In the Interest of: J.A., Appeal of: M.R. ( 2019 )


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  • J-S31044-19
    NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
    IN THE INTEREST OF: J.A., A MINOR       :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    :        PENNSYLVANIA
    :
    APPEAL OF: M.R., NATURAL MOTHER         :
    :
    :
    :
    :
    :   No. 280 WDA 2019
    Appeal from the Order Entered January 16, 2019
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Lawrence County Orphans' Court at
    No(s): 20011 of 2017, 0C -A,
    CP-37-DP-0000095-2013
    IN THE INTEREST OF: K.M.R., A           :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    MINOR                                   :        PENNSYLVANIA
    :
    :
    APPEAL OF: M.R., NATURAL MOTHER         :
    :
    :
    :
    :   No. 281 WDA 2019
    Appeal from the Order Entered January 16, 2019
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Lawrence County Orphans' Court at
    No(s): 94 of 2013, DP, 20012 of 2017,
    BEFORE: OLSON, J., STABILE, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.
    MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.:                     FILED AUGUST 06, 2019
    M.R. (“Mother”) appeals from the order terminating her parental rights
    to K.M.R. and J.A. (“Children”). We conclude the trial court did not abuse its
    discretion and, therefore, affirm.
    J-S31044-19
    The trial court set forth the factual and procedural history, which we
    adopt and incorporate herein. See Trial Court Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, filed
    Mar. 6, 2019, at 1-3; Trial Court Opinion, filed January 16, 2019, at 1-24.
    By way of background, K.M.R. (d.o.b. November 6, 2001) and J.A.
    (d.o.b. January 18, 2006) are the daughters of Mother and C.A. (“Father”).1
    Children were first adjudicated dependent in November 2013. Prior to that,
    Children had been living with Mother in a trailer on maternal grandfather’s
    property. Father was intermittently present in the household but perpetrated
    recurring acts of domestic violence against both Mother and K.M.R., fueled by
    his heavy use of alcohol and drugs. On November 2, 2013, Father’s severe
    beating of Mother, which required Mother to be flown via helicopter to
    Pittsburgh for medical treatment, lead to the emergency removal of the
    Children from the household. Children witnessed Father’s attack on Mother
    and ran to get help. When the Pennsylvania State Police responded to Mother’s
    residence, they observed deplorable and unsanitary conditions.
    The Children have been in foster care since their initial dependency
    adjudication in 2013, and have remained with the same foster parents, who
    are an adoptive resource for the Children. The trial court conducted numerous
    ____________________________________________
    *   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
    1Father has also filed an appeal in this Court (docketed in this Court at 282
    and 283 WDA 2019) regarding Children.
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    J-S31044-19
    permanency review hearings and issued the last permanency review order on
    September 17, 2018.2 In the interim, in April 2017, Children and Youth
    Services (“CYS”) filed motions to change Children’s goal from reunification to
    adoption and to terminate the parental rights of Mother and Father. Over a
    16-month period, the trial court conducted multiple hearings regarding
    termination/goal      change      at    which    Children’s   therapist,   counselor,
    psychologist, and CYS caseworkers testified. The trial court also heard
    testimony from Mother, Father, and K.M.R.
    Ultimately, the trial court concluded that CYS had established, by clear
    and convincing evidence, that grounds for termination of Mother’s rights
    existed and, on January 16, 2019, issued an order terminating Mother’s
    parental rights with a comprehensive opinion in support thereof. Mother filed
    a timely Notice of Appeal and Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement and the trial court
    submitted a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion.
    Mother raises the following issues on appeal:
    1. Whether the Children and Youth Services Agency
    (Agency) failed to make children available to the Court as
    required and as mandated by the Child Protective Services
    Laws (CPSL)[?]
    ____________________________________________
    2  We note that Mother filed an appeal from the September 17, 2018
    dependency order. In re Interest of J.A./K.R., 1451 WDA 2018, 1452 WDA
    2018. In light of the instant appeal, Mother’s dependency appeal was
    continued for consideration with this appeal. Here, we affirm the termination
    of Mother’s parental rights, therefore Mother’s challenges to the dependency
    proceedings have been rendered moot. We therefore will not address them
    further. See Order, 1451 WDA 2018, 1452 WDA 2018.
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    2. Whether the Court erred in determining that although
    [Mother] had exceeded what was requested of her and then
    determined that, although she completed all services
    required by the Agency, the Court failed to apply the law to
    the facts of the case and return [Children] to [Mother][?]
    3. Whether the Agency failed to provide any type of
    reunification counseling or generate a service plan to reunify
    [Children] with [Mother][?] The agency withheld [Children]
    and appropriate reunification services after all other
    required services were completed by [Mother]. The Court
    failed to apply the law to the facts on this matter.
    4. Whether the Agency failed to provide visits between
    [Mother] and Children, based solely on the alleged belief
    that one of the two Children voiced her desire to not see
    [Mother][?] The agency failed to provide competent
    evidence that there was any basis to deny Mother visitation.
    The Court failed to apply the law to the facts on this matter.
    5. Whether the Court failed to take testimony from
    [Children] regarding their individual desire to reunify with
    [Mother] thereby requiring the Court to decide as to
    [Children] based upon the unsubstantiated testimony of one
    child, while the other was withheld from the Court without
    justification[?]
    6. Whether the Agency failed to provide any competent
    testimony that the best interests of [Children] were served
    by termination of parental rights[?]
    7. The Court failed to find that the Agency had provided any
    competent testimony that [Children] were bonded with the
    foster family or that they did not have a bond with Mother.
    In fact, the Court was incapable of making any
    determination about the child who was never presented for
    testimony or evaluation by the Court.
    8. Whether the Court erred by issuing a final order on the
    Involuntary Termination rather [than] staying the matter
    pending the outcome [of] the Superior Court Dependency
    Appeal in this case[?]
    9. Whether the evidence was sufficient to determine that
    Mother suffered from an incapacity that she could not
    overcome and permit [Children] to return home[?]
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    J-S31044-19
    10. Whether the Court misconstrued the testimony of the
    expert psychologist, Dr. Gallo, by claiming that he was not
    qualified to render an opinion on Mother’s parental capacity
    when, indeed, his testimony was that Mother had no
    apparent impediments to her capacity to parent[?]
    11. Whether the Court erred in determining that Mother
    failed to complete a second parental capacity evaluation
    when the record indicated that she did and that the Agency
    refused to accept the second evaluation because it was done
    by an independent provider[?]
    Mother’s Br. at vi-vii.
    When reviewing orders terminating parental rights, we “accept the
    findings of fact and credibility determinations of the trial court if they are
    supported by the record.” In re Adoption of S.P., 
    47 A.3d 817
    , 826 (Pa.
    2012). If the record supports those findings, we then review the decision “to
    determine if the trial court made an error of law or abused its discretion.” 
    Id.
    We will reverse a decision “for an abuse of discretion only upon demonstration
    of manifest unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will.” 
    Id.
    The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has explained the reason for applying
    an abuse of discretion standard to termination decisions:
    [U]nlike trial courts, appellate courts are not equipped to
    make the fact-specific determinations on a cold record,
    where the trial judges are observing the parties during the
    relevant hearing and often presiding over numerous other
    hearings regarding the child and parents. Therefore, even
    where the facts could support an opposite result, as is often
    the case in dependency and termination cases, an appellate
    court must resist the urge to second guess the trial court
    and impose its own credibility determinations and
    judgment; instead we must defer to the trial judges so long
    as the factual findings are supported by the record and the
    court’s legal conclusions are not the result of an error of law
    or an abuse of discretion.
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    J-S31044-19
    
    Id. at 826-27
     (citations omitted).
    A trial court may terminate parental rights only after finding grounds for
    termination existed under Section 2511(a) and that termination is in the
    child’s best interest under Section 2511(b). Here, we conclude that the trial
    court properly terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Section
    2511(a)(2).3
    Section 2511(a)(2) provides:
    (a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a
    child may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the
    following grounds:
    ...
    (2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse,
    neglect or refusal of the parent has caused the child
    to be without essential parental care, control or
    subsistence necessary for his physical or mental well-
    being and the conditions and causes of the incapacity,
    abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be
    remedied by the parent.
    23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2).
    To terminate parental rights pursuant to Section 2511(a)(2), the moving
    party must produce clear and convincing evidence of the following: “(1)
    repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal; (2) such
    incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal has caused the child to be without
    ____________________________________________
    3 We note that CYS also sought to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant
    to subsection (a)(8). However, the trial court specifically found that Mother’s
    rights could not be terminated under that subsection because Mother had
    successfully remedied the physical conditions which initially triggered
    Children’s removal from her care.
    -6-
    J-S31044-19
    essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary for his physical or
    mental well-being; and (3) the causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or
    refusal cannot or will not be remedied.” In re Adoption of M.E.P., 
    825 A.2d 1266
    , 1272 (Pa.Super. 2003).
    If the trial court has concluded that a parent’s parental rights should be
    terminated under Section 2511(a), then the court must determine whether,
    considering the child’s developmental, physical, and emotional needs and
    welfare, termination is in the best interests of the child. 23 Pa.C.S.A. §
    2511(b); S.P., 47 A.3d at 830. In conducting this analysis, the court should
    examine the emotional bond between parent and child, with close attention to
    the effect on the child of permanently severing any such bond.
    For ease of disposition, we will address Mother’s issues grouped by the
    overarching issues they address, as the trial court did in its Rule 1925(a)
    opinion. In both her first and fifth issue, the crux of Mother’s arguments lie in
    her contention that CYS did not properly provide the testimony of both
    Children. In particular, Mother points out that J.A. never testified during the
    termination proceedings at all and K.M.R. did not testify during the most
    recent proceedings.
    Mother’s first and fifth issues lack merit. “[T]he admission and exclusion
    of evidence are within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be
    reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” In re R.T., 
    778 A.2d 670
    ,
    683 (Pa.Super. 2001) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
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    Currently, this Court does not mandate that “an abused or neglected child [be
    forced by his or her natural parent] to testify in an involuntary termination
    proceeding.” In re B.L.L., 
    787 A.2d 1007
    , 1011 (Pa.Super. 2001) (citation
    omitted). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
    discretion by determining that good reason excused Children’s testimony
    where Children’s legal counsel was present. See Trial Court’s Rule 1925(a)
    Opinion at 8-11. Moreover, as detailed below, even in the absence of J.A.’s
    testimony, we conclude that the trial court had sufficient evidence to support
    the termination of Mother’s parental rights.
    In her second, sixth, seventh, ninth, and tenth issues, Mother presents
    the overarching argument that the evidence was insufficient to terminate her
    parental rights pursuant to either Section 2511(a)(2) or Section 2511(b). She
    specifically cites to her successful efforts at remedying her home and her
    general compliance with her family service plan (“FSP”). She also points to
    the testimony of her expert, Dr. Gallo, who testified that Mother had no
    apparent impediments to her ability to parent Children.
    However, the trial court concluded that ample evidence supported the
    termination of Mother’s parental rights under Section 2511(a)(2) because the
    testimony of both fact and expert witnesses at trial established that Mother
    has “extreme and sustained difficulties in emotionally relating to children.”
    Trial Court Rule 1925(a) Opinion at 14. The trial court also noted a
    “notice/demand” letter Mother sent to the court wherein she demands the
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    return of her “property,” i.e. Children. See 
    id.
     Further, the court properly
    emphasized that ample evidence supported the conclusion that Children’s
    interests would be best served by the termination of Mother’s parental rights,
    as required under Section 2511(b). Id. at 13-15. To this end, the court
    explained that multiple witnesses detailed Children’s toxic bond with both
    Mother and Father and Children’s strong desire to remain with their foster
    parents who are an adoptive resource for Children. Id. Further, the trial court
    aptly addressed Mother’s contention regarding the weight accorded to her
    expert, Dr. Gallo, by noting that Dr. Gallo had never observed Mother interact
    with Children. Id. According, we conclude that the trial court properly
    determined that sufficient evidence supported the termination of Mother’s
    parental rights under Sections 2511(a)(2) & (b) and affirm on the basis of the
    court’s thorough reasoning. See Trial Court’s Rule 1925(a) Opinion at 12-15;
    Trial Court’s January 16, 2019 Opinion at 31-38.
    Turning to her third and fourth issues on appeal, Mother claims that CYS
    failed to make reasonable efforts to reunify the family by ceasing to require
    Children to visit with her. She argues that Children’s desire to stop her
    visitation was not a sufficient reason to halt all visits. In support, she points
    to case law that requires the opportunity for visitation absent a severe threat
    to the child at issue. See In re C.J., 
    729 A.2d 89
    , 94 (Pa.Super. 1999) (stating
    that as long as a child’s goal remains reunification, visitation should continue
    unless a grave threat to the child exists).
