Com. v. Mitchell, W. ( 2015 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
WILLIAM FRANKLIN MITCHELL,
Appellant No. 1734 MDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 29, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-36-CR-0003085-2013
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., ALLEN, J., and WECHT, J.
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED JUNE 26, 2015
William Franklin Mitchell (Appellant) appeals from the May 29, 2014
judgment of sentence of an aggregate term of 4 to 8 years’ incarceration
after being found guilty at a bench trial of sexual assault1 and corruption of
minors.2 Appellant now challenges the sufficiency and weight of the
evidence supporting his convictions and the trial court’s discretion in the
exclusion of certain evidence. After careful review, we affirm the judgement
of sentence.
The trial court set forth a factual summary of this matter as follows:
On the morning of May 1, 2013, [Appellant] exchanged
messages with S.R. [the victim], with whom he was friends, and
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1
18 Pa.C.S. § 3124.1.
2
18 Pa.C.S. § 6301(a)(1)(ii).
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urged her to leave school to hang out with him, drink alcohol
and smoke marijuana. S.R. agreed to leave school early and
met [Appellant] at a bridge near the school. Before they met,
[Appellant] asked S.R., “You are coming by yourself, right? Not
with nobody else?” S.R. did not know they were going to Mr.
Rivera’s [Appellant’s Co-Defendant at trial] home or that they
would be renting a motel room.
[Appellant] and S.R. walked to Mr. Rivera’s home, where
they started drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana. S.R.
stated she drank approximately half a bottle of brandy and was
intoxicated. At one point, [Appellant] left Mr. Rivera’s residence
to get more alcohol, leaving S.R. alone with Mr. Rivera. Mr.
Rivera began pressuring S.R. for oral sex, which made her feel
uncomfortable, and she sent a message to [Appellant] telling
him that Mr. Rivera was “creeping [her] out.” [Appellant]
replied, promising her he would take care of it.
When [Appellant] returned to Mr. Rivera’s house, S.R. and
Mr. Rivera left. Mr. Rivera purchased Xanax pills and rented a
room at the Ephrata Motel, where S.R. thought they were going
to drink. S.R. took some Xanax pills and was feeling intoxicated
as a result of the alcohol, marijuana and Xanax. S.R. testified
that while in the motel room, Mr. Rivera assaulted her, engaging
in anal intercourse without her consent. As a result, she was
physically hurt, bleeding and had fecal matter coming out of her.
S.R. went into the small shower to clean up, and Mr. Rivera
assaulted her again in the shower by forcing her to have oral
intercourse with him.
S.R. was seated on the floor in the corner of the shower
with her head down when [Appellant] entered the bathroom.
She testified that [Appellant] “forced [her] to do the same thing
[have oral sex with him]” and engaged in anal intercourse with
her. She testified that she was in pain and felt betrayed,
powerless and used since she “was blocked in the shower with
nowhere to go,” and that she did not tell [Appellant] to stop
because “at that point [she] had given up.”
S.R. left the bathroom to get her clothes, returned to the
bathroom to get dressed and then returned to the room and sat
on the bed, where Mr. Rivera assaulted her a third time. S.R.
got dressed again and [Appellant] came back into the motel
room with a third man, who tried to remove her clothing. When
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the third man attempted to remove her clothing, S.R. resisted
and left the motel room.
During the course of the incident, S.R. had been sending
text messages to Joseph Klepchick telling him what was
happening. Mr. Klepchick met S.R. across the street after she
left the motel room. When S.R. met Mr. Klepchick, she was
crying and screaming at [Appellant] to get away from her.
[Appellant], who was walking about 10 feet behind S.R., told Mr.
Klepchick that “he wasn’t going to go down for this. He wasn’t
going to go down for rape.” The next day, [Appellant] sent a
text message to S.R. and apologized to her, stating “I didn’t
think it would go down the way it did.”
On cross-examination, S.R. admitted she voluntarily left
school on May 1, 2013, to drink with [Appellant], and that she
was not forced or threatened to drink, smoke marijuana, or
consume Xanax.
On May 2, 2013, after the incident was reported, police
took photographs of the motel room and collected evidence,
including the towels and bed linens. The shower in the motel
bathroom was approximately three feet by three feet, but the
entrance was partially blocked by the bathroom sink which
protruded 17 inches from the wall. Blood and fecal matter were
found on towels and S.R.’s jeans.
On the same date, Kyle Wojiechowski, R.N., performed a
3
SAFE examination of S.R. at Lancaster General Hospital. He
documented several injuries to her anal and genital regions
consistent with her description of the assaults.
