Com. v. Hainley, R. ( 2016 )

J-S24012-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
v. :
:
RICHARD ALLEN HAINLEY, :
:
Appellant : No. 1202 MDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence January 25, 2012
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-38-0001662-2010
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., BOWES and MUSMANNO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED JUNE 16, 2016
Richard Allen Hainley (“Hainley”) appeals from the judgment of
sentence entered following his conviction of two counts of involuntary
deviate sexual intercourse (“IDSI”), and one count each of indecent assault
and endangering the welfare of children.1 We affirm.
In an Opinion filed on August 28, 2012, the trial court summarized the
factual history underlying the instant appeal. See Trial Court Opinion,
8/28/12, at 3-8. We adopt the trial court’s recitation of the facts for the
purpose of this appeal. See id.
Following a bench trial, Hainley was found guilty of the above-
described charges. On January 25, 2016, the trial court sentenced Hainley
to an aggregate prison term of 10-25 years. Hainley filed a post-sentence
1
See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3123, 3126, 4304.
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Motion, which the trial court denied. Thereafter, Hainley timely filed a direct
appeal of his judgment of sentence.
On appeal, Hainley challenged, inter alia, his jury trial waiver colloquy
as inadequate. The trial court conceded that there was no evidence of
record regarding Hainley’s waiver colloquy. Trial Court Opinion, 8/28/12, at
15. As a result, a panel of this Court vacated the trial court’s Order denying
Hainley’s post-sentence Motion, and remanded the case for an evidentiary
hearing as to whether Hainley’s jury trial waiver was knowing and intelligent.
Commonwealth v. Hainley, 75 A.3d 554 (Pa. Super. 2013) (unpublished
memorandum at 14-15). Thereafter, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court
denied Hainley’s Petition for allowance of appeal. Commonwealth v.
Hainley, 83 A.3d 167 (Pa. 2013).
On remand, the trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing as to
whether Hainley had knowingly and intelligently waived his right to a jury
trial. In an Opinion and Order entered on June 12, 2015, the trial court
found that counsel for Hainley had, in fact, obtained a written jury trial
waiver colloquy from Hainley, and that an oral colloquy had taken place.
Trial Court Opinion, 6/12/15, at 17. The trial court ultimately found that
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Hainley had knowingly and intelligently waived his right to a jury trial. Id.
at 19. Accordingly, the trial court again denied Hainley’s post-sentence
Motion. Id. Hainley subsequently filed the instant timely appeal, followed
by a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Concise Statement of matters
complained of on appeal.
Hainley presents the following claims for our review:
I. Was the holding of an evidentiary hearing, after the 120 day
time period for holding such a hearing, legal[,] and did the [trial
court] err in holding the hearing and, furthermore, did a prior
Superior Court panel err in remanding the matter to the [trial
court] for a hearing?
II. Is [Hainley] entitled to a new trial where his purported waiver
of [a] jury trial was not made in a knowing, intelligent and
voluntary fashion[,] and where the trial record reflects that no
colloquy of [Hainley] was undertaken by the Commonwealth or
the [trial court], and where the [t]rial [c]ourt has conceded that
there is no supporting documentation at all of [Hainley’s]
waiver?
III. Is [Hainley] entitled to an arrest of judgment on all
charges[,] as the evidence is insufficient to sustain the verdict?
IV. Is [Hainley] entitled to a new trial[,] as the verdict is not
supported by the greater weight of the evidence?
Brief for Appellant at 3 (emphasis in original).
Hainley first claims that a panel of the Pennsylvania Superior Court
erred by remanding the matter for an evidentiary hearing as to whether he
had waived his right to a jury trial. Id. at 21. Hainley contends that this
Court erred when it ruled “that a hearing should occur, and especially erred
if [the Court was] holding that the Commonwealth was, indeed, entitled to
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an evidentiary hearing.” Id. (emphasis in original). According to Hainley,
this Court’s ruling would, in effect, extend the post-sentence motion time
limit beyond 120 days, and the Court has no authority to do so. Id. at 21-
22.
“It is axiomatic that a three-judge panel is bound by previous panel
opinions[,] unless overruled by this Court sitting en banc, our Supreme
Court, or the United States Supreme Court.” Commonwealth v. Pepe, 897
A.2d 463, 465 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citation omitted). Because we cannot
reconsider the propriety of this Court’s prior Order, we cannot grant Hainley
relief on this claim. See id.Hainley next challenges the trial court’s determination that he
knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to a jury trial. Brief for Appellant
at 25. According to Hainley, the record developed at the evidentiary shows
that there was no oral or written colloquy at the time he purportedly waived
his right to a jury trial. Id. In addition, Hainley argues, the record does
not support the prosecutor’s claim that there was, in fact, a colloquy. Id.Hainley directs our attention to the testimony of his counsel, Allan L.
Sodomsky, Esquire (“Attorney Sodomsky”). Id. at 27-28. According to
Hainley, Attorney Sodomsky never asked Hainley whether he “wanted” a
jury trial. Id. at 27. Further, Hainley points out Attorney Sodomsky’s
testimony that he was uncertain whether he had clearly explained the
differences between a bench and jury trial to Hainley. Id. at 28. Hainley
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also directs our attention to Attorney Sodomsky’s testimony that, while he
explained “all that stuff” to Hainley, Attorney Sodomsky did not believe that
written documents were necessary, as they were repetitive. Id.
In addition, Hainley relies upon the testimony of Arthur Guistwite
(“Guistwite”), who testified that he never saw Attorney Sodomsky give
Hainley an explanation of the rights that Hainley would relinquish upon
proceeding to a bench trial. Id. According to Hainley, Guistwite testified
that, “[w]hile counsel explained that there would not be twelve jurors, he did
not explain the differences in how a judge or a jury might reach and return a
verdict.” Id. Hainley further relies on Guistwite’s testimony that he did not
see any forms that Hainley would have filled out. Id.
Hainley also directs our attention to his own testimony, in which he
acknowledged that the idea of a bench trial was first discussed with him on
the first day of trial. Id. at 29. Hainley points out his testimony that, while
he wanted a jury trial, he was “scared,” and “went along with his attorney.”
Id. According to Hainley, “he did not sign any waiver forms, nor was he
questioned by the [trial court] on the waiver.” Id. Hainley argues that,
reading the testimony of all of the witnesses as a “totality,” the record
supports his claim that he did not knowingly, intelligently or voluntarily
waive his right to a jury trial. Id. at 32.
Waiver of the right to a jury trial is governed by Pa.R.Crim.P. 620:
In all cases, the defendant and the attorney for the
Commonwealth may waive a jury trial with approval by a judge
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of the court in which the case is pending, and elect to have the
judge try the case without a jury. The judge shall ascertain from
the defendant whether this is a knowing and intelligent waiver,
and such colloquy shall appear on the record. The waiver shall
be in writing, made a part of the record, and signed by the
defendant, the attorney for the Commonwealth, the judge and
the defendant’s attorney as a witness.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 620. The colloquy conducted by the trial court must apprise
the defendant of the following essential elements of a trial by jury: that the
jury would be selected from members of the community; that the verdict
must be unanimous; and that the defendant would be allowed to participate
in the selection of the jury. Commonwealth v. Shablin, 524 A.2d 511,
513 (Pa. Super. 1987). In deciding whether a jury waiver is valid, we
employ a totality of the circumstances analysis that examines, among other
things, the extent to which counsel and client discussed the
waiver. Commonwealth v. O'Donnell, 740 A.2d 198, 219 (Pa. 1999);
Commonwealth v. DeGeorge, 485 A.2d 1089, 1091 (Pa. 1984).