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    However, the trial court properly explained that Mother’s visitation with
    Children was stopped due to Mother’s own alleged misconduct during visits
    and the attendant self-destructive and self-harming behavior specifically
    reported by K.M.R. See Trial Court’s Rule 1925(a) Opinion at 20. We conclude
    that the trial court permissibly declined to force Children to continue visitation
    under such circumstances, and affirm pursuant to the trial court’s reasoning.
    As referenced above, Mother also appealed the trial court’s September
    17, 2018 dependency order. However, the trial court declined to stay the
    instant termination proceedings in light thereof. In her eighth issue, Mother
    contends that the trial court’s denial of her Motion to Stay constituted an abuse
    of discretion because many issues she intended to raise in the dependency
    appeal could prove dispositive for termination/goal change proceedings. In
    response, the trial court cited authorities, inter alia, Pa.R.A.P. 1701(c), for the
    proposition that proceedings should only be stayed pending appeal when the
    same claims are at issue in both the appellate and trial court proceedings.
    Here, the termination/goal change proceedings concerned different issues
    than those relevant to the dependency proceedings. Therefore, we concur with
    the trial court’s decision to dismiss Mother’s bid to stay the termination/goal
    change proceedings. See Trial Court’s Rule 1925(a) Opinion at 26-27.
    Pursuant to the foregoing, and after reviewing the trial court’s
    comprehensive opinions, the record, the parties’ briefs, and relevant law, we
    see no abuse of discretion or error of law. Accordingly, we affirm based on the
    - 10 -
    J-S31044-19
    well-reasoned opinions of the Honorable John W. Hodge, which we adopt and
    incorporate herein.
    Order affirmed.
    Judge Stabile joins the memorandum.
    Judge Olson concurs in the result.
    Judgment Entered.
    Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
    Prothonotary
    Date: 8/6/2019
    - 11 -
    Circulated 07/24/2019 10'47          !
    . I
    ........_,
    IN THE INTEREST OF:                                                                 IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
    LAWRENCE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
    K.M.R.                                                                              NO. 94 OF 2013, DP;
    NO. 20012 of 2017, OC-A
    J.L.A.                                                                              NO. 95 OF 2013, DP;
    NO. 20011 of 2017, OC-A
    OPINION
    Hodge, J.                                                                                            March 6, 2019
    Presently before the Superior Court are the appeals of M.R. (Mother) and
    C.A. (Father) (collectively, Parents), the natural parents of K.M.R. and J.L.A.
    (Children). to this-Court's Order of January 16, 2019, granting Lawrence County
    Children and Youth Services' (CYS) Petitions for Involuntary Terminations of Parental
    Rights and Motions for Goal Change from reunification to adoption. For the reasons
    set forth in this opinion, issued pursuant to Pa. RAP. 1925(a). we respectfully request
    that the Superior Court affirm our Order and dismiss this appeal.
    PROCEDURAL HISTORY
    The procedural history of these cases, which ultimately stretches back to
    November 2013, is recounted in more detail in the Opinion attached to the January 16.
    2019 Order of Court, which we incorporate herein by reference and for continuity's
    sake republish below:
    Children were first taken into emergency care by an order of this Court dated
    November 4, 2013. CYS then filed a dependency petition on November 18,
    53RO
    JUDICIAL                 2013, and three days later, this Court adjudicated both Children dependent,
    DISTRICT                                              r-·J•      t"       ,...   ';-,.   "'   \ll   1,
    pursuant to the Juvenile Acr(42 Pa: c.s�-§§6301 et seq.), based on evidence
    LAWRtNCE COUNTY
    PENNSYl,.VANIA                                                                                       : : 47
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    presented that Father had physically assaulted Mother with Children present
    and that Mother's home had deplorable conditions. Accordingly, by
    dispositional order dated January 5, 2014, this Court assigned legal and
    physical custody of Children to CYS. Since the initial dependency finding, this
    Court has conducted permanency review hearings approximately every six
    months as required by the Juvenile Act and has continued to find Children
    dependent, and their placement in foster care appropriate, as documented by
    each permanency review order to date and including the most recent one
    issued on September 17, 2018.1
    Following several years of dependency hearings, CYS presented the Motions
    for Goal Change and Termination Petitions on April 11, 2017, alleging that
    Mother's and Father's parental rights should be terminated pursuant to 23 Pa.
    C.S. §2511(a)(2) and (8). This Court conducted the following hearings, and the
    following witnesses testified, over a sixteen-month period and formed the bulk
    of the factual record underlying this opinion:
    1. August 8 and 9, 2017; K.M.R. and therapist Tanya Stahlman;
    2. September 26, 2017; Ms. Stahlman (continued) and counselor Brian Dick;
    3. March 28 and 29, 2018; psychologist Dr. Fred Gallo and CYS caseworker
    Amber Pieri;
    4. June 26, 2018; Ms. Pieri (continued) and testimony from Father and Mother;
    5. August 27, 2018; CYS caseworker Kristen Pauline.
    Besides the considerable evidence accumulated at these hearings, all parties
    stipulated at the first hearing (August 8, 2017) to incorporate the factual record
    of the dependency cases into the record of the Termination Petitions and Goal
    Change Motions. Following the close of evidence on August 27, 2018, this
    Court permitted all parties to file proposed findings of fact and conclusions of
    law, which were received by October 31, 2018.
    53RD
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT
    1
    Mother timely appealed these permanency review orders to the Superior Court on October 5, 2018,
    which are currently docketed   aU4:&°fF1nd;J452 WDA 2018 (hereinafter, Dependency Appeals).
    ,w·RE:NcE:· c o urs r v
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    On January 16, 2019, upon consideration of the parties' submissions,
    applicable law, and the evidentiary record, this Court issued an Opinion with findings
    of fact and conclusions of law in support of the Order granting CYS' Termination
    Petitions and Motions for Goal Change. Once again, those findings of fact and
    conclusions of law, as set forth in the January 16, 2019 Opinion and Order of Court,
    are incorporated herein by reference. On February 14, 2019, Mother and Father each
    filed timely notices of appeal and concise statements of matters complained ofon
    appeal.
    MATIERS COMPLAINED OF ON APPEAL
    Both Mother and Father have filed timely Notices of Appeal and Concise
    Statements of Matters Complained of on Appeal. The issues they complain of are as
    follows:
    A. Mother
    1. Whether the Children and Youth Services Agency [CYS] failed to make
    [Children] available to the Court as required and mandated by the Child Protective
    Services Laws (CPSL}.
    2. Whether the Court erred in determining that [Mother] had exceeded what
    was requested of her and then determined that [Mother], although she completed au
    services required by [CYS], and thereby, the Court failed to apply the law to the facts
    of the case and return [Children] to the mother.
    3. Whether [CYS] failed to provide any type of reunification counseling or
    generate a service plan to reunify[Children] with [Mother]. [CYS] withheld the children
    53RD
    JUDICIAL
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    and appropriate reunification services after all other required services were completed
    by [Mother]. The Court failed to apply the law to the facts on this matter.
    4. Whether [CYS] failed to provide visits between [Mother] and children, based
    solely on the alleged belief that one of the two children voiced her desire to not see
    [Mother]. [CYS] failed to provide competent evidence that there was any basis to
    deny mother visitation. The Court failed to apply the law to the facts on this matter.
    5. Whether the Court failed to take testimony from both children regarding their
    individual desire to reunify with [Mother] thereby requiring the Court to make a
    decision as to both children based upon the unsubstantiated testimony of one child,
    while the other was withheld from the Court without justification.
    6. Whether [CYS] failed to provide any competent testimony that the best
    interests of the children were served by termination of parental rights.
    7. The Court failed to find [CYS] had provided any competent testimony that
    the children were bonded with the foster family or that they did not have a bond with
    mother. In fact, the Court was incapable of making any determination about the child
    who was never presented for testimony or evaluation by the Court.
    8. Whether the Court erred by issuing a final order on the Involuntary
    Termination rather than staying the matter pending the outcome of the Superior Court
    Dependency Appeal in this case.
    9. Whether the evidence was sufficient to determine that mother suffered from
    an incapacity that could not overcome and permit the children to return home.
    10. Whether the Court misconstrued the testimony of the expert psychologist,
    53RD
    JUDICIAL         Dr. Gallo, by claiming that he was not qualified to render an opinion on mother's
    DISTRICT                                         : � ;_ _ �-.:. r � _. ( · � · " , · , :,
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    parental capacity when, indeed, the testimony was that mother had no apparent
    impediments to her capacity to parent.
    11. Whether the Court erred in determining that mother failed to complete a
    second parental capacity evaluation where the record indicated that she did and that
    [CYSJ refused to accept the second evaluation because it was done by an
    independent provider.
    B. Father
    1. Whether [CYS] failed to make children available to the Court as required
    and mandated by the Child Protective Services Laws (CPSL).
    2. Whether the Court failed to apply the law to the facts of the case and
    return the children to the father.
    3. Whether [CYS] failed to provide any type of reunification counseling or
    generate a service plan to reunify the children with [Father]. [CYS] withheld the
    children and appropriate reunification services in an attempt to reunify the children
    with father, pursuant to the oriqlnal goals of the Family Service Plan. The Court failed
    to apply the law to the facts on this matter.
    4. Whether [CYS] failed to provide visits between [Father] and children to
    allow them to develop and foster a relationship with [Father] following his release from
    incarceration. [CYS] failed to provide competent evidence that there Was any basis to
    refuse or otherwise deny father visitation. The Court failed to apply the law to the
    facts on this matter.
    5. Whether the Court failed to take testimony from both children regarding
    SlRD
    JUDICIA,L         their individual desire to reurJify_ w(th.[Father] thereby requiring the Court to make a
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    decision as to both children based upon the unsubstantiated testimony of one child,
    while the other was withheld from the Court without justification.
    6. Whether [CYS] failed to provide any competent testimony that the best
    interests of the children were served by termination of parental rights.
    7. The Court failed to find that [CYS] had provided any competenttestimony
    that the children were bonded with the foster family or that they did not have a bond
    with father. In fact, the Court was incapable of making any determination about the
    child who was never presented for testimony or evaluation by the Court.
    8, Whether the Court erred by issuing a final order on the Involuntary
    Terminations rather than staying the matter pending the outcome of the Superior
    Court Dependency Appeal fiied by mother in this case.
    9. Whether the Court committed reversible error by determining that he was
    not capable of proper parenting when, in fact, he was never subject to the parental
    capacity examination to determine his fitness to properly parent the children.
    10. Whether the Court committed reversible error by finding that Petitioner
    failed to timely complete the requirements established by his family service plan when
    the lack of services made it impossible for [Father] to comply. Specifically, while
    [Father] was required to complete a barterer's program, no such program was
    available through any service agency in Lawrence County and, therefore, the failure to
    complete this program was beyond [Father's] control and should not serve as a basis
    for the termination of his parental rights.
    While Mother and Father each raise some unique questions on appeal,
    53RO
    generally their Concise �t.l?tem.e_nts feature many similar or outright identical issues;
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    Accordingly, for purposes of this Opinion, Mother's and Father's issues will be
    organized and divided into the following five categories of analysis:
    •    I: Failure to Have Children Appear in Court or Take Their Testimony (Mother's
    and Father's points 1 and 5).
    •    11: Lack of Competent Testimony or Other Evidentiary Issues (Mother's and
    Father's 6 and 7; Mother's 9 and 10).
    •    111: Issues with the Reunification Plan or Provision of its Services (Mother's 3,4
    and 11; Father's 3,4,9 and 10).
    •    IV: Failure to Apply the Applicable Law (Mother's and Father's 2).
    •   V: Failure to Stay Termination Pending Dependency Appeals (Mother's and
    Father's 8).
    DISCUSSION
    Our Supreme Court has set forth the appellate standard of review in termination
    of parental rights cases as follows:
    The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases requires
    appellate courts "to accept the findings of fact and credibility determinations of
    the trial court   if they are supported by the record." In re Adoption of S.P., 
    47 A.3d 817
    , 826 (Pa. 2012). "If the factual findings are supported, appellate
    courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law or abused its
    discretion." 
    Id.
     "A decision may be reversed for an abuse of discretion only
    upon demonstration of manifest unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or
    ill-will." 
    Id.
     The trial court's decision, however, should not be reversed merely
    because the record would support a different result. 
    Id. at 827
    . We have
    previously emphasized our deference to trial courts that often have first-hand
    53flD                 observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings.
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT
    · {, . .. I.'·"°'.': ;-\.L
    l\WR��CE COUNTY
    PE:NNSVLVANIA
    7
    In re T.S.M., 
    71 A.3d 251
    , 267 (Pa. 2013),
    Appellate courts review goal change orders in an identical matter by also
    employing an abuse of discretion standard. In re R.M.G., 
    997 A.2d 339
    , 345 (Pa.
    Super. 2010).
    I. Failure to Have Children Appear in Court or Take Their Testimony
    In each of their respective concise statements at Nos. 1 and 5, both Mother and
    Father contend that CYS failed to make Children available to this Court as required by
    the Child Protective Services Laws and thatthis Court erred by failing to take
    testimony from both Children regarding their indiviqual wishes for reunification. With
    respect to.the Child Protective Services Laws (CPSL) that Mother and Father both
    cite, Mother and Father are correct that there is a body of law known in this
    Commonwealth under that name. 23 Pa. C.S. §§6301-6386. However, these statutes
    · are not generally concerned with dependency and termination cases but rather have      a
    purpose described by the Supreme Court as follows:
    The legislature sought to encourage greater reporting of suspected child abuse
    in order to prevent further abuse and to provide rehabilitative services for
    abused children and their families. The [CPSLJ also establishes a statewide
    central registry for the maintenance of indicated and founded reports of child
    abuse. as identifying perpetrators ofabuse serves to further protect children.
    Recognizing that identifying someone as a child abuser can profoundly impact
    that person's reputation, the release of such information is advocated only in
    certain limited venues. [Reports] of indicated and founded abuse identifying the
    perpetrator can be released to law enforcement, social work agencies,
    employers in child care services and other related venues.
    53RD
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT
    LAWRENCE COUNTY
    PENNSYLVA.NIA
    8
    G.V. v. Department of Public Welfare, 
    91 A.3d 667
    , 670-71 (Pa. 2014) (quoting
    P.R. v. Department of Public Welfare, 
    801 A.2d 478
    , 483 (Pa. 2002)).
    Indeed, the statute itself uses nearly identical language in expressing its
    purpose to "encourage more complete reporting of suspected child abuse" and to
    enhance the capability of each county to investigate and prosecute suspected abusers
    while protecting and rehabilitating affected children. 23 Pa. C.S. §6302(b). While
    there are some intersections between the CPSL and dependency/termination issues,
    those connections are irrelevant to the case at bar. See, e.g. 23 Pa. C.S. §§6339,
    6341 (d), 6375(k). Moreover, the only section directly dealing with evidentiary issues,
    23 Pa. C.S. §6381, has clear language that does not specify any requirement that
    children must be made available to the Court by a child services agency, and we will
    not read such a provision into the law at this time. See 1 Pa. C.S. §1921 (b). In short,
    there is simply no applicable mandate in the CPSL regarding making children
    available to the court to which CYS failed to adhere at the termination/dependency
    proceedings.
    Because this case is a blend of dependency and termination issues, it is
    appropriate to evaluate the rules each of these types of proceedings has regarding the
    presence and testimony of the children involved. For dependency proceedings, the
    starting point is Pa. R.J.C.P. 1128(A), which states that generally "all parties shall be
    present at any proceeding" unless certain exceptions apply. Among those exceptions
    is that "the court may proceed in the absence of a party upon good cause shown
    except that in no case shall a hearing occur in the absence of a child's attorney. lf a
    .SJRD
    JUDICIAL       child has a guardian ad.litem and J�g�l counsel, both attorneys shall be present." Pa.
    DISTRICT                            • i. �·-- .; : i __ �. <; L� 1; � . . \ {_
    -AWRENCE COUNTY
    PENNSYLVANIA
    9
    ...
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    R.J.C.P. 1128(8)(1 ). After first reiterating that a proceeding is never to move forward
    "in the absence of the child's attorney," the comment to the rule further explains that
    while "a child should appear in court" unless good cause is shown, it is up to the
    court's discretion whether to proceed "if the court finds that a party has received
    proper notice of the hearing and has willfully failed to appear." Pa. R.J.C.P. 1128 cmt.
    In short, Pa. R.J.C.P. 1128 imposes a general requirement that all parties to a
    dependency case should be present for all proceedings but also permits absences for
    good cause that are left to the court's discretion.
    Also pertinent to dependency hearings are several provisions of the Juvenile
    Act 42 Pa. C.S. §6351 (e)(1) (emphasis added) states that:
    In any permanency hearing held with respect to the child, the court shall
    consult with the child regarding the child's permanency plan, including
    the child's desired permanency goal, in a manner appropriate to the
    child's age and maturity. If the court does not consult personally with the
    child, the court shall ensure that the views of the child regarding the
    permanency plan have been ascertained to the fullest extent possible
    and communicated to the court by the guardian ad /item ...
    The court is also required to consult with the affected child as to his/her desired
    permanency goal in the very narrow circumstance that the court orders the Child to be
    placed into another planned permanent living arrangement. 42 Pa. C.S,
    §6351 (f.1)(5)(iv). Lastly, the Juvenile Act provides that "[upon] the application of [any
    party to dependency proceedings], the court, master, or the clerk of court shall issue,
    or the court or master may on its own motion issue, subpoenas requiring the
    attendance and testimony of witnesses ... " 42 Pa. C.S. §6333(a).
    531S!tJ
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT
    IWRENc;E COUNTY
    PENNSYLVANIA
    l: 1+7
    10
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    In answering the question of whether children shall testify at involuntary
    termination proceedings, the Superior Court has held that "there is no statutory
    requirement nor is there any Pennsylvania appellate decision which permits or
    requires the testimony or preference by the child to be placed on the record as an
    integral part of a termination proceeding." In re B.L.L., 787 A2d 1007, 1014 (Pa.
    Super. 2001) (emphasis added). Indeed, the Superior Court had already reached an
    identical result five years earlier, noting the lack of a "judicial decision, statute or
    constitutional provision which would entitle a natural parent to force an abused child to
    testify in an involuntary termination proceeding. We decline to create any such
    requirement." In re Child' M., 681 A2d 793, 798.(Pa. Super. 1996). Rather, at
    contested termination proceedings, the child has an attorney to represent his/her legal
    interests and a guardian ad !item to advocate for his/her best interests.2 In re L.8.M.,
    
    161 A.3d 172
    , 175 (Pa. 2017); In re T.S., 
    192 A.3d 1080
     (Pa. 2018); 23 Pa. C.S.
    §2313(a).    3   It is the job of these professionals; not the child, to convey the child's
    preferences to the court with respect to the potential terminations.
    Turning to the case at bar, it is first clear that any reliance Mother and Father
    place on the CPSL are misplaced, for those statutes are largely distinct and absent
    2
    "'Legal interests' denotes that an attorney is to express the child's wishes to the court regardless of
    whether the attorney agrees with the child's recommendation. 'Best interests' denotes that a guardian
    ad litem is to express what the guardian ad litem believes is best for the child's care, protection, safety,
    and wholesome physical and mental development regardless of whether the child agrees." Pa. R.J.C.P.
    1154 cmt.
    3 The "continuing viability" of the hardline rule set forth in B.L. L. prohibiting the use of a child's testimony
    at termination of parental rights hearings was recently called into question by Justice Wecht ofthe
    Pennsylvania Supreme Court, who argued that.B.t.L should be reevaluated "in light of L.B.M. and T.S."
    53RD
    and in consideration of the value such testimony could have in clarifying any conflicts that may arise
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT
    between the child's best and legal interests'.: lh'terest of J.C.F., 
    199 A.3d 859
     (Pa. 2018) (Wecht, J.,
    dissenting) .
    .AWRE:NCE COUNTY
    PE:NNSYLVANIA
    11
    ___________________________                                                            ..                     ..   ,,,_,   ,,_,.   _
    from the realm ofdependency/termination proceedings. Next, although Pa. R.J.C.P.
    1128 states a clear preference that a child be present at dependency proceedings, the
    rule also grants a court discretion to choose to conduct hearings in the child's absence
    if good cause is shown so long as the child's attorney is present. It is precisely this
    path that the Court took during the hearings underlying the instant appeal. Noting that
    K.M.R. did in fact appear at the August 8 and 9, 2017 hearings, this Court was
    otherwise satisfied that good cause existed to permit Children's absences at the
    remaining proceedings due to the fraught and tempestuous relationships between
    Children and Parents in addition to the need for Children to maintain attendance at
    school and extracurricular activities. However, Children's guardian ad litem and
    attorney were both present for and fully participated in all proceedings while
    advocating for Children's best and legal interests, respectively. Thus, at all times, the
    Court conducted the proceedings in compliance with the requirements of 42 Pa. C.S.
    §6351 (e)(1) and 23 Pa. C.S. §2313(a). Lastly, Mother and Father failed to exercise
    their statutory right under the Juvenile Act to have subpoenas issued that would have
    compelled K.M.R. and J.L.A.'s presence at the hearings,
    In short, Mother's and Father's arguments that either one or both of Children
    was withheld from the Court and barred from testifying, in violation of the CPSL and
    "without justification," are legally unsupported. For the foregoing reasons, these
    matters should not be considered on appeal.
    II. Lack of Competent Testimony and Other Evidentiary Issues
    In their concise statements, Mother and Father each raise several issues with
    53RO
    JUDICIAL         respect to the testimony elicited and evidence adduced at the proceedings. Both
    DISTRJCT
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    Parents, at Nos. 6 and 7, contend that CVS supplied neither "any competent
    testimony" about the impact of termination on Children's best interests nor the bonds,
    or lack thereof, among Children, their foster family, and Parents. Mother alone raises
    additional concerns at Nos. 9 and 1 O that there was insufficient evidence presented as
    to her incapacity to parent and that this Court misconstrued the testimony of her
    expert witness, Dr. Fred Gallo.
    In termination of parental rights cases, the prevailing evldentiary standard is
    clear and convincing evidence. It is the burden of the party seeking termination to first
    proffer clear and convincing evidence that the parent's conduct satisfies one of the
    statutory grounds found at 23 Pa. C.S. §2511(a), and then to demonstrate that
    termination would benefit the needs and welfare of the child under a best interests
    standard pursuant to 23 Pa. C.S. §2511(b). In re D.L.B., 
    166 A.3d 322
    , 326 (Pa.
    Super. 2017) (internal citations omitted). The trial court acts as the factfinder in
    termination cases, meaning that it is "charqed with the responsibilities of evaluating
    credibility of the witnesses and resolving any conflicts· in the testimony ... [in] carrying
    out these responsibilities, the trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of the
    evidence." In re Adoption of R.J.S., 
    901 A.2d 502
    , 506 (Pa. Super. 2006).
    Over the course of the proceedings, CYS presented Mr. Brian Dick, Ms. Tanya
    Stahlman, and Ms. Amber Pieri. .All testified as fact witnesses, While Mr. Dick was
    additionally certified as an expert in the areas of counseling and parental capacity
    assessments. As recounted in the _January 16, 2019 Opinion. each of these
    professionals credibly testified to the troubling emotional relationship between Mother
    S3RD
    JUDICIAL                   and Children. Ms . .Stahlman and Mr. Dick also commented on Mother's lack of
    OiSTRICT
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    __________         ..:..._                                                                                                                ··-----···----··-··--··--------·----··-   ..
    empathy toward the traumatic experiences Children endured at her home and
    Mother's seeming inability to emotionally attune to Children despite months of
    counseling sessions. Ms. Pieri testified to documented instances of K.M.R. 's self-
    destructive behavior, such as pinching and attempted suffocation, following some
    extended interactions with Mother. All three witnesses further spoke to the lack of any
    positive feelings or genuine bonds worth saving between Parents and Children.
    Additionally, Ms. Pieri noted how Children have matured emotionally, physically,
    academically, and spiritually since moving in with their foster family in December
    2013.
    In response to CYS, Mother and Father each testified on their own behalf at the
    hearings. Mother additionally offered the testimony of Dr. Fred Gallo, a psychologist
    from Sharon, Pa., to speak to her parental capacity, whom this Court certified as an
    expert in psychology. However, unlike Mr. Dick, Ms. Stahlman, or Ms. Pieri, Dr. Gallo
    failed to observe Mother interact with Children during any of their sessions together,
    and consequently this Court accorded less weight to his conclusions on her parental
    abilities than those who observed Mother and Children together firsthand. During
    Mother's testimony, CYS also offered into evidence on cross-examination. which this
    Court admitted without objection, a "notice/demand'' letter Mother wrote to CYS in
    June 2017 demanding the return of her "property," i.e. Children. This Court
    considered the letter and weighed it in conjunction with the voluminous testimony from
    Mr. Dick, Ms. Stahlman. and Ms. Pieri as to Mother's extreme and sustained
    difficulties in emotionally relating to Children. For his part, Father's own testimony
    53RD
    JUDICIAL       underscored his struggles with substance abuse, domestic violence, and the criminal
    DISTRICT
    • :,
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    AWRENCE COUNTY
    PENNSYLVANIA
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    14
    justice system, all of which influenced this Court's conclusions as to his present and
    prospective inability to take Children into his care.
    In sum, this Court remains resolutely convinced that CYS met its burden of
    presenting clear and convincing evidence $howing the existence of the statutory
    grounds for termination under 23 Pa. C.S. §251 t'(a) through a combination of their fact
    and expert witnesses, admitted exhibits. and cross-examination of Mother and Father.
    Moreover, this Court remains satisfied that CYS presented sufficient evidence relevant
    to the considerations of 23 Pa. C.S. §2511 (b), such as Ms. Pieri's observations of
    Children's lives. with their foster family and multiple witnesses' retelling of Children's
    toxic bonds with Parents, in demonstrating that termination would serve Children's
    best interests. Next, we turn to Mother's contention with respect to Dr. Gallo's
    testimony. Although this Court gave fair consideration to the psychological testing Dr.
    Gallo performed on Mother, we simply could not accord much weight                               to his
    conclusions about her parenting abilities as they were unsupported by any personal
    observations, the lack of which stands in stark contrast to the three professionals who
    testified for CVS on this same point. Succinctly put, in reaching our decision, this
    Court allowed all parties to present their cases-in-chief and, upon exercising our
    discretion to examine and weigh the evidence supplied, concluded that CYS cleared
    its evidentiary hurdles. Therefore, these matters should not be considered on appeal.
    Ill. Issues with Reunification and the Family Service Plan
    In their concise statements at Nos. 3 and 4, Mother and Father both contend
    that CYS failed to provide any type of reunification counseling or generate a service
    53RD
    JUDICIAL    plan for reunification, and that CYS failed to provide any visitation between Parents
    DISTRICT
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    and Children. Additionally, Father argues at Nos, 9 and 10 that CYS failed to refer
    him for a parental capacity assessment and that he could not have completed his
    family service plan due to a lack of services available in Lawrence County.
    Whenever a dependent child is taken into foster care, the default goal is
    eventual reunification of the family. Congress mandated this policy in the federal
    Adoption and Safe Family Act of 1997 (ASFA). 
    42 U.S.C. §§671
    :-679. Specifically,
    federal law requires that states shall make "reasonable efforts ... to preserve and
    reunify families." 
    42 U.S.C. §671
    (a). In Pennsylvania, "the law prioritizes reunification
    initially" and to this end, child service agencies "must, of course, put forth a good faith
    effort in making [rehabilitative services necessary for the performance of parental
    duties and responsibilities] available to the parent." In Interest of C.K., 
    165 A.3d 935
    ,
    943-44 (Pa. Super. 2017) (quoting In re J.J., 
    515 A.2d 883
    , 890 (Pa. 1986)). Child
    service agencies typically fulfill this requirement through the implementation of family
    service plans, which must be prepared for "all families receiving services." Burns v.
    Department of Human Services, 
    190 A.3d 758
    , 763 n.8 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018); 
    55 Pa. Code §3130.61
    ; 
    55 Pa. Code §3130.67
    . The child services agency has a clear duty to
    "make reasonable efforts to finalize the permanency plan [that] is independent of the
    parents' duty to accept such efforts." C.K., supra, at 943.
    However, while an agency is expected under the law to make reasonable
    efforts to promote reunification, this duty is not unlimited in time or scope. "If
    reunification is not viable 'after reasonable efforts have been made to reestablish the
    biological relationship,' child welfare agencies must work 'toward termination of
    53RD
    JUDICIAL        parental rights, placing the child with adoptive parents,' ideally within 18 months." Id.
    DISTRICT                                                               .       ,··,,   ....
    ·-   ;   �   ,.-   .,       <            •     '   -. ,_
    AWRENCE ·COUNT.V
    PE:NNSYLVANIA                                                                                   j:4
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    at 944 (quoting B.L.L., 
    supra, at 1016
    ). The Superior Court has also stated that "We
    cannot require CYS to extend services beyond what our legislature had deemed a
    reasonable time after state intervention ... [the] state's interest in preserving family unity
    must be weighed along with the state's interest in protecting children." In re J.T., 
    817 A.2d 505
    , 509 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citing In re Adoption of A.N.D., 
    520 A.2d 31
     (Pa.
    Super. 1986)). Simply put, the agency "is not expected to do the impossible and is not
    a 'guarantor of the success of the efforts to help parents assume their parental
    duties."' C.K., supra, at 942 (quoting In re A.LO., 
    797 A.2d 326
    , 340 (Pa. Super.
    2002)).
    Part of those reasonable efforts toward reunification include the child services
    agency facilitating visitation between children and their parents, although the Juvenile
    Act itself does not specify the necessary frequency of-those visits. In re C.J., 
    729 A.2d 89
    , 93 (Pa. Super. 1999) (citing In the Interest of M.B., 
    674 A.2d 702
    , 706 n,3 (Pa.
    Super. 1996)). Administrative regulations provide thatthe child services agency must
    provide visitation opportunities at least once every two weeks unless certain
    exceptions apply, such as visitation running contrary to the child's best interest or
    limitation by court order. 
    55 Pa. Code §3130.68
    (a)(3). Courts are generally cautioned
    against restricting visitation when the goal of the family service plan remains
    reunification unless a grave threat exists to the child's welfare. C.J., 
    supra, at 95
    .
    From the foregoing, the law may be summarized as follows. It is clearthat
    once a child is adjudicated dependent and taken in CYS care, the agency is required
    to compile a family service plan that has at its outset a goal of eventual reunification of
    5JRD
    JUDICIAL
    OJSTRJCT
    the child and parents! a,n� _then must make reasonable efforts at providing services to
    •WR la:NCE COUNTY
    PENNSVLVAN ..A
    1,·;                      17
    ;} ;
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    the family to achieve those ends, including visitation. In turn, the parent has a
    corresponding duty to make reasonable efforts to take advantage of these services
    and cooperate with CYS to effectuate eventual reunification. This arrangement is
    reviewed every six months at the permanency review hearings, and if insufficient
    progress on the reunification front has been made, the child services agency may then
    move toward termination of the parent's rights.4
    Despite the clear mandate favoring reunification imposed on CYS and other
    child services agencies, an important question arises concerning the appropriate
    sanction for agencies seeking termination of parental rights that nonetheless failed to
    provide reasonable efforts toward reunification. In In re D.C.D., 
    105 A.3d 662
    , 671-72
    (Pa. 2014), the Pennsylvania Supreme Courtconcluded that "neither [23 Pa. C.S.
    §2511 (a) or (b)] requires a court to consider reasonable efforts provided to a parent
    prior to termination of parental rights. Nevertheless, this Court has observed that the
    provision or absence of reasonable efforts may be relevant to a court's consideration
    of both the grounds for termination and the best interests of the child." (citing In re
    Adoption of S.E.G., 
    901 A.2d 1017
    , 1029 (Pa. 2006)). Rather than denying an
    otherwise meritorious termination petition to punish an agency for failing to expend
    reasonable efforts on reunification services, the high court directed that the
    appropriate remedy was for the trial court "to conclude on the record that the agency
    has failed to make reasonable efforts, which imposes a financial penalty on the
    agency of thousands if not tens of thousands of dollars under [ASFA]." Id. at 675.
    53RD
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT
    .   -
    • Permanency review hearings at six-month intervals are required by statute. 42 Pa. C.S. §6351 (e)(3).
    AW.RENCE COUNTY
    PENNSYLVANIA
    18
    In short. the trial court must only determine whether the party seeking
    termination has satisfied the statutory grounds at 23 Pa. C.S. §2511; reunification
    services, or the lack thereof, may be. relevant, but cannot be a basis for denying an
    otherwise worthy and proven termination petition.
    The basic facts of this case indicate that CVS developed             a family service plan
    (FSP) by April 2014, within six months. of Children corning info care; and thatthe
    FSP's ultimate goal was reunification With Parents ("return to parent or guardian'').
    See, e.g., Permanency Review Orders dated 9/16/15, 3/11/16;9/2/16, 3/22/17,
    9/17/18. The FSP, which applied to both parents, was comprehensive and contained
    steps individually tailored to Mother's and Father's respective circumstances.
    Mother's FSP included requirements that she, inter alia, maintain a clean home,
    undergo mental health and psychological assessments, complete domestic violence
    counseling, complete a parental capacity assessment, and undergo a drug and
    alcohol evaluation. Father's FSP included similar steps and also required that he
    complete. anger management and a barterer's support group.
    It is plainly evident that CYS provided reasonable efforts toward Mother
    because she made substantial progress with completing all points of her plan.5
    Mother was able to achieve nearly all goals of her FSP, as she successfully obtained
    mental health and psychological evaluations. attended a domestic violence support
    group, cleaned up her home, and attended parenting classes. The only remaining
    factor on her FSP was completing a second parenting capacity assessment, and the
    53RD          5
    JUDICIAL
    for example, CYS referred Mother to Mr. Brian Dick, Who performed a parental capacity assessment in
    DISTRICT        December 2014, Although Mr. Dick did not give Mother a favorable rating in this first assessment, CYS
    decided to refer Mother forasecond assessment with Mr. Dick in August 2016 to examine whether she
    had made any progress in·the interim; Second referrals, as Mr. Dick testified, are extraordinarily rare.
    /RE:NCE CQUNTV
    ENNSVLVANJA
    19
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    record demonstrates that Mother failed to follow up on this despite repeated prompting
    from CYS and Mr. Brian Dick in late 2016. CYS also facilitated reunification
    counseling between Mother and Children from 2014 to 2017 through providers Tressa
    French and Tanya Stahlman. During Ms. Stahlman's work with Mother and Children,
    she refocused the sessions from reunification to resolution in order to address some
    serious and outstanding issues between Mother and Children, particularly K.M.R. In
    any event. at no time in this case did CYS fail to provide services for Mother or
    opportunities for her to complete the FSP.
    Children maintained regular, biweekly social visitation with Mother in the time
    between January 2014 and November 2014, at which point CYS stopped scheduling
    Visits at Children's behest. Ms. Pieri, Children's CYS caseworker, noted that their
    refusal to attend stemmed from Mother's alleged misbehavior during some visits, such
    as pinching K.M.R. and asking her to lie to CYS, which caused so much stress for
    K.M.R. that she resorted to self-destructive and self-harming behavior. Recognizing
    these dangers to Children's well-being, the Court issued an order on January 6, 2015
    limiting visitation with Mother pending the discretion of a counselor who would
    determine if and when visitation would resume, which was continually readopted by
    subsequent permanency review orders. See, e.g., Permanency Review Orders,
    9/15/15 and 9/17/18.
    Father was also subject to the FSP, although his ability to comply was
    somewhat hamstrung by his enrollment in the Teen Challenges Program and repeated
    incarcerations. Indeed, when he was out of jail, Father was able to enjoy both social
    53RO
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT                                                       . i
    -,   :
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    AWRENCE COUN.TY
    PENNSYLVANIA
    20
    visitation with Children and later counseling sessions with K.M.R.6 It is also apparent
    that when he was not imprisoned, Father was in close contact with CYS, specifically
    Children's caseworker Ms. Amber Pieri. By these indications, CYS seemed generally
    willing to work with Father on his FSP compliance, and moreover there is nothing in
    the record to suggest thatCYS deliberately withheld Father from a parental capacity
    examination. Rather, given Father's intermittent availability and documented lack of a
    permanent residence, it is likely thatthe time was not yet ripe for a parental capacity
    assessment, a process which requires that the evaluator visit the home and observe
    how the. parent and child interact intheir natural setting. Further, setting aside
    concerns that Father failed to raise any issues at the hearings with respect to the
    availability of a batterer's support group in Lawrence County, the FSP did not mandate
    that he attend the support group with any specific provider." Indeed, even acceptinq
    Father's premise as true (i.e. the dubious claim that no batterer's support groups of
    any kind are available in Lawrence County), a thorough search by this Court
    uncovered no legal requirement that CYS had to ensure Father's ability to complete
    the FSP entirely within his county of residence.