3
During a SAFE examination, a trained nurse examines
and collects evidence from a person who reports being
sexually assaulted.
[Appellant] was interviewed by the Ephrata Borough police
on May 7, 2013, May 21, 2013, and June 6, 2013. The audio
recordings of these interviews were admitted into evidence and
played during the course of the trial. During these interviews,
[Appellant] admitted that he and Mr. Rivera plied S.R. with
alcohol, marijuana and Xanax, and it was obvious that S.R. was
intoxicated. [Appellant] also told the police he knew that Mr.
Rivera had raped S.R., and that [Appellant] saw blood and fecal
matter coming out of S.R. Despite this, he engaged in oral and
anal sex with her while she was in the shower.
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Trial Court Opinion (T.C.O.), at 7-10.
On March 6, 2014, at the conclusion of a bench trial, Appellant was
found guilty and sentenced as stated above. He was found not guilty on the
remaining eight counts against him.3 Appellant filed a timely notice of
appeal and complied with the trial court’s order to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
statement. The trial court issued its Rule 1925(a) opinion on December 1,
2014. Appellant now presents the following issues for our review:
I. Was the evidence presented at trial insufficient to find
Appellant guilty of the crimes of sexual assault and
corruption of minors, a felony of the third degree where
the victim gave no indication the sexual contact was not
wanted and the Commonwealth established no course of
conduct in violation of Chapter 31 (relating to sexual
offenses)?
II. Alternatively, was the trial court’s finding that Appellant
was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes of
sexual assault and corruption of minors against the weight
of the evidence?
III. Did the court abuse its discretion by denying Appellant the
ability to cross-examine the victim regarding her use of
alcohol and Xanax together only four days after the
incident in question?
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3
Appellant was charged with two counts of involuntary deviate sexual
intercourse by forcible compulsion, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3123(a)(1); two counts of
involuntary deviate sexual intercourse by threat of forcible compulsion, 18
Pa.C.S. § 3123(a)(2); one count of rape by forcible compulsion, 18 Pa.C.S. §
3121(a)(1); one count of rape by threat of forcible compulsion, 18 Pa.C.S. §
3121(a)(2); one count of sexual assault, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3124.1; one count of
corruption of minors, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6301(a)(1)(ii); one count of unlawful
contact with a minor, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6318(a)(1); and one count of criminal
conspiracy, 18 Pa.C.S. § 903.
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Appellant’s Brief, at 4.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Appellant presents a sufficiency argument for each of the two offenses
which we shall address in turn. For the offense of sexual assault, Appellant
contends that both the consent and mens rea elements were insufficiently
established. Appellant also challenges the definition of the term “course of
conduct” as it applies to corruption of minors.
We review Appellant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
under the following, well-settled standard of review:
A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is a question
of law. Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict
when it establishes each material element of the crime charged
and the commission thereof by the accused, beyond a
reasonable doubt. Where the evidence offered to support the
verdict is in contradiction to the physical facts, in contravention
to human experience and the laws of nature, then the evidence
is insufficient as a matter of law. When reviewing a sufficiency
claim the court is required to view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict winner giving the prosecution the benefit
of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence.
Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751-52 (Pa. 2000) (internal
citations omitted).
Sexual Assault
The offense of sexual assault is defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3124.1, which
provides that, “a person commits a felony of the second degree when that
person engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual intercourse with a
complainant without the complainant's consent.” The Commonwealth,
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therefore, was required to prove that Appellant had sexual intercourse with
S.R., that S.R. did not consent, and that Appellant acted intentionally,
knowingly or recklessly concerning S.R.’s lack of consent.4 That Appellant
and victim had sexual intercourse is not in dispute.
Consent
As to the element of consent, Appellant argues that no fact-finder
could reasonably have determined that the victim did not consent, given the
following version of events:
Not only was there insufficient evidence to find beyond a
reasonable doubt that S.R. did not consent to intercourse with
Appellant, while not required, there is sufficient evidence to find
that S.R. did consent [emphasis in original]. She voluntarily
went to a hotel room. She went into the manager’s office to
assist in the rental. She said nothing to the hotel manager. She
voluntarily took off her own clothing. She engaged in sex with
Mr. Rivera without objection, verbal or physical. She went to the
shower and did the same. Appellant entered the shower and the
two engaged in oral and anal intercourse, all without any
objection. She never said to stop, she did not scream in pain,
she never said no, she never tried to get away, she did not resist
physically. Appellant made no threats toward her. Appellant
used no physical force. Once outside the bathroom, and not
“blocked in”, as the Commonwealth claims, she did not leave.