Applying the totality of the circumstances test in the instant case, the
record supports the trial court’s analysis and determination that Hainley’s
waiver was knowing, voluntary and intelligent. See Trial Court Opinion,
6/12/15, at 4-19. We agree with the sound reasoning of the trial court, and
affirm the trial court’s resolution of this claim on the basis of its June 12,
2015 Opinion. See id. We additionally observe the following.
Hainley points out the trial court’s repeated references to the PCRA,
and argues that the trial court applied the wrong standard when addressing
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his jury trial waiver. Brief for Appellant at 34-35. Our review of the trial
court’s Opinion discloses that the trial court improperly referred to the
hearing on remand as a “PCRA” proceeding. See, e.g., Trial Court Opinion,
6/12/15, at 6-7 (citing to the “PCRA Hearing”), 10 (referring to testimony at
the “PCRA hearing”). Notwithstanding, it is clear from the trial court’s
Opinion that it applied the appropriate burden of proof and law in addressing
Hainley’s claim. See id. at 4 (applying a totality of the circumstances
standard in determining whether the waiver is valid), 4-5 (stating that it is
the Commonwealth’s burden to affirmatively establish a jury trial waiver), 18
(stating that the Commonwealth “has fulfilled its burden of proving a
knowing and voluntary waiver on the part of [Hainley].”). Accordingly, the
trial court’s mischaracterization of the hearing does not entitle Hainley to
relief.
In his third claim, Hainley challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
underlying his verdict. Brief for Appellant at 40. Hainley points out that
“[n]o one was present when the child was allegedly touched by [Hainley].”
Id. Therefore, Hainley argues, the testimony of the other witnesses “is only
as reliable as the young child in the instant matter.” Id. Hainley directs our
attention to alleged contradictions in the child’s testimony, and observes
that the child failed to report the March 2009 incident until October 2010.
Id. Hainley also details incidents involving the child’s mother, who,
following their breakup, allegedly stalked Hainley, his girlfriend and his
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associates. Id. at 40-41. Hainley further asserts that there is no evidence
of a change in the child’s behavior immediately following the first incident.
Id. at 43. Accordingly to Hainley, “at the end of the day, all that the
Commonwealth can produce is the bald allegations of the child.” Id.
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence,
“we must determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, and
all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in a
light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner,
support the conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Commonwealth v. Brown, 2012 PA Super 150, 52 A.3d 320,
323 (Pa.Super. 2012). Critically important, we must draw all
reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the
Commonwealth as the verdict-winner. Commonwealth v.
Hopkins, 2013 PA Super 122, 67 A.3d 817, 820 (Pa.Super.
2013). “Where there is sufficient evidence to enable the trier of
fact to find every element of the crime has been established
beyond a reasonable doubt, the sufficiency of the evidence claim
must fail.” Brown, supra at 323. Of course, “the evidence
established at trial need not preclude every possibility of
innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or none
of the evidence presented.” Id.The Commonwealth can meet its burden “by wholly
circumstantial evidence and any doubt about the defendant’s
guilt is to be resolved by the fact[-]finder unless the evidence is
so weak and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability
of fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances.” Id. It
is improper for this Court “to re-weigh the evidence and
substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder.” Id.Additionally, “the entire record must be evaluated and all
evidence actually received must be considered.” Id.Commonwealth v. Watley, 81 A.3d 108, 113 (Pa. Super. 2013).
In its August 28, 2012 Opinion, the trial court addressed Hainley’s
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, and concluded that it lacks
merit. See Trial Court Opinion, 8/28/12, at 9-12. We agree with the sound
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reasoning of the trial court, and affirm on the basis of its Opinion with regard
to this claim. See id.In his fourth claim, Hainley challenges the verdict as against the
weight of the evidence. Brief for Appellant at 46. In support, Hainley states
that
what the case comes down to is the child’s testimony versus
[Hainley’s] testimony; [Hainley’s] lack of prior inculpatory
statements; the gross lack of corroborating evidence; and the
seemingly complete support of the community, all attesting to
the good character of [Hainley].
Id. at 46-47. Hainley points out the context of the child’s first allegation of
abuse. Id. at 48. According to Hainley, at the time of the child’s first
allegation, she was being “chastised by her mother for inappropriate
behavior.” Id. Hainley posits that, “in order to deflect her mother’s
disapproval[, the child] made up a story that would upset her mother and
defect her mother’s anger elsewhere.” Id.
A motion for a new trial based upon a claim that the verdict is against
the weight of the evidence is addressed to the discretion of the trial court.
Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 1049, 1054-55 (Pa. 2013).
A new trial should not be granted because of a mere conflict in
the testimony or because the judge on the same facts would
have arrived at a different conclusion. Rather, the role of the
trial judge is to determine that notwithstanding all the facts,
certain facts are so clearly of greater weight that to ignore them
or to give them equal weight with all the facts is to deny justice.
It has often been stated that a new trial should be awarded
when the jury’s verdict is so contrary to the evidence as to shock
one’s sense of justice and the award of a new trial is imperative
so that right may be given another opportunity to prevail.
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Id. at 1055 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Our standard
of review of a weight claim is distinct from the standard of review applied by
the trial court:
Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of
discretion, not of the underlying question of whether the verdict
is against the weight of the evidence. Because the trial judge
has had the opportunity to hear and see the evidence presented,
an appellate court will give the gravest consideration to the
findings and reasons advanced by the trial judge when reviewing
a trial court’s determination that the verdict is against the weight
of the evidence. One of the least assailable reasons for granting
or denying a new trial is the lower court’s conviction that the
verdict was or was not against the weight of the evidence and
that a new trial should be granted in the interest of justice.
Id. (citations omitted) (quoting Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745,
753 (Pa. 2000)).
In its August 28, 2012 Opinion, the trial court addressed Hainley’s
claim and concluded that it lacks merit. See Trial Court Opinion, 8/28/12, at
13-14. Upon our review of the record, we discern no abuse of discretion by
the trial court in this regard. Accordingly, we affirm on the basis of the trial
court’s Opinion with regard to this claim. See id.Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/16/2016
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Circulated 05/19/2016 02:56 PM
....,.....::.'ii-"°'
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF LEBANON COUNTY
, ...... ,..)
PENNSYLVANIA -:. ~;
CRIMINAL DIVISION , ,
, ,, , ..
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA NO. 1662-2010 .. ,., ....
·-- ,l
. .
~ • .... ,,~;··
( ::
v. _)
........ -·
RICHARDALLEN HAINLEY
APPEARANCES:
COURTNEY HAIR, ESQUIRE FOR THE COMMONWEALTH
ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATIORNEY
DAVID RUDENSTEIN, ESQUIRE FOR RICHARD ALLEN HAINLEY
OPINIION, TYLWALK, P.J., JUNE 11t2015.
Defendant was charged with two counts of Involuntary Deviate Sexual
Intercourse, one count of Indecent Assault, and one count of Endangering the
Welfare of Children.1 He was scheduled for a jury trial to be held during the
. -:.,;;,·.;"'``
October 3, 2011 Criminal Jury Trial term. After he appeared for the Call of the List
on October 3, 3011, his jury trial was scheduled for October 5, 2011.
On October 3, 3011, defense counsel, Allen Sodomsky, Esquire
'i;.,.
r~-
{"Sodomsky"} notified the Court and the Commonwealth that Defendant might
1
18 Pa.C.S.A. §3123, 18 Pa.CS.A. §3126, and 18 Pa.CS.A. §4304, respectively.
1
desire to proceed with a bench trial rather than a jury trial. After being given time
···• ...~.K/:'-~
for consultation with Defendant, Sodomsky reported back to the Court that
Defendant preferred a bench trial. The Commonwealth attorney, Megan Ryland-
Tanner, Esquire ("Ryland-Tanner") indicated that she would not object only if the
.. ~.;:"'··-·....-,,.;·•
bench trial took place on October 5, 2011. Despite the fact that bench trials are
not normally conducted during Criminal Jury Trial Term, we agreed to conduct
Defendant's bench trial on that date. After the bench trial, we found Defendant
•'.!:'"''"'
guilty of all charges by Order issued October.,6, 2011. On January 25, 2012, we
sentenced Defendant to eleven (11)to twenty-five (25) years and provided him
with notice of his Megan's Law registration requirements. On February 1, 2012,
Defendant filed a Post-Sentence Motion challenging the sufficiency and weight of
the evidence, the admission of testimony from the Tender Years hearing and the
validity of his waiver to his right to a jury trial.
Both parties filed their Briefsand our.decision was due June 14, 2012. In its
Brief, the Commonwealth sought a hearing on the issue of Defendant's waiver to
have a jury trial due to the absence of any documents or indication of an oral
colloquy of Defendant's waiver in the record. <.,_, .....
Because we were likewise
unsuccessful in locating any supporting documentation of Defendant's waiver, we
were unable to rule on that issue, and instead scheduled a hearing to aid us in
2
making our determination. Because we were beyond the time limit for rendering
our decision, Defendant objected to the scheduling of the hearing and instead
notified this Court of his intention to file a Notice of Appeal. (See Case
Correspondence dated June 11, 2012) Hence, we entered an Order on June 14,
2012 deeming the Post-Sentence Motion denied by operation of law. Defendant
filed a Notice of Appeal to the Superior Court of Pennsylvania on June 29, 2012.
On August 28, 2012, we issued an Order and Opinion in which we recommended
to the Superior Court that the matter be remanded on the waiver issue so that we
. ..,.;;~<-..;:,.i.1"'"·~
could proceed with an evidentiary hearing in order to determine the
circumstances of Defendant's waiver of his right to a jury trial. By Order filed
April 15, 2013, the Superior Court remanded the matter to us for a hearing on the
waiver issue and declined to rule on Defendant's other asserted bases for relief.
The Superior Court denied Defendant's Application for
Reconsideration/Reargument on June 21, 2013 and the Supreme Court of
Pennsylvaniadenied his Petition for Allowance of Appeal on December 23, 2011.
We conducted a hearing on the Post-Sentence Motions on July 17, 2014. A
transcript of that hearing has been lodged, the parties have submitted Briefs, and
the matter is now before us for resolution. ~·'--"
3
With regard to a criminal defendant's waiver of his right to a jury trial, Pa.R.
Crim. P. 620 provides:
Rule 620. Waiver of Jury Trial
In all cases,the defendant and the attorney for the Commonwealth may
waive a jury trial with approval by a judge of the court in which the case is
pending, and elect to have the judge try the casewithout a jury. The judge
shall ascertain from the defendant whether this is a knowing and intelligent
waiver, and such colloquy sh-all appearon the record. The waiver shall be in
writing, made a part of the record, and signed by the defendant, the
attorney for the Commonwealth, the judge, and the defendant's attorney
as a witness.
Pa.R.Crim.P.620. In Commonwealth v. Foreman, 797 A.2d 1005 (Pa. Super.
. .:~'
2002), the Court explained:
The colloquy conducted by the trial court must apprise the defendant
of the following essential elements of a trial by jury: that the jury would be
selected from members of the community, that the verdict must be
unanimous, and that the defendant would be allowed to participate in the
selection of the jury. Commonwealth v. Shablin~ 362 Pa.Super.289, 524
A.2d 511 (1987). Our Supreme Court ruled that in deciding whether a jury
waiver is valid, we must employ a totality of the circumstances analysis
which examines, among other things, the extent to which counsel and
client discussedthe waiver. Commonwealth v. DeGeorge, 506 Pa. 445, 449,
485 A.2d 1089, 1091 (1984). Therefore, we are compelled to go beyond the
colloquy and examine the record as a"whole and the circumstances
surrounding Appellant's waiver of his right to a jury trial in order to
determine whether that waiver was voluntary. Id.797 A.2d at 1015. The waiver of a jury trial is a personal right of the accused.The
4
prosecution has the burden of affirm'atively establishing waiver. Commonwealth
v. Morin, 383 A.2d 832 {Pa. 1978). The basic ingredients of a jury trial,
understanding of which are necessaryto a knowing and intelligent waiver, are the
requirements that the jury be chosen from the community, that the verdict be
unanimous, and that the defendant be allowed to participate. Commonwealth v.
Williams, 447 A.2d 963, 301 Pa.Super, 271, {Pa. Super. 1982). Such a waiver is to
be approved by the court. Before it rnay be said that defendant has knowingly and
intelligently waived the right to a jury trial, the on-the-record colloquy must show
that the defendant fully comprehended the~sJgnificanceof the right being waived.
Id. If the record is insufficient, the trial court may conduct an evidentiary
hearing to determine whether the totality of the circumstances indicates that
Defendant's waiver of trial by jury was knowing and intelligent. Commonwealth
v. DeGeorge, 485 A.2d 1089, 1091 (Pa. 1984}.2
Sodomsky testified that prior to listing this case for trial, he had numerous
lengthy meetings with Defendant and his family in his law office. He explained
that during those meetings, they discussedwhether Defendant should opt for a
2
In DeGeorge, the record contained only a document signed by Defendant which indicated that he "pleads not
guilty and ... waives a jury trial and elects to be tried by a judge without a jury." Finding that it had no way to
determine the validity of the waiver, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania remanded the case to the trial court for
an evidentiary hearing to determine whether the 'waiver was knowing and intelligent.
5
jury trial or a bench trial. Sodomsky explained that over the course of his twenty-
three-year practice in criminal law, he had developed a standard speech regarding
the details and attributes of both jury trials and bench trials and that he gave this
speech to Defendant. He testified that he "absolutely" advised Defendant of the
differences between the two types of proceedings, his rights regarding a jury trial,
and how a jury trial worked (N.T. PCRA Hearing, 7 /17 /14 at 11-12) He informed
Defendant that a unanimous decision of twelve people was necessary for a jury's
verdict, that there existed the possibility of a hung jury, and that with a bench
trial, only the decision of the one judge was.necessary. He indicated to Defendant
that emotion would not be a factor with a bench trial. Sodomsky noted that
Defendant seemed to have no difficulty comprehending this information and that
he never indicated that he did not understand.anything.
,.,_.,,,,,.,-·
Sodomsky stated his
opinion that Defendant was very intelligent and had often "called the shots"
throughout trial preparation. (N.T. PCRA Hearing, 7/17 /14 at 12) Sodomsky had
explained to Defendant that there ".Yas a good chance of getting "level footing" if
. . . . ...
the case was assignedto a certain Courtroom. (N.T. PCRA Hearing, 7 /17 /14 at 21)
Sodomsky explained that the decision whether to proceed with a jury trial
or a bench trial was a tactical decision. Becauseall judges are different, he could
not give a good opinion about which was best until he knew which Lebanon
6
County judge would be assigned to the case. Due to Lebanon County procedure,
he would not know which Judge would hear the case until the morning of October
3, 2011 after Call of the List. He explained that he was prepared to select a jury
and proceed with a jury trial until that tlme.r"
Sodomsky explained that once he learned which Judge would preside over
Defendant's case on October 3, 2011, he discussed with Ryland-Tanner and the
Court the possibility of having a bench trial. ... .He felt that the assigned Judge
would give Defendant "a fair shake." The Court gave him some time to discuss
this possibility with Defendant. Sodomsky discussed this option with Defendant
outside of the Courtroom. Sodomsky recalled that his employee, Robin Wertz,3
'"',, ......... 41'
Defendant, and Defendant's girlfriend, mother and two sisters were involved in
the conversation. Sodomsky advised Defendant that he believed a bench trial
was in his best interest. This opinion was based on a consideration of the nature
of the sex charges and the type of evidence which would be presented by the
Commonwealth, which included the testimony of the young female victim.
Sodomsky believed that if the evidence was believed, it was sufficient to
substantiate a verdict in favor of the Commonwealth. Defendant and his family
3
Wertz was Sodomsky's office manager and a jury consultant who was there to help him pick a jury for
Defendant's case.
7
had a lot of questions. Sodomsky and Wertz answered all of their questions.
Defendant told Sodomsky that he wanted the best chance at being found not
"·-.-~"---
guilty. Sodomsky insisted that he again went over with Defendant the differences
between a jury trial and a bench trial and the rights he would give up by
proceeding with a bench trial at that time. Sodomsky also insisted that the
ultimate decision to proceed with a bench trial was made by Defendant.
Once Defendant had indicated his decision to proceed with a bench trial,
Sodomsky believed that he obtained the paperwork for Defendant's written
waiver. Although he did not know who routinely filled out the paperwork for
such waivers, he noted that he would have had Defendant sign the written waiver
form on that morning. He did not have a copy of the written waiver in his own
file, noting that he would not have kept a copy. of the form. He knew that the
written form was required. He noted that prior to that time, he had arranged jury
trial waivers for clients in Lebanon County many times and that he would have
obtained the written form in this case. He also believed that the judge conducted
oral questioning regarding the waiver in Court; however, he had no specific
recollection of the questions asked and was not sure whether the Court's
discussion was recorded. ··,.,,. .
8
Sodomsky further noted that Defendant appeared to be nervous on the
morning of the bench trial. He never asked Sodomsky about the lack of a jury at
the Tender Years Hearing which preceded th·;~rial or prior to or during the bench
trial itself. Sodomsky insisted that had Defendant ever indicated to him that he
wanted a jury trial, even after the proceedings had begun, he would have
immediately stopped the proceedings and related that information to the Court.
Defendant never told him that he did not want a bench trial.
Robin Wertz ("Wertz"), Sodomsky's office manager and jury consultant,
testified that she had been involved with Defendant's case since the point when
their office received discovery a number of months prior to the trial date. She
had been present during the meetings at Sodomsky's law office and was involved
in discussions with Sodomsky and Defendantabout whether to have the case
......,.{.r"
decided by a judge or a jury. She remembered Sodomskytelling Defendant about
how a jury trial was conducted and explaining the differences between a jury trial
and a bench trial. Although she kn~w that this could be an emotionally-charged
.. ,,,.~,. :~-``'
case due to the nature of the charges and the testimony of the little girl, she
never advised against having a jury trial.
Wertz was present at Court on October 3, 2011 to help Sodomsky with jury
.,,..,;;:
selection. She testified that when Sodomsky came out of the Courtroom, he was
9
pleased with the Courtroom assignment. She and Sodomsky discussed the
possible emotional impact the testimony of the young female victim might have
on a jury and discussed the option of proceeding with a bench trial with
Defendant and his family members. Sodomsky went over with Defendant and his
family members the differences between the two proceedings, the fact that
Defendant had the right to pick a jury and proceed with a jury trial, and how that
whole process would work. Sodornskv indicated to the group that he felt the
assignedJudge would keep emotion out of his decision and would pay attention
to the facts. Wertz did recall Sodornskv explaining to Defendant the difference
between a bench trial and a jury trial and emphasizing to him that he had the
right to go before a jury. Sodomsky never told Defendant that he had already
decided to proceed with a bench trial. Wertz heard Defendant say that he would
go with a bench trial. ,,..;;;:•·
Ryland-Tanner,the Commonwealth attorney who prosecuted this case, also
testified at the PCRA hearing. Ryland-Tanner explained that on the morning of
October 3, 2011, Sodomsky approached her about the possibility of having a
bench trial. Ryland-Tanner indicated that this was the first time Sodomsky
mentioned having a bench trial in this case. When Sodomsky told her that
. Defendant desired a bench trial, she told him that she would not object as long as
~- 10 ····,~.-:J"'-',.,.~··
the bench trial could be conducted during thaftrial week. She recalled that
Sodomsky handed her a completed, signed, and initialed waiver form. She also
recalled the judge engaging Defendant in an oral colloquy and that once that was
completed, Defendant indicated hewlshed towaive his right to a jury trial.
Ryland-Tanner also testified that during the Tender Years Hearing, bench trial and
Sentencing, she never heard Defendant say anything about wanting a jury trial.
Ryland-Tanner recalled that Defendant had testified during the bench trial and
-x-'
never indicated any concerns or confusion about the process. Also, after
Sentencing, Defendant voiced no concerns when the Court asked him if he had
any problems or concerns with his legal representation.
On cross-examination, Ryland Tanner admitted that neither the written
. waiver nor the oral colloquy appear in the record of this case. However, she
noted that this was an uncommon situation and that she would not have
.......... . .
proceeded to a bench trial without a waiver. She indicated that she had searched
her file, had called Sodomsky about getting a copy of the waiver, had checked the
Clerk of Courts file, and had looked for a transcript of the oral colloquy.
When asked whether anything out of ih; ordinary had occurred in Court on
October 3, 2011, Ryland-Tanner noted that there were no other people present in
the Courtroom during the Court's oral colloquy. She could not recall whether a
11
member of the Clerk of Court's office or a stenographer were still present at that
"'--
point as the Courtroom had already been cleared out after Call of the List was
over. Ryland-Tannerspecifically recalled being handed the written waiver and it
going up to the Judge. She specifically remembered the conversation going back
and forth between the Judge and Defendantand that once that conversation was
completed, the Judge told those present that he would see them in a couple of
days. Ryland-Tanner was adamant that she would not have proceeded to a bench
trial without ensuring that a written waiver ,,.had.
,,...,;;;~"'/
been obtained.
Marian Hainley, Defendant's mother, also testified at the hearing. She
explained that she had helped her son obtain the services of Sodomsky and that
she had gone to Sodomsky's office with her son to discussthe case on two or
~·.
three occasions. She claimed that she never heard any discussion of the choice
between a jury and a judge trial or how a jury trial would be conducted.
Mrs. Hainley had also been present on October 3, 2011. She recalled that
Sodomsky came out of the Courtroom and said "we got the judge we wanted,"
but did not explain what he meant by that statement. When he said he wanted
to go with a bench trial, she and Defendant both told him "no." After that,
Sodomsky left them and returned to the Courtroom. She did not go into the
Courtroom. She never saw her son sign any form and she did not remember the
12
Judge asking him any questions about whether he wanted a jury trial. On the
date of trial, she remembered that she and her son came with the assumption
that Sodomsky would be picking jurors, When she asked Sodomsky what was
,~,'t<'i'!'"~
going on, she remembers that he told her that he thought they should go with a
bench trial and "that was that."
Defendant also testified at the hearing. He testified that the first time
Sodomsky spoke to him about whether to have a jury trial or a bench trial was the
first day he was in the Courtroom for trial. During their previous meetings, the
differences between a bench trial and jury trial were brought up vaguely and
.. :.,./.``·
briefly, but not really discussed in depth. He never authorized Sodomsky to
discussthe possibility of having a bench trial with the Commonwealth or the
Court.
On October 3, 20122, Sodomskv cameoiit of the Courtroom and told him
there were some things they had to discuss. During their ten-minute discussion,
Sodomsky told him that a bench trial was in his best interest but did not discuss
the differences between the two types of proceedings. When Sodomsky asked
him for his decision, he told him he still wanted a jury trial. He insisted that he
never changed that position and never told Sodomsky to make the decision on his
own.
13
Defendant claimed that he only realized that he wasn't having a jury trial on
October 5, 2011 when the bench trial began and he saw that there was no jury.
When he asked Sodomsky what was going on, Sodomsky responded that they
.-,:"'*"
,. __ .. r:~ •
were having a bench trial. Defendant explained that at that point he was scared
and intimidated and that he just went along with whatever his attorney told him
to do. He insisted that he was never given any form to sign about his jury trial
rights and that the Judge never questioned him about whether he wanted a jury
trial or a bench trial. He explained that he felt Sodomsky had forced him into
going forward with the bench trial.
Arthur Geistwhite, Defendant's brothe.';:in-law was the final witness to
testify at the hearing. He had been present at one of the office meetings and did
not recall having any discussions regarding judge versus jury trial at that time. He
was also present outside the Courtroom on October 3, 2011 with his wife and
Defendant's girlfriend and other family members during the conversation with
Sodomsky. He testified that he had also expected Defendant to have a jury trial,
but Sodomsky said that Defendant had the opportunity to have a bench trial
instead and that he recommended the bench trial. He testified that Sodomsky did
not have any discussion about what rights Defendant would be giving up.
However, he recalled him talking about selecting twelve jurors from the
14
community and that Defendant would not do that at a bench trial. He did not
explain anything about how the Judge would reach his verdict. He never saw
Sodomsky give Defendant any forms to sign or have him go into the Courtroom.
"'<~
It is clear that in this case, the record does not satisfy the requirements of
Rule 620. Despite many efforts to locate them, the record does not contain the
written waiver form or any reference to or other indication of the oral colloquy.
Defendant and his family members claim that Defendant was never given
anything to sign and that he was never engaged in a discussion of his waiver with
the Judge. Defendant stated that his waiver was not addressed when he
appeared on October 5, 2011. He insisted tna·t he still thought he was going to
have a jury trial on that date and that he just went along with what his attorney
had decided on his own. Regardless,we believe that the evidence adduced at the
PCRA hearing indicates that under the totalltvof the circumstances, Defendant
knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to a jury trial.
Sodomsky and Wertz both testified that Defendant, along with any family
members accompanying him, was lnformedon.nurnerous occasions of the rights
and procedures involved in a jury trial, the option of having a bench trial, and the
differences between the two proceedings. Both also testified that Defendant
made the decision himself to proceed with a bench trial.
·.:,,,,:>'.", ..:.. ·
15
We find Sodomsky's testimony of his actions in this regard to be credible. A
..,;~;;.;,,·-
"'" . -
PCRA court may rely upon a trial counsel's description of his usual practices and
procedures as circumstantial evidence of his having acted in compliance with
constitutional minimums in a particular case. See, Commonwealth v. Basemore,
744 A.2d 717, 736, n. 19 (Pa. 2000); Commonwealth v. Dupert, 725 A.2d 750, 755
(Pa. 1999). A trial counsel's lack of recollection regarding specifics of a case in a
PCRA proceeding is not contradictory to testimony that he performed certain acts
on behalf of his client. See, Commonwealthv.
°Chmiel, 30 A.3d 1111 (Pa. 2011).
Here, Sodomsky testified that he understood that the written waiver was
required and that he routinely had his clients execute that form when waiving a
right to a jury trial in Lebanon County. He noted that since this form was
required, he would have ensured that Defendant executed one. We believe this
testimony of his normal procedure is indicative that he proceeded in this manner
in this case.
Also, although Sodomsky was unable to recall the specific details of
Defendant's execution of the written form, he was confident that Defendant had I
in fact, signed one. He testified thathe was unable to recall where he got the
-- ....,..:..,'.-1<-,_..:i,,•
form or any details regarding Defendant's execution of it. He also believed that
the Court engaged in an oral colloquy with Defendant, although he could not
16
recall the specific questions posed to
....·:·
Defendant by the Court. We do not find
that his lack of details is contradictory to his testimony of his general memory of
the form being executed and the oral colloquy being conducted.
We also find Ryland-Tanner's recollection of the events of this case to be
credible. Ryland-Tanner described the Courtroom situation at the time she
received the written waiver and the Court questioned Defendant. She specifically
recalled that the Courtroom had cleared out after Call of the List and that no
.;":'>"
others remained when Sodomsky and Defend~nt came in after their conference.
Ryland-Tannerspecifically remembered being handed the written waiver form by
Sodomsky. She was also present and remembered the Court questioning
Defendant regarding his waiver. Although the-whereabouts of the written waiver
is unknown, and there is no transcript of the oral colloquy, we are satisfied that
these two experienced attorneys did, in fact, make certain that a written waiver
was obtained from Defendant and that theoral colloquy did actually occur
despite the fact that they do not appear of record as required by Rule 620.4
4
This jurist also recalls Defendant executing a written waiver form and participating in an oral colloquy. However,
since a judge may not rely on facts which he remembers from'aprior proceeding but which are not part of the
record in the case before him, Commonwealth v. A.C. Cavel/, 213 A.2d 98 (Pa. Super. 1965), we may not take this
recollection into account in resolving this matter. For this reason, the Court had an employee of the Court conduct
a page-by-page examination of the Clerk of Court's physical files of all cases listed for trial during the October 2011
Criminal Jury Trial Term for the missing written waiver, on the chance that it had found its way into the wrong
17
,.__4..<'#r."
·~'
Moreover, regardless of the absence of the written waiver and a transcript
memorializing the oral colloquy from the record, we believe that other testimony
.~r
'·:tr"--,
adduced at the PCRA hearing, in addition to that of Sodomsky and Ryland-Tanner,
supports a finding the Defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to a
jury trial. Sodomsky and Wertz both testified that Sodomsky had given Defendant
all the necessary information and had discussedthe subject of having a bench
trial versus a jury trial many times prior to and on October 3, 2011. Wertz heard
Defendant specifically tell Sodomsky that he would go with a bench trial after the
discussion outside of the Courtroom on October 3, 2011. Also, Defendant went
through the Tender Years Hearing, bench trial and Sentencing without uttering a
word about having wanted a jury trial. We do not discredit the testimony of
Defendant's family members; however, we rnlist note that none of them was
present at all times during all proceedings and for all of Defendant's discussions
with Sodomsky.
Based on this evidence, we conclude that the Commonwealth has fulfilled
its burden of proving a knowing and voluntary waiver on the part of Defendant.
casefile when it was submitted in open Court. This search failed to yield this elusive document. A copy of that trial
list is attached hereto and incorporated by reference as Exhib_!!_.:,1.11
18
The testimony established that Sodomsky thoroughly discussed the option of
having a bench trial rather than a jury trial, with its attendant rights, throughout
his representation of Defendant. Defendant made his own decision to proceed
with a bench trial. Sodomsky and Ryland-Tanner followed the proper procedure
to effectuate a valid waiver. The Court discussed the waiver with Defendant.
Under the totality of these circumstances, we find sufficient basis upon which we
can conclusively determine that Defendant himself chose to give up his jury trial
rights and to proceed with a bench trial instead.
For these reasons, we determine that Defendant's waiver of his
Constitutional right to a jury trial was valid. Therefore, we must deny Defendant's
request for collateral relief.
19
.5
Circulated 05/19/2016 2.L/:otl-l &
02:56 PM
IN THE COURTOF COMMON PLEAS OF LEBANONCOUNTY · .: :_- .~ i-·' ~;: l4 l
PENNSYLVANIA
: ~ :_·, I
CRIMINAL DIVISION
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA NO. 1662-2010
v.
RICHARDALLEN HAINLEY
APPEARANCES:
MEGAN RYLAND TANNER, ESQUIRE FOR THE COMMONWEALTH
DEPUTY DISTRICT ATTORNEY
DAVID RUDENSTEIN, ESQUIRE FOR RICHARD ALLEN HAINLEY
Opinion, Tylwalk, P.J., August 28, 2012
On October 6, 2011, Defendant was convicted of two counts of Involuntary
Deviate Sexual Intercourse, one count of Indecent Assault and one count of
Endangering the Welfare of Children after ·-·~;.'~',"'"'
a bench trial was held on October 5,
"·
2011. Prior to the bench trial, we had conducted a Tender Years' hearing on
October 5, 2011 as the victim in this case, T.L., was five years old at the time of
the incident and eight years old at the time of trial. On January 25, 2012,
··-~
Defendant was sentenced to ten to twenty-five years incarceration in a state
1
See, 42 Pa.C.S.A. §5985.1, the Tender Years exception to the hearsay rule.
1
correctional institution and provided with notification of his Megan's Law
registration requirements.
On February 1, 2012, Defendant filed a Post-Sentence Motion challenging
the sufficiency and weight of the evidence and the admission of testimony from
the Tender Years hearing in the bench trial. In addition, Defendant challenged the
validity of his waiver to his right to a jury trial:"''
Both parties filed their Briefs and our decision was due June 14, 2012. In its
Brief, the Commonwealth sought a hearing on the issue of Defendant's waiver to
have a jury trial due to the absence of any documents or a colloquy indicating that
waiver in the record. Because we were likewise unsuccessful in locating any
supporting documentation of Defendant's waiver, we were unable to rule on that
issue, and instead scheduled a hearing to aid
.-,,."'""
us in making our determination .
Because we were beyond the time limit for rendering our decision, Defendant
objected to the scheduling of the hearing and instead notified this Court of his
intention to file a Notice of Appeal. (See Case Correspondence dated June 11,
·:;-..
2012) Hence, we entered an Order on June 14, 2012 deeming the Post-Sentence
Motion denied by operation of law. Defendant filed a Notice of Appeal on June
29, 2012 and this Opinion is directed thereto.
2
1. Factual Background
At the Tender Years hearing, the Commonwealth first presented the
testimony of K. L. the mother of the young victim, T.L. K. L. related that T.L. was
currently eight years old, having been born December 16, 2002. (N.T. 5, 11)2 K.L.
described a discussion she had with T.L. one afternoon shortly after T.L. had
arrived home from school on the bus. (N.T. 14) K.L. explained that T.L. had
exhibited poor behavior on the way to the babysitter's on that morning; K.L. had
asked T.L. what was going on and had explained to her that they were a family
and that they needed to stay close and be a team. (N.T. 5) T.L responded that
she had a secret, stating that Defendant hacfp~lled a weenie out of his butt and
had made her lick it. (N.T. 6) At the time T.L. made this statement, the two were
in the car on the way to the laundromat. (N.T. 6) After making the revelation, T.L.
started crying, curled up into a ball and put-her hands up to her face. (N.T. 6)
When K.L. asked her questions to get a better understanding of this statement,
T.L. answered in a broken voice. (N.T. 6)
T.L. explained to K.L. that the-incidentoccurred at a time when the family
did not have a dog. (N.T. 11) K.L. testified that their family dog had died and that
2
References are to the Tender Years Hearing.
3
they got a new dog, Niki, in March ?009. (N.T. 12)3 This would have meant that
the incident occurred in March 2009 during the period between their dog's death
and Niki being brought into the home, which was approximately a year and seven
months prior to her telling K.L. (N.T. 11) K.L. discussedthe difference between
lying and telling the truth with T.L. and then reported the allegations to the
National Child Abuse Hotline. (N.T. 8 - 9)
The Commonwealth next presented the testimony of Ana Marquez, a child
abuse investigator with Lebanon County Chifd~enand Youth Services. (N.T. 22)
Marquez had interviewed T.L. on October 5, 2010, approximately a week after T.L.
revealed the incident to K.L. (N.T. 24) T.L. also related to Marquez that Defendant
had made her lick his weenie, hotdog or sausage and that it went into the butt.
(N.T. 27) Marquez used a male anatomical doll to identify that T.L. used the
terms weenie, hotdog and sausageto refer to a penis and T.L. demonstrated a
licking motion to Marquez when describing ··the
--.·.
incident. (N.T. 26 - 28) T.L. said
that the hotdog she had licked was attached to Defendant's body. (N.T. 28, 31)
T.L. informed Marquez that the incident occurred right before bedtime when her
mother was probably taking the trash out or watching television.
•':;j
(N.T. 30) T.L.
3
At the bench trial, K.L. explained that the family dog, Mojo, had been put down on Saint Patrick's Day in 2009 and
that their new dog, Niki, was brought home within three days to a week of Mojo's death. (Bench Trial N.T. 49)
4
also told Marquez that she had been uncomfortable when a boy touched her
"butt" at school, and that her mother had told the principal. (N.T. 34) Marquez
also discussed the difference between lying and telling the truth with T.L. (N.T. 26)
The Commonwealth's final witness was Christopher Cook, who had been a
county detective with the County of Lebanon in October 2010 and had
interviewed T.L. on October 14, 2010. (N.T. }5-2) Cook had shown T.L. a diagram of
an adult male. (N.T. 55) She identified the picture as depicting a male, pointed to
the penis and told him that she called it a weenie, hotdog or sausage. (N.T. 55)
She informed Cook that she had seen Defendant's and that he had made her lick
it and that it had no taste and was chewy. (N.T. 57) She explained that '
Defendant did not have any hair "down there" in his genital area. (N.T. 59) T.L.
told Cook that this had happened twice in her bedroom at bedtime. (N.T. 57, 69)
When Cook asked about her delay in telling her mother about it, T.L. replied that
she was afraid her mother would get mad and, also, that it was gross. (N.T. 59)
She indicated that she had discussed it briefly with her father's older daughter,
Kalee, and that Kalee had also said that it wa'; gross. (N.T. 59)
.· At the conclusion of the testimony, defense counsel objected to the
admission of T.L.'s statements for use at trial on the basis that they were hearsay
statements made long after the fa~t of the ·affeged incident. (N.T. 73 - 74) The
5
Court found that the Commonwealth had met its burden with regard to the
·cr., ·A"''
requirements of the Tender Years statute and that the statements were
therefore admissible at the trial. (N.T. 75)
At the bench trial which followed, the victim, T.L., testified that Defendant
had entered her bedroom at bedtime on two-separate occasions, pulled out his
weener and asked her to lick it. (N.T. 14 - 18)5 She also noted that Defendant's
pubic area did not have a lot of hair on it, maybe one or two pieces. (N.T. 19) The
testimony from the Tender years hearing w``_.Jncorporated with the proviso that
defense counsel would be permitted to cross-examine K.L., Marquez and Cook.
K.L. was questioned about a romantic relationship she had with Defendant
and the circumstances surrounding....... the breakup of that relationship. (N.T. 36 -
43) She testified that there were times when Defendant was left alone in her
home with T.L. during that relationship and that this occurred when Defendant
was cooking dinner and would send K.L. to the grocery store to pick up some
items needed for the dinner. (N.T. 34) K.L. testified that she had intimate
relations with Defendant and confirmed that Defendant's pubic area was
sometimes shaven. (N.T. 48) She added that when the hair grew in, it was light
4
42 Pa.C.S.A. §5985.1.
5
Hereafter, references are to the bench trial, also held on October 5, 2011.
6
in color. (N.T. 48) She also admitted that T.L. sometimes lied about childish
things, such as what she would wear to school, but that the child did not lie about
important matters. (N.T. 53, 60)
Defendant also testified at the bench trial. He admitted that he had been
alone with T.L in her home (N.T. 163), but denied T.L.'s allegations. (N.T. 154, 158
- 160) d
He explained that he had ated K.Lfor nearly one and a half years, but
0
that they had only had sexual intercourse once. (N.T. 156) He further testified
that K.L had wanted to continue their romantic relationship when he broke it off.
(N.T. 161) He testified that his public hair was the same color as the hair on his
head, dark brown, and that he had only shaven his pubic area twice, both times at
K.L.'s request. (N.T. 160)
In further presenting his defense, Defendant
·.,,,.,.,,,-
introduced the testimony of
Amanda Sechrist who testified that K.L. came to Defendant's house when he was
incarcerated on these charges and yelled at her (N.T. 117), Julie Sechrist
(Defendant's girlfriend) who testified that K.L. would come to various places, such
··i.:-
as a bar and grocery store, when Sechrist was there with Defendant (N.T. 121 -
124), and Michele Gustwhite, Defendant's sister, who testified of a conversation
with K.L. in January 2010 when K.L. admitted that she had only had intercourse
with Defendant one time, and that she wanted Defendant to remain in their
7
relationship. (N.T. 127 - 130) In addition, Defendant presented the testimony of
.·,i
:-~
seven character witnesses who testified as to Defendant's favorable reputation in
the community. (N.T. 132-150)
At the conclusion of the testimony, the Court viewed Defendant's pubic
---
hair in chambers. We found that his pubic hair was the same color as the hair on
the top of his head. (N.T. 166) On the following day, October 6, 2011, we issued
an Order finding Defendant guilty on all counts.
2. DISCUSSION
A. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is a question of law.
Commonwealth v. Smith, 853 A.2d 1020"~(Pa. Super. 2004). The evidence
adduced at trial must be viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict winner
to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact- finder to
find every element of the crime beyond a re?.~onabledoubt. Commonwealth v.
Walker1 874 A.2d 667, 677 (Pa. Super. 2005). Any doubts regarding a defendant's
guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and
inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the
~.:.
,.---:'
combined circumstances. Id. The Commonwealth is entitled to all reasonable
inferences arising from the evidence and all facts which the Commonwealth's
8
evidence tends to prove are treated as admitted. Commonwealth v. Hunter, 768
·-;;
A.2d 1136 (Pa. Super. 2001). Only where the evidence offered to support the
verdict is in contradiction to the physical facts, in contravention to human
experience and the laws of nature, is the evidence deemed insufficient as a
matter of law. Commonwealth v. Santana, 333 A.2d 876 {Pa. 1975). The task of
the appellate court in reviewing the sufficiency claim is to determine whether,
accepting as true all the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom, upon
which, if believed, the trier of fact could properly have based its verdict, it is
.';~:;;,;,·.
sufficient in law to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty
of the crime or crimes of which he has been convicted. Commonwealth v.
Williams, 316 A.2d 888 (Pa. 1974). It is well established that our Court will not
-~
reverse a trial court's credibility determination absent the court's abuse of
discretion as fact finder. Commonwealth v. Hughes, 908 A.2d 924 (Pa. Super.
2006).
-c,
Defendant was convicted of two counts of Involuntary Deviate Sexual
Intercourse pursuant to 18 Pa.CS.A. § 3123(b), First and Second Occurrence. A
person commits this offense when "the person engages in deviate sexual
intercourse with a complainant who is lessthan 13 years of age." 18 Pa.CS.A.
§3123(b). "Deviate sexual intercourse" is defined as "sexual intercourse per os or
9
per anus between human beings and any form of sexual intercourse with an
animal. The term also includes penetration, however slight, of the genitals or anus
of another person with a foreign object for any purpose other than good faith
medical, hygienic or law enforcement procedures.11 18 Pa.CS.A. §3101. "Sexual
intercourse, [i]n addition to its ordinary meaning,
. ,~,:
.
includes intercourse per os or
~·
per anus, with some penetration however slight; emission is not required." 18
Pa.CS.A.§3101. The crime of involuntary deviate sexual intercourse occurs when
the actor coerces the victim to engage in acts of anal and/or oral intercourse.
Com. v. Andrulewicz, 911 A.2d 162 (Pa. Super.2006) appeal denied 911 A.2d 162(Pa. 2007). The requirement of "penetration" is met by oral contact, such as
licking of the penis. Commonwealth v. l.N., 787 A.2d 1064 (Pa. Super. 2001),
appeal denied 800 A.2d 931 (Pa. 2002).
Defendant was also convicted of Indecent Assault, third-degree felony,
pursuant to 18 Pa.CS.A.§3126(a)(7) which is defined as follows:
§ 3126. Indecent assault
(a) Offense defined.--A person is guilty of indecent assault if the
person has indecent contact with the complainant, causesthe complainant
to have indecent contact with the person or intentionally causes the
complainant to come into contact with .. seminal fluid, urine or feces for the
purpose of arousing sexual desire in the person or the complainant and:
10
(7) the complainant is less than 13 years of age; ....
(b) Grading.--lndecent
,
assault shall be graded as follows:
-.,:,·
(3) An offense under subsection (a)(7) is a misdemeanor of the first
degree unless any of the following apply, in which case it is a felony of the
third degree:
(ii) There has been a course of conduct of indecent assault by the
person.
18 Pa.CS.A. §3126. "Indecent contact" is defined as "[a] ny touching of the
sexual or other intimate parts of the person for the purpose of arousing or
gratifying sexual desire, in either person." 18._,e_a.C.S.A. §3101.
Finally, Defendant was convicted of the offense of endangering the Welfare
of Children pursuant to 18 Pa.CS.A. §4304:
§ 4304. Endangering w.f:!lfareof children
(a) Offense defined.--
(1) A parent, guardian or other person supervising the welfare of a
child under 18 years of age, or a person that employs or supervises such a
person, commits an offense if he knowingly endangers the welfare of the
child by violating a duty of care, protection or support.
--~--
(3) As used in this subsection, the term "person supervising the
welfare of a child" means a person other than a parent or guardian that
provides care, education, training or control of a child.
18 Pa.CS.A. §4304(1), (3).
11
··.-.,c"'
After viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, we have no doubt that we correctly found that the evidence was
sufficient to establish the elements of each of these crimes. T.L. testified that
Defendant had her lick his penis while she w~rs in his care when her mother was
absent from the home. The evidence established that T.L. was born on December
16, 2002, thus being only five years old, at the time of the incident. A course of
conduct was established as T.L. testified that.the same conduct occurred on two
separate occasions. T.L. related the same factual scenario on various occasions,
to her mother, to Marquez and to Cook. As the trier of fact, we were in the best
position to observe the demeanor of the witnesses and we were entitled to
. "(,.¥_.,-~'.".,,..:,,.,.
accept this testimony as credible. We do not believe we abused our discretion in
doing so.
B. WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
.,...,~-
Challenges to the weight of the evidence and sufficiency of the evidence
are discrete inquiries. Commonwealth v. Davis1 799 A.2d 860 (Pa.Super.2002). A
motion for a new trial on the grounds that the verdict is contrary to the weight of
.•. ;~-'!"'·
·,,..,:·
the evidence concedes that there is sufficient evidence to sustain a verdict but
contends that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Id. The decision
12
whether to grant a new trial on this basis rests within the discretion of the trial
court. Commonwealth v. Halmes, 663 A.2d 771 (Pa.Super. 1995). In reviewing
the weight of the evidence, ,all the evidence should
~,,.....·;;·~
be examined.
Commonwealth v. Gonce, 466 A.2d 1039 (Pa.Super.1983).
A trial court should award a new trial on the ground that the verdict is
against the weight of the evidence only when the verdict is so contrary to the
evidence as to shock one's sense of justice and make the award of a new trial
imperative so that right may be given another opportunity to prevail.
Commonwealth v. Gonce., supra. The weight of the evidence is exclusively for
the finder of fact who is free to believe all, p;~t, or none of the evidence and to
determine the credibility of the witnesses. Commonwealth v. Simmons., 662 A.2d
621, 630 (Pa. 1995). The function of the trier of fact is to pass on the credibility of
witnesses and determine the weight to be=accorded to a particular piece of
evidence. Id.After reviewing the evidence in this case in its entirety, we also find that
our finding as to Defendant's guilt was not contrary to the weight of the evidence
by any means. Again, we note that T.L.'s statements were consistent throughout
the investigation of the matter and trial. She used nearly the same language each
time and described the incident with the same details in her account on different
13
.... . ~.,.,.--
occasions to different persons. Although Defendant took the stand and denied
these allegations and presented a deluge of character witnesses, as the trier of
fact, we were entitled to believe the testimony presented by the Commonwealth
and to accord that testimony more weight afid credibility than that proffered by
Defendant.
C. WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL
Rule 620. Waiver of Jury Trial __
In all cases, the defendant and the attorney for the Commonwealth
may waive a jury trial with approval by a judge of the court in which
the case is pending, and elect to have the judge try the case without
a jury. The judge shall ascertain from the defendant whether this is a
knowing and lntelligentwaiver, arm such colloquy shall appear on the
record. The waiver shall be in writing, made a part of the record, and
signed by the defendant, the attorney for the Commonwealth, the
judge, and the defendant's attorney as a witness.
Pa.R.Crim.P.620.
In order to determine whether a defendant's waiver of jury trial was
voluntary, a court should examine the circumstances surrounding the defendant's
waiver. Commonwealth v. Shablin, 524 A.2d 511 (Pa. Super. 1987)(decided
under former Pa.R.Crim.P.1101 (repealedj)." If the appellate court finds that the
record does not support a valid waiver of jury trial by a defendant, a remand for a
new trial is unnecessary; instead, a remand for an evidentiary proceeding to
14
determine whether the waiver was knowing and intelligent is appropriate. See,
Commonwealth v. DeGeorge, 485 A.2d 1089 (Pa. 1984)(decided under former
Pa.R.Crim.P.1101 (repealed)).
Defendant and the Commonwealth have both noted that the record in this
case is void of any supporting documentation or of any colloquy regarding
Defendant's waiver of his right to a jury trial. The Court's search for these items
was likewise fruitless. We attempted to examine the circumstances of
Defendant's request for a bench trial and waiver of trial by jury by scheduling an
evidentiary hearing regarding the issue of his"'~aiver. Defendant objected as to
the belated scheduling of the hearing and notified the Court that he intended to
proceed with his appellate rights. Due to our lack of any evidence, we are
therefore unable to make any determlnatlonregarding the validity of Defendant's
waiver. It is the opinion of this Court that the matter should be remanded on this
issue in order that we may proceed with such a hearing and render a decision in
accord with the evidence adduced. _ -~ ·' ._...--,~·-'.
d. ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE UNDER THE TENDER YEARS EXCEPTION
§ 5985.1. Admissibility of certain statements
(a) General rula-'-An out-of-court statement made by a child
victim or witness, who at the time the statement was made was 12
15
...;:··_.;fl)."
years of age or younger, describing any of the offenses enumerated
in 18 Pa.C.S. Chs. 25 (relating to criminal homicide), 27 (relating to
assault), 29 (relating to kidnapping), 31 (relating to sexual offenses),
35 (relating to burglary and other criminal intrusion) and 37 (relating
to robbery), not otherwise admissible by statute or rule of evidence,
is admissible in evidence in anvcriminal or civil proceeding if:
(1) the court finds, in an in camera hearing, that the evidence
is relevant and that the time, content and circumstances of the
statement provide sufficient indicia of reliability; and
(2) the child ... :
. ..,,,,...~,.,.,.,,.
(i) testifies at the proceeding; ... ~
42 Pa.CS.A.§5985.1.
At the conclusion of the Tender Years hearing, we found that the
Commonwealth had met its burden with regard to the requirements of this
statute. The evidence presented indicated that T.L. was under the age of twelve
years old when the statements were made and that the offenses charged, sexual
crimes against a child, were within those spe~Ytically included in the provisions of
the statute. In addition, we found the statements to be relevant to the charges -
all of T.L.1s statements to K.L, Marquez and Cook described the incident or were
materially related to the incident. The time-content and circumstances provided
sufficient indicia of reliability of these statements. T.L. s initial statements to K.L.
1
were made spontaneously, with no prompting, in response to a simple question
16
of "what was going on" when .,J.L. had exhibited unruly behavior. T.L.
~-·-··
consistently gave strikingly similar statements to K.L. and to Marquez and Cook on
various occasions. Each statement contained nearly identical terms and gave the
same details. The terminology used in the statements, i.e., weenie, hotdog,
sausage butt, is such that would ordinarily be expected to be used by a child of
five years old. Moreover, T.L. had no reason to fabricate such allegations. In fact,
the child indicated that she was actually afraid that her mother would become
angry with her if she told her of the inciden·t·' Lastly, T.L. testified at the bench
trial. For these reasons, we held that the statements came within the scope of
those permitted under this statute and held that they were admissible at the
bench trial of the matter.
17