    In sum, Mother's and Father's contentions that CYS failed to provide a family
    service plan and failed to provide reasonable efforts toward reunification are clearly
    6
    Father's visitation rights were also specifically addressed by a September 2015 Order of Court
    following his release from the Teen Challenges Program. The record indicates that Father enjoyed
    social visitation with Children approximately once every two weeks between September 2015 and
    February 2016.
    7
    Pa. RAP. 302(a) states that "issues not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for
    the first time on appeal." See a/so.Jones v. Ott; 191 A:3d 782 {Pa. 2018). During the numerous
    53RO
    termination hearings, Father never placed on the record any issue with respect to CYS' purported failure
    JUDICIAL
    DI.STRICT
    to ensure that he could attend a batterers support group in Lawrence County. Nonetheless, this Court
    addresses this contention with th� caveafth_at\we only do so in the interest of a full and fair exploration of
    the issues before the Superior Court.           ·-           ·
    WRENCE COUNTY
    PENNSYLVANIA
    21
    i � •..•-   t . :.
    ·--�-------------------------------·-·
    indefensible when considered next to the facts of this case. CVS developed FSPs for
    both Parents and then expended considerable resources to help Parents realize the
    overarching goal of reunification with Children. To the extent that Mother and Father
    assert that their right to visitation with Children was improperly curtailed, it is
    noteworthy that the question of visitation frequency was addressed through two orders
    of court that instituted specific limitations in response to seriously concerning
    misbehavior from each parent. Likewise, Father's additional arguments are betrayed
    by his inability to maintain a residence suitable for a parental capacity evaluation and
    the absence of any legal standard requiring the provision ofall reunification services in
    the parent's home county.
    Moreover, even if it is determined that CYS failed to provide reasonable efforts
    toward achieving reunification, Mother's and Father's arguments necessarily fail. As
    setforth by the D.C.D. Court, the appropriate sanction is a notation on the case record
    which would then cost CVS thousands of dollars in federal funding. Besides the fact
    that this Court made no such finding on the record, CVS met its statutory burden for
    proving termination under 23 Pa. C.S. §2511.8 Therefore, regardless of the
    reasonableness of CVS' reunification efforts, termination was proper in this case and
    these errors should not be considered                                           on .appeal.
    IV. Failure to Apply the Law to the Facts of the Case
    Mother and Father each contend at No. 2 of their concise statements that this
    Court failed to apply the law to the facts of the case and return Children to Parents,
    53RO
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT
    ; . -. :_
    8·
    See IV. Failure to Ai,.plv the Law to the Facts of the Case, infra.
    '"1' ··· I'l, ·,..''. -I.l...' :.•,r
    ,...,., ' • (, (";·'.
    LWRENCE COUNYY
    PENNSYLVANIA
    � '-'
    •   �   .l   i 1··
    .•     l...   u
    � t ;
    -.J   J   '
    22
    ··--··-·--------..--·-
    with Mother individually complaining that she was entitled to regain custody of
    Children because she had completed her FSP,
    The law that trial courts must apply to termination petitions is Well settled and
    ironclad. Courts must always be mindful that parents have a constitutionally
    guaranteed right to the. control, care and custody of their children, which is abrogated
    and converted into the child's right to proper care only upon the breach of their
    parental duties. In re AS., 
    11 A.3d 473
    , 478 (Pa. Super. 2010). In Pennsylvania,
    courts safeguard these rights and balance the competing interests by adhering to the
    bifurcated analysis mirroring the structure of 23 Pa. C.S. §2511:
    Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party seeking
    termination must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the parent's
    conduct satisfies the statutory grounds delineated in Section 2511 (a). Only if
    the court determines that the parent's conduct warrants termination of his or
    her parental rights does the court engage in the second part of the analysis
    pursuant to Section 2511 (b): determination of the needs and welfare of the
    child under the standard ofthe best interests of the child.
    In re D.L.B., 
    166 A.3d 322
    , 326 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citing In re L.M .. 
    923 A.2d 505
    , 511 (Pa. Super. 2007)). Clear and convincing evidence is defined by the
    Superior Court as "evidence as that which is so 'clear, direct, weighty and convincing
    as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the
    truth of the precise facts in issue." 1.Q.. (citing In re C.S., 761 A2d 1197, 1201 (Pa,
    Super. 2000) (en bane)).
    For purposes of this appeal, CYS filed the termination petitions asserting that
    53RO
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT         grounds for termination existed asto.both
    ..   .,,, .  ,.. other and Father at 23 Pa. C.S.
    ,.M  ..   ·. ,
    ,WRENCE COUNTY
    PENNSYLVANIA
    -   ...,._,   .....                   23
    -----------------···----··--···-·-· · ····-····-··                  .
    §2511 (a)(2) and (a)(B), and that Children's needs and welfare would be best served
    by termination pursuant to Section 2511(b);9 In the January 16, 2019 Opinion, this
    Court recounted at length the precedents which guided our evaluations of grounds for
    termination at 23 Pa. C.S. §2511 (a)(2).10 Pertinent to any consideration of termination
    under Section 2511 (a)(2) is that "parental incapacity that cannot be remedied [is] not
    limited to affirmative misconduct; to the contrary, those grounds may include acts of
    refusal as well as incapacity to perform parental duties." Matter of Adoption of M.A.B.,
    
    166 A.3d 434
    , 444 (Pa. Super. 2017) (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added).
    9 23 Pa. C.S. §2511; Grounds for involuntary termination
    (a} General rule. - The rights ofaparent in regard to a child may be terminated after a petition
    filed on any of the following grounds:
    (2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal ofthe parent has caused
    the child to be without essential parental care; control or subsistence necessary for his physical
    or mental weil-being and the conditions and causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal
    cannotor will not be remedied by the parent
    ***
    (8) The child has been removed from the care ofthe parent by the court or under a voluntary
    agreement with an agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from the date of removal or
    placement, the conditions which led to the removal or placement or the child continue to exist
    and termination of parental rights would serve the best needs and welfare of the child,
    (b) Other considerations. - The court in terminating the rights of a parent shall give primary
    consideratlcn to the developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The
    rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of environmental factors such as
    inadequate housing, furnishings, income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
    control of the parent, With respect to any petition filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1 ), (6) or (8),
    the court shall not consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein
    which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the filing of the petition.
    53RD
    JUDICIAL       10
    See, e.g., In re N.A.M., 
    33 A.3d 95
    _,.1pO.(f;la.,-Super, 2Pl1}; In re Interest of Lilley, 719 A2d .327, 330
    DISTRICT
    (Pa. Super. 1998); In re Geiger. 331 A.2ci':172                                    (Pa:
    :1975);�-in re E.AP., 
    944 A.2d 79
    , 82 (Pa. Super.
    2008).
    WRENCE COUNTY
    PENNSYLVANIA
    !/ .
    24
    . -..;.·_ .. 1   i     ..    :        "
    �--·.            .,. r       .'       -
    For Section 2511 (a)(8), this Court extensively applied the tripartite test set forth by !D.
    re M.E.P., 
    825 A.2d 1266
    , 1276 (Pa. Super. 2003).11 Lastly, for the Section 2511(b)
    branch of the analysis, this Court relied on M.A.B., supra, at 448 and T.S.M., supra, at
    269 which require that trial courts consider the bonds that exist between a parent and
    child, as well as myriad other factors, such as love, comfort, safety, and relationships
    with the fosterfarruly. See also In re Adoption ofC.D.R., 
    111 A.3d 1212
     (Pa. Super.
    2.015); A.S., 
    supra, at 483
    . In short, the law that Pennsylvania courts must
    unwaveringly apply when evaluating termination petitions is 23 Pa. C.S. §2511, the
    subsections. of which in turn necessitate the bifurcated analysis as further interpreted
    and expanded through case law.
    In the case sub judice, CYS had the burden of proving by clear and convincing
    evidence that grounds for terminating Mother's and Father's parental rights existed
    under 23 Pa. C.S. §2511(a)(2) and (a)(8). Regarding Mother (and disregarding her
    assertion that she completed every item on the FSP; see llL supra), this Court was
    satisfied that CVS provided clear and convincing evidence that Mother exhibited ah
    irremediable emotional incapacity under Section 2511 (a)(2), i.e. that Mother could not
    provide essential care and control of Children due to her inability to have any
    semblance of an emotional relationship with them. However, this Court was not
    persuaded that grounds for termination existed as to Motherunder Section 2511 (�)(8),
    and thus denied that ground. Likewise, applying the test set forth by Section 2511 (b),
    11
    In reAdoption of M.E.P., E325 A.2d 1266, 1276(Pa. Super; 2003) stated as follows with respect to
    53RC
    JUDiCIAL
    Section 2511 (a)(B): "[The] following factors must be demonstrated: (1) the child has been removed from
    DISTRICT        parental care for 12 months or moi'�-fro.m· the date 9f,removal; (2) the conditions which led to the
    removal or placement of the child contlnue' to exisl;'"and (3) termination of parental rights would best
    serve_the needs and Welfare ofr;tl:A.c�i!_d.".-
    (.,,,!._
    ,.
    ,L:� -,·,� •r:-.'4   I    • -
    ,WRENCE COUNTY.                                                                i:   i.Il.i
    PENNSVLIIANIA
    this Court was satisfied that Children's best interests would be served by termination.
    Regarding Father, this Court. concluded that CYS met its burden for showinq that
    grounds for terminating his parental rights existed under Section 2511 {a)(2) and (a){8),
    and that it would again be in Children's best interests under Section 2511 (b) to have
    his rights terminated. At all times, this Court applied the statutory and case law
    provisions applicable to the asserted grounds for termination, and made its decisions
    based on the strength of the evidence presented. Therefore, this matter should not be
    considered on. appeal.
    V. Failure to Stay Final Order Pending Dependency Appeals
    At No. 8 on their concise statements, Mother and Father each argue that this
    Court erred by failing to stay issuing its final order on the involuntary terminations
    While the Dependency Appeals remained pending before the Superior Court.
    Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1701 governs the effect an appeal
    has on the trial court below. Pa. R.A.P. 1701 {a) states that unless otherwise
    prescribed by the rules, "after an appeal is taken or review of a quasijudicial order is
    sought, the trial court or other government unit may no longer proceed further in the
    matter." However, Pa. R.A.P. 1701(c) (emphasis added) qualifies this by decreeing
    that '[wlhere only a particular item, claim or assessment adjudged in the matter is
    involved in an appeal. .. the appeal .or petition for review proceeding shall operate to
    prevent the trial court or other government unit from proceeding further with only such
    item, claim or assessment... '1
    Additionally, clear precedent from the Pennsylvania Superior Court disfavors
    53RD
    JUDICIAL       staying all proceedings frivo[vj.ngJ:1.d.epen�ent child solely because one issue or order
    DISTRICT                                                    � .• - i .• �'
    ,WRENCE COUNTY
    PENNSYLVANIA                                ,. -
    -, � ;.., :'
    '.
    ...
    26
    ··· ·-·----------------------------
    is on appeal. "Depriving a Juvenile Court of jurisdiction merely because a single
    Order, involving any issue or party; has been appealed ... would also frustrate the
    statutory authority of the Juvenile Court to exercise continuing_ independent and
    original authority to adjudicate in the best interests of a dependent child." In re Gdffin,
    
    690 A.2d 1192
    , 1200 (Pa. Super. 1997). Indeed, "[maintaining] the status q1,.10 while
    awaiting resolution of a parent's appeal could never justify the risk to a child forced   to
    remain in a possibly safe or unsatisfactory situation." In re R.P., 
    956 A.2d 449
    , 455
    (Pa. Super. 2008).
    Here, the Dependency Appeals of October 5, 2018, involved separate issues
    from the termination petitions and motions for goal change. While it is undeniable
    that, for purposes of judicial economy, this Court scheduled and conducted hearings
    for both tracks of cases concurrently, ultimately the two sets of cases are concerned
    wlth different legal issues and outcomes. Therefore, this Court, pursuant to Pa. R.A.P.
    1701(c)and the aforementioned case law, declined to stay the termination
    proceedings; accordingly, this matter should not be. considered on appeal.
    For the foregoing reasons, we respectfully request thatthe Superior Court
    affirm our January 16, 2019 Order of Court, and dismiss the appeal in this matter:
    53RD
    JUDICIAL                                    I   ,,
    �·. ;
    DISTRICT
    '   ,'           •   I   •
    ,WAENC�- COUNTY
    Pi.NNSYLVANIA
    27
    Circulated 07/24/2019 1047 AM
    .-
    {
    '·...
    IN THE INTEREST OF:                              IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
    LAWRENCE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
    K.M.R.                                         : N0.940F2013,DP;
    NO. 20012 of 2017, OC-A
    J.L.A.
    APPEARANCES
    For Children and Youth Services:               Carolyn Flannery, .Esq.
    1001 East Washington Street
    New Castle, PA 16101
    For Natural Mother, M.R.:                      Dennis Mccurdy, Esq.
    539 Main Street
    Harmony, PA 16037
    ..;.J .
    <"
    z
    For Natural Father, C.A.:                      Bradley G. Olson, Jr., Esq.
    28 North Mill Street                  (..')
    Forthe Minors:
    New Castle, PA 16101
    Paula Cialella, Esq.
    -
    Cl
    w
    ...;J
    .   z
    ...-;,::
    -,
    113 N. Mercer Street                  �
    New Castle, PA 16101
    Guardian .Ad Litem:                            Nora DiBuono1 Esq.
    701 First Avenue
    Ellwood City, PA 16117
    OPINION
    Hodge, J.                                                             January 16, 2019
    Presently before this Court are the Petitions for Involuntary Termination of
    Parental Rights (Termination Petitions) filed by Lawrence County Children and Youth
    53RCI           Services (CYS) againstboth natural parents, M.R. (Mother) and C.A (Father)
    JUCICIAL
    DISTRICT
    (collectively Parents), as to two of their minor children; K.M.R. and J.L.A. (collectively
    \WR£NC:1; C:OUNTY
    PENNSYI.V.ii.:NtA
    --·--·-·-·--------·------
    r
    (
    Children), and Motio.ns for Goal Change from reunification to adoption. For the reasons
    set forth below, this Court· grants the Petitions for Involuntary Termination of Parental
    Rights and the Motions for Goal Change.1
    Procedural Histery
    I
    The lengthy and complicated procedural history and record of this case is virtually
    inseparable from that of the companion dependency cases, and thus a brief summation·
    of those earlier proceedings is as follows. Children were first taken into emergency care I
    by an order of this Court dated N�er 4, 2013. CYS then filed a dependency
    petition on November 18, 2013, and three days later, this Court adjudicated both
    Children dependent, pursuant to the Juvenile Act (42 Pa. C.S. §§6301                  et seq.), based on
    evidence presented that Father had physically assaulted Mother with Children p�ent �;� :;;_��
    .....           ..          �·�
    and that Mother's home had deplorable conditions. Accordingly, by dispositional:iirder:� ·                                   i·}�
    .
    -                C!>
    .
    o-- =:
    �-�
    dated January 5, 20141 this Court assigned legal and physical custody of Childre5to                            �             c';;::
    -......                     t=.i�
    CYS.�Since the initial dependency finding this Court has conducted permanen�evi� �
    -
    u. � t$ii:c:;':J.:;
    hearings approximately every six months as required by the Juvenile Act and has
    c:..:)   .:
    N· ·  ""ii-·.
    continued to find Children dependent, and their placement in foster care appropriate, as
    _documented by each permanency review order to date and including the most recent
    one issued on September 17, 2018.2
    1.Although the bulk of this opinion and order addresses the Termination Petitions, filed under the Orphans'
    Court docket numbers (Nos. 20011 and 20012 of 2017, OC·A), for purposes-of judicial economy we
    include the Motions for Goal Change which were filed under the companion dependency docket numbers
    (Nos. 94 and 95 of 2013, DP).
    53RO              2
    JUOlCIAI.
    On October 5, 2018, Mother appealed this permanency review order to the Superior Court. Later, 'on
    DISTRICT             November 1, 2018, Mother moved that adjudication on the Termination Petitions be stayed pending the
    Superior Court's decision on the dependency appeal, but this Court denied the motion. See Order of
    Court, December 4, 2018.
    LAWRENCE COUNTY
    P'E ...... SVL.VANI.A                                                        2
    '
    ••
    Following several years of dependency hearings, CVS presented the Motions for
    Goal Change and Termination Petitions on April 11, 2017, alleging that Mother's and
    Father's parental rights should be terminated pursuant to 23 Pa. C.S. §2511(a)(2) and
    (8). This Court conducted the foTiowing hearings, and the fol)owlng witnesses testified,
    over a sixteen-month period and formed the bulk of the factual record underlying this
    opinion:
    1. August 8 and 9, 2017; K.M.R. and therapist Tanya Stahlman;
    2. September 26, 2017; Ms. Stahlman (continued) and counselor Brian Dick;
    3. March 28 and 29, 2018; psychofogist Dr. Fred Gaito and CVS caseworker
    Amber Pieri;
    4. June 26, 2018; Ms. Pieri (continued) and testimony from Father and Mother;
    5. August 27, 2018; CVS caseworker Kristen Pauline.
    Besides the considerable evidence accumulated at .these hearings, aH parties
    stipulated at the first hearing (August 8, 2017) to incorporate the factual record of the
    dependency cases into the record of the Termination Petitions and Goal Change
    Motions. Following the close of evidence on August 27, 2018, this Court permitted a)I
    parties to file proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law, which were received by
    October 31, 2018.
    FINDINGS OF FACT
    I. Parties to the Case
    · 1. K.M.R. is a female child bom November 6, 2001, in Lawrence County,
    Pennsylvania.
    53Ro
    JUDICIAL
    OISTRICY
    t.AWfUt:NCC COUNTY
    PI.NN!IVI..VANIA                                                3
    '   .
    minimize it, even to the detriment of Children. On the few occasions Mother took
    action in response to Father's behavior, such as staying In an alternate location
    for the night, K.M.R. stated that Mother tended to reunite with him soon after. Id.
    at 9, 13.
    10. Neither Mother nor Father had a full-time job as of November 2013. A stay-at-
    · home mom, Mother's primary source of income consisted of monthly disability
    checks she had been receiving since 2001. Meanwhile, Father was "a completely
    different person; addicted to heroin, alcohol and pain pills, and mainly focused on
    where to get and how to pay for his next dose of drugs. N.T., 6/26/18, at 19, 54
    194, 195.
    11. Mother declined to enroll K.M. R. in the local public school system, the Laurel
    School District, and chose instead to homeschool her. Mother intended the same
    for J .L.A. but could not do so because at the time, J.L.A. had not yet reached the
    age of eight:years-oid, th� minimum required for schooling in Pennsylvania. Id. at
    154, 202.
    12.0n November 2, 2013, under the influence of drugs, Father beat, punched'and
    assaulted Mother violently and constantly for a period of six hours and inflicted
    injuries so-severe, including a punctured lung, that she had to be flown via
    helicopter to Pittsburgh for medical treatment. Mother later estimated that Father
    struck her approximately 300 times duriog this episode and that she required
    near1y a week or hospitalization before becoming stable enough for release.
    Children were present for and witnessed at least some portion or this attack, part
    SStito
    JUDICIAL
    lJISTRICT
    s
    1..AW#tt:HC& COV"fTY
    �C ... HSVf.VAHIA
    .'
    physlcal and legal custody. Children have remained with the same foster family
    since December 14, 2013. See Permanency Review Order, September 17, 2018.
    17. As required by the Juvenile Act, permanency review hearings have taken place
    approximately every six months to evaluate whether the finding of dependency
    · and Children's placement remains appropriate. The most recent review hearing
    took place on September 17, 2018.
    18. By the spring of 2014, within months of Children's initial placement, CVS
    caseworker Kristen Pauline developed the initial Family Service Plan (FSP) (also
    known as a Child Protective Plan, or CPP) that outlined the steps Parents were
    required to take prior to any reunification with Children. The FSP was drafted in
    response to the conditions that necessitated Children's removal from the home.
    Some steps of the FSP applied toboth parents, while others pertained to only one
    of them. Among the steps on Parents' FSP:
    • Keep the home clean and free from clutter.
    • Schedule a mental health assessment to determine if the parent has any
    mental health issues that would impact parenting the child.
    • Obtain a psychological assessment.
    • Complete domestic violence counseling.
    • Complete anger management classes
    •   Complete a parental capacity assessment.
    •    Undergo a drug and alcohol evaluation.
    N.T .. 3128118, at 144-45, 8128118 at 31.
    53RO
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT
    LAWAINC-C COUNTV
    ...e:NNSVI..VA.NIA                                           7
    19. In addition to the affirmative steps required of Parents, reunification was
    contingent upon the successful completion of counseling sessions between each
    Parent and Children designed to discuss and work through outstanding issues. At
    various times, Children participated in counseling sessions with either Parent, but
    at no time were both Parents and both Children present at the same therapy
    session. Between early 2014 and September 2015, therapy was facilitated by
    Tressa French, and then by Tanya Stahlman from September 2015 to June 2017.
    N.T., 8/8/17, at 9, 10.
    20.Alongside the efforts to complete the FSP and counseling, Mother and Children
    engaged in CVS-supervised social visitation from January 2014 to September
    2014, as required by regulation.3 Largely at Children's insistence,£YS stopped,
    scheduling and facilitating visits in September 2014, which prompted Mother.Jo          C\J      ··c
    .       �                c
    .....
    �    �
    file a Motion to Resume Visitation in November 2014. On January 6, 2015je              ;i::         ..
    c,
    ..:. .)
    C.1.J
    -     Ll..
    0:              =l: :
    Court issued an order appointing a special counselor who had discretion td2           �          0,
    c.:;; �
    c     :!:       �J·"
    determine if, when, and how visitation would resume. These issues rema�d �                     -..,s.S
    � ....
    4...   �        -'-
    g-�
    ""'
    unresolved with each subsequent permanency review order, as all �pecifically c-...            :.:;;] 9.
    .                                           .
    provided that "Prchoitionot contact with [Children] shall continue unless
    approved by [CYS] and by further order." Order of Court, January 6, 2015; N.T.,
    3/28/18.; at 153.
    21. Though unbeknownst to her parents at the time, K.M.R. was the victim of sexual•
    •abuse committed by a neighbor, the now-deceased David Anderson, for a period
    of approximately one year predating her placement with CYS, from sometime in
    53RD
    JUDICIAL
    CISTftl�T
    3
    
    55 Pa. Code §3130.68
    .
    LAWRENCE COUNYV
    F'E'°'N$VL.VANIA                                                   8
    25. Dr. Gallo additionally testified as a fact witness with respect to the psychological
    evaluation he performed on Mother on January 18 and 20. 2016, whose goal was
    to evaluate
    . Mother'·s "psychological functioning and her fitness
    .   for reunification for
    her children." Id. at 32.
    26.As part of the evaluation, Dr. Gallo administered a wide range intelligence test,
    the Beck Anxiety inventory, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Minnesota
    Multiphasic Personality Inventory, some projective tests, the Thematic
    Apperception Test, and a parent/child relationship inventory, all of which are
    approved diagnostic tools from the American Psychological Association. Dr.
    Gallo obtained additional material for his evaluations from conversations with
    other professionals familiar with Mother, such as counselor Jim Hines and
    therapist Tressa French. Id. at 25-30.
    27. Dr. Gallo drew the conclusions that Mother presenteffih a superior intellectual
    'ability, did not present with severe depression or anxiety, did not demonstrate, .
    signs of post-traumatic stress disorder, or any major psychological disorders. Dr.
    Gallo further stated that Mother's 11psychological functioning is adequate and that
    she has good parenting skills ... she appears to be highly motivated to resume the
    strong connection with children regardless of the time that it is taking." Id. at 32·
    33 (quoting from Mother's Exhibit D).
    28. Dr. Gallo opined that Mother's psychological condition permitted her to resume
    supervised visits with Children and proceed with reunification counseling. Id.
    29.Although he reached conclusions on Mother's parenting abilities, Dr. Gallo'sll
    53RCI
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT
    �ssessments were neither a custody evaluation nor a parental capacity•
    LAWRENC£ CO'UNTY
    P£NNSYL.'1ANIA                                             10
    (
    focus for each patient. For Mother, the focus was on "her ability to attune to her
    daughters' feelings, validate those feelings, understand their trauma experience,
    develop the necessary skills to parent a child [who] has dealt with trauma in their
    lives." For K.M .. R., the sessions centered on how to "process and find resolution
    from the traumatic experiences that she has had in her life," both with respect to
    Parents and Mr. Anderson. N.T-,, 3116/17, at 65, 76.
    41. When Ms. Stahlman first took over the therapy sessions, the clinical goal
    remained family reunification. However, after K.M.R. expressed resistance to that
    goal, Ms. Stahlman reoriented the sessions from reunification to resolution, i.e.
    "what does it mean to understand the circumstances that have happened to her,
    how can [she] and her rnoiher talk about tne traumatic experiences that they have
    .1
    had in relation to one another and then overcome those feelings.'' Children•
    opposed reunification counseling because they "felt that their psychological safety
    awas at risk." Id. at 65-66; N.T., 9126117, at 23.
    42. Once the goal was changed to resolutio",, KM.R. made remarkable progress in
    identifying, sharing and verbalizing feelings, and developing healthy stress'coplnq
    mechanisms, although she still occasionally �ngaged in self-harming behaviors
    (rubbing her skin raw, digging her fingernails into her arm, etc.). There has
    additionally been "progress in the reduction of negative feelings, n like. anger and
    frustration4 between K.M.R. and Mother, but not much in the way of building
    positive feelings. N.T., 3116117, at 66-67, 74, 94.
    43. With respect to J.L.A., Ms. Stahlman believed that due to her age, she was
    5)RI)
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT
    JtUmbed and "overwhelmed with the amount of emotions that she feels" and had
    t.AWRENCE COUNTV
    P'ENNSV LVAN.&A                                             14
    51.Ms. Amber Pieri has been the casewori455 U.S. 745
     (1982).
    However, this right is not absolute; "a parent's basic constitutional right-to the custody
    and rearing of... his children is converted, upon the failure to fulfill ... parental duties, to
    the children's right to have proper parenting and fulfillment of the child's potential in a
    53R[)
    JUDICIAL        permanent, healtl:ly, safe environment." In re A.S., 
    11 A.3d 473
    , 478 (Pa. Super. 2010)
    DISTRICT
    L.AWRENCE COUNTY
    PENNSVLVANtA.                                                   25
    '   .
    (internal citations omitted). In Pennsylvania, the starting point for this process is the
    Adoption Act, 23 Pa. C.S. §§2501 et seq., and any petition for the involuntary
    termination of parental rights brought thereunde·r must be based on one or more of the
    statutory grounds found at 23 Pa. C.S. §2511, which provides, in relevant part, as
    follows:
    Section 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination
    (a) General rule. - The rights of a parent in regard to a child may be terminated
    after a petitlon filed on any of the following grounds:
    (2) The repeated and continued Incapacity, abuse, riegl� QT r.efusal of the parent
    has caused the child to be without essential parental care, control or subsistence
    necessary for his physical or mental well-being a11a the conditions and causes of
    the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be remedied by 1he
    parent
    .....
    (8) The child has been removed from the care of the parent by the court or under
    a voluntary agreement with an agency, 12 months or more. have elapsed from the
    date of removal or placement, the conditions which led to the removal or
    placement or the child continue to exist and termination of parental rights would
    ...
    serve the best needs and welfare of the child .
    (b) Other considerations. - The court in terminating the rights of a parent shall
    give primary consideration to the developmental, physical and emotional needs
    and welfare of the Child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on
    the basis of environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,
    income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the control of the parent:
    Wrth respect to any petition filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court
    5JRD              shall not consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described
    JUOICIA&.
    Of8TRICT
    LAWRCNCC COUNTY
    �N..,.YI.VANIA
    26
    �   .
    therein which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the. filing of the
    petition ..
    When considering this petition, the court must engage in a bifurcated analysis
    mirroring the order of the statutory provisions before parental rights may be terminated:
    Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party seeking termination
    must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the parent's conduct satisfies
    the statutory grounds delineated in Section 2511 (a). Only if the court determines
    that the parent's conduct warrants termination of his or her parental rights does
    the court engage in the second part of the analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b):
    determination of the needs and welfare of the child under the standard of the best
    interests of the child.
    In re D.L.B., 
    166 A.3d 322
    , 326 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citing In re L.M., 923A.2d 505,
    511 (Pa. Super. 2007)). Clear and convincing evidence is defined by the Superior Court
    as "evldence as that which is so 'clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to enable the
    trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the precise
    facts in issue.'" 1Q.. (citing fn re C.S., 
    761 A.2d 1197
    , 1201 (Pa. Super. 2000)    (en bane)).
    In other words, there are two separate, but nonetheless related, analyses that
    must take place when evaluating a pe�tion for involuntary termination: first, the _grounds
    for termination under 23 Pa. C.S. §2511 (a), which must be proven by clear and
    -convincing evidence; and second, as judged under a best interests standard, the
    termination must serve the needs and welfare of the child under Section 2511 (b).
    Wh�n considering grounds for termination under Section 2511(a)(2), we are
    S3RO           bound by the longstanding test first enumerated by our Supreme Court in In re Geiger,
    JUPICIAI..
    DISYAIC'r
    
    331 A.2d 172
     (Pa. 1975) and restated In subsequent cases:
    L.AWRENCE COUN'l'Y
    PENNSYLVANIA.                                                     27
    Three things must be shown before a natural parent's rights in a child will be
    terminated: (1) repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal must
    be shown; (2) such incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal. must be shown to have
    caused the child to be withoutessential parental care, control or subsistence; and
    (3) it must be shown that the causes of the incapacityJ abuse, neglect or refusal
    cannot or Will not be remedied.
    In re N.A.M., 
    33 A.3d 95
    , 100 (P�. Super. 20·11); see also In Interest of Lilley, 
    719 A.2d 327
    , 330 (Pa. Super. 1998).
    Additionally, 11the grounds for termination of parental rights under Section
    2511 (a)(2), due to parental incapacity that cannotbe rernedled, are not limited to
    affirmative misconduct: to the contrary, those grounds may include acts of refusal as well
    as incapacity to perform parental duties.. 11• Matter of Adoption of M.A.B., 
    166 A.3d 434
    ,
    444 (Pa, Super. 2017) (citing In re A.LD., 797A.2d 326 (Pa. Super. 2002)). Further,
    parents are expected and required to make diligent efforts toward a reasonably prompt
    assumption. of full responslbllitles. A.LD., supra; at 337.5 Our Superior Court has also
    elaborated' on the meaning of Section 2511 (a)(2):
    5 CYS or any chii<;I welfare agency has a corresponoinq duty to "put forth a goo� faith effOrt in making
    services available to the parent," to facilitate reunification (unless a goal change motion has been granted),
    and this duty is "independent of the parent's duty to accept such efforts." In the Interest of CK, 
    165 A.3d 935
    , 943 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citing In re J;J., 
    515 A.2d 883
    , .890 (Pa. 1986)}. However, even in cases
    where the agency has not diliger.itly made reasonable efforts toward reunification, the trial court may still
    grant a termination petition. In re D.C.D., 105.A3d 662, 675 (Pa, 2014}. Instead ofdenying the
    termination petition; the appropriate remedy is to "conclude on the record that the agency failed to make
    reasonable efforts, which imposes a financial penalty on the agency ... under federalIaw." 
    Id.
    In the instant case, Mother made the argument in her Post". Trial Memorandum that CYS acted in a
    "dilatory" manner and failed to provide reunification services, which constituted an "extreme failure" on
    their part. See Mother's Post-Trial Memorandum at 4. While this Court notes that CYS did not facilitate
    53!iD           social visitation between Mother and Children after September 2014 (later extended by the January 2015.
    JU.DIC IA I..
    DISTRICT
    Order' of Court) and recognizes that temporal gaps existed In between the provision of various reunification
    services, based on the years' worth of counseling and other services extended to Parents, we do not find
    that CYS failed to make reasonable efforts for reunification prior to filing the Termination Petitions.
    .LAWRENCE COUNTY
    f'.ENNSYI.VANIA·                                                         28
    ··-····-·····-----·--------------------------
    [Section 2511 (a)(2)] does not emphasize a parent's: refusal or failure to perform
    parental duties, but instead emphasizes the child's present and future need for
    essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary for his physical or
    mental well-being·. Therefore, the language i'h [Section 2511 (a)(2)J should not be
    read to compel courts to ignore a child's need for a stable home and strong;
    continuous parental ties, which the policy of' restraint in state intervention is
    intended to protect. This is particularly so where disruption of the family has
    already occurred and there is no reasonable prospect for reuniting it. ..
    In re E.A.P., 
    944 A.2d 79
    , 82 (Pa. Super. 2908)(emphasis in original).
    Next, when evalua.ting grounds for termination under Section 2511 (a)(8), "the
    following factors must be demonstrated; (1) the child has been removed from parental
    care for 12 months or more from the date of removal; (2) the conditions which led to the
    removal or placement of the child continue to exist; and (3) termination of parental ·rights
    would best.serve the needs and welfare of the child." In re Adoption of M.E.P.1 .
    825 A.2d 1266
    , 1276 (Pa. Super. 2003). Termination under Section 2511(a)(8), notably, "does not
    require an evaluation of the parent's willingness or ability to remedy the conditions thaf
    led lo placement of his or her children." M.A.B,, supra, at 446; In re In the Interest of
    S.H., 
    879 A.2d 802
    , 807 (Pa. Super. 2005). Bearing great similarity to the Section
    2511 (b) analysis, the third element Of the test under Section 2511 (a)(8) merits particular
    mention, as it "focuses not on the parent's conduct, but on the children and-their needs.
    The court must consider the needs and welfare ofthe children, incl.uding the presence, of
    any parent-child emotional bond, which encompasses intangibles such as love, comfort,
    security, and stability." In re Adoption of R.J.S., 90·
    1 A.2d 502
    , 514 (Pa. Super. 2006).
    5:3RD
    JUDICIAL
    .DISTRICT
    .WRENCE COUNTV
    PENNSYt.\(ANIA                                                 29
    For its part, the Section 2511 (b) analysis requires the court to consider
    "intangibles such as love, comfort. security, and stability ... when inquiring about the
    rieeds and welfare of the child. The court must also discern the nature and status of the
    parent-child bond, paying close attention to the effect on the, child of permanently
    severing the bond ... {the] extent ofthe bond-effectanalysis necessarily depends on the
    . unique facts and circumstances ofthe particular case." M.A,B., supra, at 448 (internal
    · citations omitted). Indeed, our Supreme Court has underscored the ln,portance of
    performing a bonding analysis, even in those relationships where the conne.ction
    between parent $nd child may be tenuous, dysfunctional or stagnated: "Obviously,
    attentron must be paid to the pain that inevitably results from breaking a child's bond to a
    biological parent, even i.f that bond is unhealthy, and we must weight that i_njury against
    the damage that bond may cause if left intact." In re J;S.M.; 
    71 A.3d 251
    , 269 (Pa.
    2013).
    However, although the parent-child bond is to be considered under Section
    251 t(b),. "it is nonetheless only one of many factors to be considered by the court when
    determining what is in th.e best interest of the child." In re Adoption of C.D.R., 
    111 A.3d 1212
     (Pa. Super. 2015) (quoting N.A.M., 
    supra, at 103
    ). Besides the bonding analysis,
    "the trial court can equaJly emphasize the safety needs of the child, ·and should also
    consider the intangibles, such asthe love, comfort, security, and stability the child might
    have with a fos.ter parent." A.S., 
    supra, at 483
    . The Supreme Court has also noted that
    bonds with foster parents may be considered when performing an analysis under
    . Section 2511 (b): "Common sense dictates that courts considering termination must also
    53RD
    JUDICIAL          consider whetherthe children are in a pre-adoptive home and whether they have a bond
    DISTRICT
    l\,WRENCE COUNTY
    PENNSYLVANl'A                                                      30
    ----------..L-----------·-�·----------
    .'
    with their .foster parents." T.S,M., supra, at 268. In short, aside from evaluating the
    quality and effect of severing the bond between child and natural parent, a court. in
    accordance with the guidance set forth by precedent, may consider many factors when
    determining whether a termination meets the needs and welfare of the child pursuaet to
    Section 2511 (b).
    Application as to Mother
    CYS has petitioned that Mother's parental rights to Children be terminated
    pursuant to Sectfon 2511 (a)(2) and (8), each of which we will evaluate in conformity with
    the principles recited above.
    First, with respect to Section 2511(a)(2), this Court concludes that CYS has
    presented clear and convincing evidence that Mother has displayed a repeated and
    continued incap� for parenting that has left Children to be without essential parental
    � control, or-substance, the causes of which cannot be remedied. Specifically,
    Mother has displayed an emot!o.naJ Incapacity manifesting as an inability to empathize
    with and validate the feelings of Children which directly and negatively impacts their
    mental well-being'.
    From the case record, such a disconnect is clearly traceable to the parties' pre-
    placement circumstances. Prior to November 2013, it was observed by K.M.R. that
    Mother oonslstently "put blinders on" to Father's flagrantly destructive behav.ior, and the
    physical and emotional tolls it took on Children. Thus, even before the events directly
    triggering Children's placement, Mother was unable to empathize and lend herself as a
    source of emotional support during Father's bouts of abuse that even he conceded
    SJ11to
    JUDICIAL.
    OIS'rRICl'          formed a significant share of the trauma Chndren endured. Once Children had been
    AWl'te!NCll COUNTY
    f'CN ...,Y ... YANIA
    31
    (
    taken into CYS care, and after they gained the ability and resources to .work through the
    traumas of their past, Mother remained a cold or distant figure for them, as noted
    through the observations of no fewer than three professionals who worked with them.
    During his 2014 parental capacity assessment, and as recounted on the witness stand,
    Mr. Dick repeatedly noted the sheer lack of any emotional attachment between Mother
    .and Children, exacerbated by her inability to put Children's needs ahead of her own. Mr.
    Dick further explained that Mother simply failed to appreciate the traumas Children had
    experienced, her part in them, and what she could do to repair the relationship moving
    forward.
    Ms. Stahlman worked with Mother and Children1 both in Individual and in group
    therapy, to facilitate a 'resolotlon" between the parties overfne traumas they had all
    experienced and how to proceed moving forward to a healthy relationship based on trust
    and open communication. Ms. stahlman conducted weekly therapy sessions for a
    period tasting r:iearly two years; from September 201-5 to June 2017, which provided her
    with regular opportunities to observe how Mother interacted with Children. Although she
    remarked atseveral points during her testimony that Mothergenerally cooperated With
    the therapy sessions and even showed progress, Ms. Stahlman ultimately conctudeq
    that their work did not produce the hoped-fodeelings of "love, connection, [and]
    attunement to feelings" between the parties, nor did it lead to Mother being able to
    independentiy display empathy With Children. Ms. stahlman further noted that, besides
    getting defensive about her behavior, Mother made troubling statements during some
    sessions thatdownplayed or minimized or negatively compared Children's traumas
    53RD
    JUCICIAL.        (which at this point was known to include K.M.R.'s sexual abuse) to that of other children
    CISTRICT
    WRENCE: COUNTY.
    P£NN5YLVAN'IA                                                 32
    in. an apparent effort to encourage them to move on or "get past" what had happened.
    These statements clearly were contrary to the therapy sessions' goals of validation and
    acceptance of another's trauma, but supported Mother's focos on her own feelings at the
    expense, however unintentional, of her daughters.
    Ms. Pieri, the CYS caseworker who had firsthand observations of Mother and
    �hildren since August 201.6 supplemented by two-year's worth of her predecessor's
    notes, additionally relayed her impressions that no bond existed between Children and
    Mother. Also from this time is the "notice/demand" letter Mother sent to CYS in June
    2017 in which she demanded the immediate return of not merely her children, whom she
    ·;
    refused to call by name, but her "property." It is hard to imagine a greater emotional
    disassociation between a mother and her children than the characterization of her
    offspring as anonymous chattels.
    ln contrast to Mr. Dick, Ms. Stahlman, and Ms. Pieri, all of whom had months or
    (
    years of personal experiences observing Mother and Children together, Dr. Gallo at no
    time witnessed Mother interact with Children when completi.ng his January 2016
    psychological evaluation of her; Thus, we accord less weight to any of his conclusions
    insofar as they pertain to the relationship between Mother and Children, and the
    reunification thereof. This. is not to discount Mother's petformance on the psychological
    ests he administered, but rather to ernphastze the fact that Dr. Gallo's work'. is largely
    isolated from the remainder of the professionals in this.case, all of whom were
    contracted through or an agent of CVS.
    These realities of Mother's relationship with Children establish that the emotional
    53RO
    .Juo1c1AL         separation began long before the parties came into contact with CVS in November 2013.
    DIS,-RIC,-
    ir..WRENCE COUNTY
    .PENNSY LV·A�IA                                                33
    ,,
    Since then, despite· having several years to learn, reflect. and act on the suggestions for
    improvement provided to her by experienced professionals, Mother is no closer now than
    she was then to having a productive emotional relationship with her daughters. Mother's
    emotional incapacity is distinct when examined alongside otherindicators of her ability to
    parent. As required of her under the taw, Mother successfully complied with nearly all of
    the requirements of the FSP and showed she would. be able to provide a materially
    ·appropriate home for Children if they were to be returned to hercare, In contrast to
    other termination cases, in wtiich a parent's compliance With a family-service plan is
    minimal or nonexistent, Mother's willingness and .ability to cooperate with many of the
    requirements merits commendation. Additionally, this court is mindful of Mother's own
    hlstory.of trauma and abuse, and does not seek to minimize or discount what she has
    endured. However, these mitigating and sympathetic factors aside, we cannot look past
    Mother's lack otsuccess and demonstrated inability at emotionally bonding with her
    daughters.
    While a parent's duties certalnlylnclode providing a physical home and
    sustenance for his/her children, the duty does not end there. Our Supreme Court'has
    said:
    °There is no simple or.easy definition of parental duties. Parental duty is best
    understood in relation to the needs-of a child. A child needs love, protection,
    guidance, and support. These needs, physical and emotional, cannot be metby
    a merely passive interest tn the development of the child. Thus, this court has
    held thatthe parental obligation is· a positive duty which requires affirmative
    performance.
    53RD
    JUDICIAL
    DISTRICT'
    ,wRENCE COUNTY
    ;raNNSVL.VI\NIA                                                 34
    This affirmative duty encompasses more than a financial obligation; it requires
    continuing interest in the child and a genuine effort to maintain communication
    and association with the· child.
    · Because the child needs more than a benefactor. parental duty requires that a
    parent "exert himself to take and maintain a place ofimportance in child's life."
    In re C.M.S., 
    832 A.2d 457
    , 462 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citin� In re Burns, 
    379 A.2d 535
     (Pa. 1977)).
    At the present time, Mother demonstrates an inability to· empathize and validate
    Children's feelings, and as a result would be unable to provide the love, guidance, and
    support· a healthy parent-cblld relationship needs. Mother has certainly made modest
    efforts through therapy and other aspects ofthe FSP to rebuild these ties with Children
    but ultimately is unable, afteryears ofworl<, to do so; Children cannotwaltany longerfor
    Mother to try.. This· Court"cannot and will not subordinate indefinitely a child's need for
    permanence and stability to a parent's claims of progress and hope forthefutare."
    R.J.S., supra, at513. Therefore, Mother's inability to remedy-these issues,    and prQvide
    the love and emotional support her daughters require for their present and future mental
    well·being, supports grounds for termination under Section 2511(a)(2).
    CYS has also petitioned that Mother's parental rights be terminated pursuant to
    Section 2511 (a)(8). As stated above, each analysis under $ection 2511 (a)(B) must
    examine whether CYS has presented clear and convincing evidence of three factors, as
    of the time of the petition: (1) the child has been removed from parental care for 12
    months or more from the date of removal; (2) the conditions which Jed to the removal or
    '53RD
    jUD!CIAL.
    DISTRICT         placementot the· child continue to exist; and (3) termination of parental rights would best
    �WREN�E COUNT'!!
    PENNS.VLVANIA                                                   35
    serve the needs and welfare ofthe child. M.E.P., supra, at 1276. Because the length of'
    time between Child re n's removal from the home in November 2013 and the filing of the
    Termination Petitions. .in April 2017 spans 41 months, the first factor· is satisfied. The
    second factor, however, is unsatisfied because CYS has not adduced sufficient evidence
    demonstrating thatthe conditions which led to Children'·s removal continue to exist.
    In contrast to Mother's emotional incapaclty, which was only later developed as
    grounds for termination under Section2511 (a)(2), the condhlons on Mother's part which
    led to Children's removal were the household's "deplorable" condition and her then-
    present inability to care for Children due to her hospitalization following Father's assault.
    Over the five years that have elapsed since Children's removal in November 2013, both
    of these conditions have abated and no longer exist. First, Mother was released from
    the hospital within several weeks of the assault and, although Children were by this time
    in CVS care and adjudicated dependent, was nonetheless physically ableto provide
    care if Children had been released to her custody.. Second, as relayed by both Mr. Dick
    in 2014 and Ms. Pieri in 2017, Mother had cleaned up her home, obtained new
    furnishings approprlate for Children, and secured working utilities, all of which indicated
    that the household was .no longer in "deplorable" shape. While these steps forward were
    overshadowed by later developments and revelations, Mother nonetheless remedied
    both of the conditions that immediate.ly triggered Children's removal from her care. This
    leaves the second factor under Section 2511 (a)(B) unsatisfied, which in turn stops us
    from proceeding to the evaluation of the third factor. Accordingly, no grounds for the
    involuntary tem,ination of Mother's parental rights exist under Section 251 t(a)(B).
    ·53RD
    JUOJCI_AL
    OIST.RICT
    A.WRENCE COUNTY
    PENNS YI.VANIA                                                  36
    ---..'.!------------------------------·-------··
    Now that grounds for termination have been established under Section
    2511 (a)(2), we proceed to the second stage of the bifurcated analysis, the needs and
    welfare analysis under Section 2511 (b).
    First, thls Court will conduct the bond exarnlnatlcn, which we are duty bound by
    ample precedent to perform. In re K.K.R.-S.1 
    958 A.2d 529
    , 533 (Pa. Super. 2008).
    Upon reviewing. the evidence, it is clear that Mother and Children's long$tanding
    relationship notwithstanding, they share an unhealthy bond that suffers from a paucity of
    affection or meaningful positive connection. Prior to placement, Children and Mother
    had a strained relationship at best, peribdically punctuated by Father's abusive
    episodes. Following placement, no fewer than three professionals who worked
    extensively with Mother and Children commented on the utter Jack of positive feelings or
    I
    genuine emotional bonds that are needed for a healthy upbringing: Mr. Dick described
    the relationship as "emotionally disconnected;" Ms. Stahlman plainly stated that Children
    "don't feel accepted, loved and attached" to Mother; and Ms. Pieri succinctly noted no
    bond or attachment existed between Mother and Children.
    Behavior on the part of K.M.R. after social visits with Mother also speaks volumes
    to the unhealthiness of their bond, such as self-harm fallowed by an outright refusal to
    attend any more visits due to the toll the strained interactions took on her well-being.
    Moreover, KM. R. herself stated that she has no feelings toward Mother, has no love for
    her, and would be content to. never see her again. For J. L.A., it has been noted that her
    ability to communicate with Mother is 'frozen and stagnant." On Mother's part, her
    position has wavered from her seeming commitment to the resolution and reunification
    53RO
    Ju n 1c.1A 1.
    oiSTRICT
    process to referring to Children as "property." All the while, the bilateral relationship has
    ------·-··------'�----------------------------·---·--·--·-----·-··--··-·-· ·
    (
    be.en marked by hurt feelings, instability, and lack of trust. In short; there ls no
    salvageable bond between Mother and Children, and consequently, Children would not
    be harmed by the severance of that relationship.
    By contrast, post-placement K.M.R. and J.l.A. have, by all measures, thrived with
    their long-term foster family. Since enrolling in the Mohawk School District. K.M.R. has
    made tremendous progress by achieving standout grades, joining student organizatfons
    (e.g. marching band and the $Pring musical), and making numerous friends. J.L.A. has
    also had academic success despite getting a later start at formal schooling than many of
    her peers. The. foster parents have provided anything Children have needed, from
    clothes and food to homework help -and transportation. For their
    . part, Children
    . have
    formed close-knit relationships with their foster famUy, to the pointthat their foster
    siblings became simply known to them as 'brother and sister." At their foster and
    ostehsibly pre-adcptive home, Children appear to be happy, safe, and loved. Therefore,
    this Court concludes that terminating Mother's parental rights would be in Children's best
    interests by meeting their needs and welfare as contemplated by Section 2511(b).
    Aoplication as to Father
    CYS has petitioned that Father's parental rights to Children be terminated
    pursuant to Section 2511 (a)(2) and (8), each of which we will again evaluate in
    conformity with the principles recited above.
    With respectto Section 2511 (a)(2), CYS has demonstrated .by clear and
    convincing evidence that Father has exhibited a repeated and continued incapacity for
    parenting that has caused Children to be without essential parental care, control or
    53RD
    JUDI_CIAL        subsistence that cannot and will not be remedied. Unlike Mother, whose parental
    DISTRICT
    \WRENCE COUNTY
    l>ENl•U