S.R.’s first “nonconsent” came when a third man entered the
room. She immediately said no, pushed him away, and left. It
does not mesh to believe that five minutes earlier, when in
control of her thoughts, S.R. makes no verbal or physical sign of
nonconsent, but shortly thereafter shows her first sign of
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4
See 18 Pa.C.S. § 302(a), which provides that mens rea must be
established with respect to each material element of the offense. See also
18 Pa.C.S. 302(c) (stating that when a statute remains silent as to the
degree of culpability required, such element is established if a person acts
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly).
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nonconsent and the event ceases. Likewise, to find S.R. “gave
up” while with Appellant, would be to say that she had expressed
some resistance or denial earlier.
Appellant’s Brief, at 15.
This Court has construed silence, without more to suggest otherwise,
as evidence of consent. “In rape prosecutions, evidence of the [alleged
victim] should be carefully considered in determining whether she
consented, and ordinarily proof of failure to make an outcry, offer resistance
and complain tends to show consent.” Commonwealth v. Goodman, 126
A.2d 763, 765-66 (Pa. Super. 1956). Appellant asserts, “find[ing] that
sufficient evidence supported the trial court’s verdict would be to find that
any person, after any regrettable sexual encounter, could have her
counterpart convicted of sexual assault if she later decided that act was
unwanted.” Appellant’s Brief, at 16.
However, the victim’s silence in this case was not the only evidence
related to consent. This Court has long held that the uncorroborated
testimony of a sexual assault victim is sufficient to convict a defendant.
Commonwealth v. Charlton, 902 A.2d 554, 562 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(citation omitted). Additionally, the fact-finder was free to rely entirely on
the victim’s characterization of the events when she said that she was
“forced,” indicating a lack of consent. Commonwealth v. Adrulewicz, 911
A.2d 162, 166 (Pa. Super. 2006). Equally important, it is not requisite that
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a victim actively resist in order for there to be a lack of consent. 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 3107.5 Finally, the victim provided the following version of events:
Q: When you say you had fecal matter coming out of you, can
you tell me - - strike that. You stated you had gone into the
shower. Can you tell me what happened next?
A: After I was in the shower for a little bit, then [Co-
Defendant] came in and he forced me to have oral sex with him.
Q: After that happened with [Co-Defendant], can you tell me
then what happened next?
A: I was sitting in the corner of the shower with my head
down and then [Appellant] came in.
Q: And what happened after [Appellant] came in?
A: He forced me to do the same thing.
Q: When you say, he forced me to do the same thing, what
do you mean?
A: Oral sex.
Q: Then what happened?
A: And then I got up, he turned me around then had anal sex
with me.
N.T., at 24-26.
S.R. provided more than just an attestation at trial that she did not
consent. When viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, the
evidence shows that, after Co-Defendant sexually assaulted her, the victim
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5
See 18 Pa.C.S. § 3107, which provides as follows: “The alleged victim
need not resist the actor in prosecutions under this chapter: Provided,
however, that nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit a
defendant from introducing evidence that the alleged victim consented to
the conduct in question.”
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retreated to the shower to clean herself of blood and excrement. After Co-
Defendant sexually assaulted her a second time, Appellant entered the
bathroom and “forced” himself upon her twice. It is reasonable to infer from
the testimony that the victim’s silence was not due to active participation.
Accordingly, we find the evidence sufficient to support the finding of lack of
consent.
Mens Rea
Appellant further contends that there was insufficient evidence of the
mens rea element. The Commonwealth was required to prove that Appellant
acted intentionally, knowingly or recklessly concerning S.R.’s lack of
consent. Appellant argues that, “[e]ven if found there was sufficient
evidence to find that S.R. did not consent, it is clear from the preceding
recitation of facts that Appellant received no sign, signal, or indication,
verbal, or physical, of her nonconsent.” Appellant’s Brief, at 16.
We recognize that sexual assault contemplates a form of rape where
force is not a factor.6 To establish the requisite intent, the Commonwealth
does not need to show force or affirmative resistance; rather, evidence that
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6
18 Pa.C.S. § 3124.1 is a newly enacted statute, which was drafted in
response to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth
v. Berkowitz, 641 A.2d 1161 (Pa. 1994). The statute is intended to fill the
loophole left by the rape and involuntary deviate sexual intercourse statues
by criminalizing non-consensual sex where the perpetrator employs little or
no force. Commonwealth v. Pasley, 743 A.2d 521, 523 n.3 (Pa. