
introduction of prior consistent statements of a witness whose credibility has
been attacked with allegations of faulty memory or recent fabrication.
Commonwealth v. Harris, 852 A.2d 1168 (Pa. 2004). Here, Appellant’s
counsel sought to use L.C.’s written statement to establish that her memory
was faulty concerning her age when the assaults occurred. Thus, the
remainder of the written statement was admissible to rehabilitate L.C.’s
credibility by demonstrating the consistency of her account of Appellant’s
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sexual abuse. Consequently, all sub-claims within Appellant’s first issue are
meritless.
Admission of Recorded Calls
Appellant raises two challenges to the admission of the recorded phone
calls between V.G. and M.C.: (1) they were “irrelevant”; and (2) they were
“not subject to a hearsay exception.” Appellant’s Brief at 14.4 The
Commonwealth answers that “[t]he trial court properly permitted the
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4 In his statement of errors complained of on appeal, Appellant also asserted
that the recorded telephone calls were erroneously admitted –
Because the statements by [V.G.] were not in furtherance of a
conspiracy, Appellant’s inability to cross-examine her constituted
a violation of his right to confront a witness against him under the
Pennsylvania and United States Constitutions as she exercised her
right to not incriminate herself by not testifying at Appellant’s
trial[.]
Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal, 12/20/16, at 1 ¶ 3.b. However,
his “Questions Presented” in his brief to this Court makes no mention of the
right to confront a witness, the Confrontation Clause, or any similar
challenge. Appellant’s Brief at 5 ¶ II. He only attacks the admission of the
phone calls as “contain[ing] irrelevant and prejudicial hearsay.” Id. He also
makes no reference to confrontation anywhere else in his brief. Id. at 14-
18. Accordingly, he has abandoned this challenge.
Assuming this issue were not waived, we would agree with the trial court, TCO
at 17, that the recorded telephone calls were not testimonial in nature and
thus the Confrontation Clause does not apply. See Commonwealth v. Yohe,
79 A.3d 520, 530-31 & nn.10-11 (Pa. 2013) (quoting Crawford v.
Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51-56 (2004) (describing the class of testimonial
statements covered by the Confrontation Clause)). V.G.’s statements in the
recorded calls were not “solemn declaration[s] or affirmation[s] made for the
purpose of establishing some fact.” Id. at 531 (quoting Crawford, 541 U.S.
at 53-56). Consequently, they were non-testimonial, and, ergo, the
Confrontation Clause does not apply. See TCO at 17. Hence, our conclusion
that none of Appellant’s sub-claims challenging the admission of the recorded
calls merits relief would not change.
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introduction of statements made by a co-conspirator in furtherance of the
conspiracy.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 7. We will address each of Appellant’s
sub-claims in turn.
Relevance
The Commonwealth argues that V.G.’s statements in the recorded calls
were “relevant to establish the existence of a conspiratorial relationship
between [V.G.] and [Appellant] as well as the substantive offense of
Intimidation of Witnesses or Victims.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 9. The
Commonwealth also claims that “[t]he conspiratorial relationship between
[Appellant] and [V.G.] is readily apparent in the content of the recorded
conversations.” Id. at 10.
“All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by
law. Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible.” Pa.R.E. 402. “Evidence
is relevant if: (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable
than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in
determining the action.” Pa.R.E. 401.
Here, Appellant was charged with multiple counts of witness intimidation
and conspiracy to commit witness intimidation. The phone calls were relevant,
because they provided contemporaneous evidence of Appellant’s co-
conspirator’s attempt to intimidate L.C. and M.C. into withholding information
and retracting their reports to law enforcement. Although Appellant is correct
that the Commonwealth did not provide evidence that he caused the phone
calls to be made or even knew about them before they occurred, Appellant
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eventually learned about V.G.’s offer to M.C. and agreed to participate in the
intimidation, as evidenced by the promissory note. Appellant also never
provided an alternative explanation for executing the promissory note, such
as a genuine, avuncular desire to contribute funds for L.C.’s education. See
N. T. Trial at 333-34, 337, 339. The recorded calls provided context for the
introduction of the promissory note that he admitted to signing during his trial
testimony and, ergo, had a tendency to make the fact that the promissory
note was related to a bribe more probable than it would be without this
evidence. See Pa.R.E. 401. Accordingly, even if he did not tell V.G. to call
M.C., the fact that he signed the promissory note demonstrates that he
eventually became aware of the existence of and content of the phone calls
and approved of them, which were designed for his benefit. Consequently,
admission of the recorded calls was of consequence in determining the action,
and, hence, the content of the recorded calls was relevant.5
Hearsay Exception
The Commonwealth counters Appellant’s assertion that the recorded
calls were not subject to a hearsay exception by arguing that the calls “fall
well within the exception for statements made by co-conspirators under
Pa.R.E. 803(25)(E).” Commonwealth’s Brief at 7.
____________________________________________
5For an additional explanation of the connection between the recorded calls
and these charges, see below under the heading “Sufficiency of the
Evidence.”
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Pa.R.E. 803(25)(E) states:
The following are not excluded by the rule against hearsay,
regardless of whether the declarant is available as a witness: . . .
(25) An Opposing Party’s Statement. The statement
is offered against an opposing party and: . . .
(E) was made by the party’s coconspirator during and
in furtherance of the conspiracy.
This Court has articulated the standard for admitting evidence pursuant to this
exception to the rule against hearsay as follows:
To lay a foundation for the co-conspirator exception to the hearsay
rule, the Commonwealth must prove that: (1) a conspiracy
existed between declarant and the person against whom the
evidence is offered and (2) the statement sought to be admitted
was made during the course of the conspiracy. In addition, there
must be evidence other than the statement of the co-conspirator
to prove that a conspiracy existed.
The order of proof is within the discretion of the lower court, which
may, upon only slight evidence of the conspiracy, admit such
statements subject to later proof of the conspiracy.
Commonwealth v. Feliciano, 67 A.3d 19, 27 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en banc)
(emphasis added) (citations omitted).
Here, the statements of Appellant’s co-conspirator, V.G., during the
recorded calls could be interpreted as evidence (however slight) of a
conspiracy between Appellant and V.G., because V.G. offered funds to M.C. in
order to benefit Appellant. “[E]vidence other than the statement of the co-
conspirator” was also offered “to prove that a conspiracy existed,” Feliciano,
67 A.3d at 27, in the form of the promissory note -- which Appellant admitted
signing -- received by L.C.’s family that promised to pay $40,000 for L.C.’s
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education. Accordingly, the recorded phone calls were properly admitted
pursuant to an exception to the rule against hearsay. Consequently, all of
Appellant’s sub-claims challenging the admission of the recorded calls merit
no relief.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Appellant raises a sufficiency claim: “The evidence at trial was
insufficient to sustain each of Appellant’s convictions for Intimidation of a
Witness or Conspiracy to commit the same, as the evidence established only
financial inducement.” Appellant’s Brief at 18.6
“Whether sufficient evidence exists to support the verdict is a question
of law; our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.”
Commonwealth v. Hutchison, 164 A.3d 494, 497 (Pa. Super.) (citations
omitted), appeal denied, 176 A.3d 231 (Pa. 2017).
Witness Intimidation
Appellant was convicted of intimidation of a witness or victim pursuant
to two different subsections of 18 Pa.C.S. § 4952(a) – i.e., § 4952(a)(1) and
§ 4952(a)(3), which state:
(a) Offense defined.--A person commits an offense if, with the
intent to or with the knowledge that his conduct will obstruct,
impede, impair, prevent or interfere with the administration of
criminal justice, he intimidates or attempts to intimidate any
witness or victim to:
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6 Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support his
conviction for intimidation in a child abuse case pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 4958(a)(2)(ii). See Appellant’s Brief at 18-19.
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(1) Refrain from informing or reporting to any law
enforcement officer, prosecuting official or judge concerning
any information, document or thing relating to the
commission of a crime. . . .
(3) Withhold any testimony, information, document or thing
relating to the commission of a crime from any law
enforcement officer, prosecuting official or judge.
Appellant argues that the evidence failed to establish that he made any
threat or intimidated any witness or victim. Appellant maintains that the
Commonwealth relied on financial inducement alone and claims that is not
sufficient to constitute the elements of the charges.
In Commonwealth v. Doughty, 126 A.3d 951 (Pa. 2015), the
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania addressed the elements that the
Commonwealth must establish in order to prove witness intimidation pursuant
to § 4952(a)(3), when the defendant had made a pecuniary offer to a witness.
Our Supreme Court stated: “Whether an offer of a pecuniary or other benefit
contains sufficient indicia of intimidation is to be determined by the fact finder
and assessed under the totality of the circumstances, cognizant that proof of
manifest threats is not required.” Id. at 957. As this Court summarized in
Commonwealth v. Von Evans, 163 A.3d 980, 984–85 (Pa. Super.), appeal
denied, 170 A.3d 1023 (Pa. 2017):
Applying this general principle to a case in which the defendant
made a pecuniary offer to his wife not to testify at his aggravated
assault trial, the Supreme Court first analyzed the explicit
language of the Witness Intimidation statute.[7] The Supreme
Court observed that the original version of the Witness
Intimidation statute used the term “induce.” Doughty, 126 A.3d
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7 The appellant in Von Evans was convicted of 18 Pa.C.S. § 4952(a)(6).
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at 954. The legislature later amended the Witness Intimidation
statute, replacing the term “induce” with “intimidates.” Id. at
953–54.
The Doughty Court, thus, concluded that the fact-finder cannot
infer “intimidation” from the mere offer of a pecuniary benefit not
to testify. Id. at 957. Rather, there must be other evidence from
which the fact-finder can infer intimidation, such as a prior
relationship between the defendant and victim or the manner in
which the defendant made the pecuniary offer not to testify[.]
Although the appellant in Doughty was convicted of 18 Pa.C.S. § 4952(a)(3)
and the appellant in Von Evans was convicted of § 4952(a)(6), we find
nothing in the reasoning of either case limiting their analyses to those two
subsections. Instead, the rationale of both cases can be extrapolated for 18
Pa.C.S. § 4952(a)(1).
Here, based upon Doughty, the trial court asserted:
In this case, while the Commonwealth did show evidence of
pecuniary inducement, in the form of the promissory note signed
by [Appellant], the Commonwealth presented further evidence in
the form of transcribed phone calls between [M.C. and V.G., who]
is Appellant’s girlfriend and the mother of his children. In these
phone conversations, [M.C.] and [V.G.] discuss the amount of
money that [Appellant] and [V.G.] will send to [L.C.]’s family if
they drop the charges.
[V.G.] repeatedly talks of the difficulties these charges are causing
her and her family. She states that she cries and cries and that
she is going to die. In the first conversation, [V.G.] states “It was
told - It was told to him, to do it and sign it. He didn’t want to
accept that because that would be accepting that he is guilty. I
told him I was going to die here.” Throughout these phone
conversations, [V.G.] repeatedly discusses the pain she and
[Appellant] are going through as a result of these charges. In
addition, [L.C.] testified that while the abuse was ongoing,
[Appellant] would tell her not to tell anyone or something bad
would happen.
When looking at the totality of the circumstances, [Appellant] and
[V.G.] intimidated and conspired to intimidate [L.C.]. [Appellant]
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told [L.C.] that if she reported the abuse to anyone, something
bad would happen. [Appellant] and [V.G.] attempted to pay [L.C.]
money in exchange for her dropping the charges. Further, [V.G.]
would repeatedly tell [M.C.] about the pain these charges were
causing her and her family, even stating that she was going to
die. Therefore, there was sufficient evidence put forth by the
Commonwealth to the jury for them to find [Appellant] guilty of
the intimidation charges above.
TCO at 7-8 (citations to the record omitted). We agree with the trial court’s
analysis, but we also note that, in addition to the evidence mentioned by the
trial court, including the admission of the phone calls themselves, M.C.
testified as to the content of the conversations between herself and V.G. about
the offer of money to retract the accusations against Appellant. N. T. Trial at
205-13. M.C. further testified that, when she received the promissory note,
she recognized the signature on it as Appellant’s and the handwriting on its
mailing envelope as V.G.’s. Id. Additionally, Appellant admitted during his
trial testimony that he signed the promissory note and was following V.G.’s
instructions. Id. at 334-45, 339. Thus, under the totality of the
circumstances, the evidence was more than sufficient to support Appellant’s
conviction for witness intimidation. Von Evans, 163 A.3d at 984–85.
Conspiracy
Appellant also insists that the recorded calls do not establish that a
conspiracy existed, because there was no proof that Appellant caused those
phone calls to be made. Appellant’s Brief at 18.
Appellant was convicted of conspiracy to commit witness intimidation
pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 903(a), which defines conspiracy as:
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A person is guilty of conspiracy with another person or persons to
commit a crime if with the intent of promoting or facilitating its
commission he:
(1) agrees with such other person or persons that they or
one or more of them will engage in conduct which
constitutes such crime or an attempt or solicitation to
commit such crime; or
(2) agrees to aid such other person or persons in the
planning or commission of such crime or of an attempt or
solicitation to commit such crime.
A criminal conspiracy conviction requires proof of:
(1) an intent to commit or aid in an unlawful act, (2) an agreement
with a co-conspirator and (3) an overt act in furtherance of the
conspiracy. Because it is difficult to prove an explicit or formal
agreement to commit an unlawful act, such an act may be proved
inferentially by circumstantial evidence, i.e., the relations,
conduct or circumstances of the parties or overt acts on the part
of the co-conspirators.
Circumstantial evidence can include, but is not limited to, the
relationship between the parties, the knowledge of and
participation in the crime, and the circumstances and conduct of
the parties surrounding the criminal episode. These factors may
coalesce to establish a conspiratorial agreement beyond a
reasonable doubt where one factor alone might fail.
Commonwealth v. Thomas, 65 A.3d 939, 943 (Pa. Super. 2013) (internal
citations and quotation marks omitted) (some formatting added).
Here, the trial court summarized the evidence of conspiracy as follows:
[T]he Commonwealth provided evidence that [Appellant] and
[V.G.] conspired to send . . . $40,000.00 [to L.C.] in exchange for
dropping the charges against him. Further, [V.G.], the co-
conspirator, discussed the preparation of the document and the
strain the charges were causing her family with her sister, [M.C.].
The document was prepared in the Dominican Republic, where
[Appellant] was staying.
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TCO at 8-9. Additionally, during his trial testimony, Appellant admitted to
signing the promissory note at V.G.’s request. Appellant also returned to the
United States from the Dominican Republic after L.C.’s family had received
the promissory note. The jury could infer from this timing that Appellant
returned, because he believed that L.C. would retract her accusations against
him now that the bribe had been received. All of these factors coalesce to
establish a conspiratorial agreement beyond a reasonable doubt – specifically,
that Appellant and V.G. agreed to intimidate L.C. and her family into retracting
their report to law enforcement and withholding any additional information
from law enforcement. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 903(a); Thomas, 65 A.3d at 943.
Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to support Appellant’s
convictions for witness intimidation and conspiracy. Consequently, Appellant’s
final issue merits no relief.
Judgment of sentence affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 03/27/2018
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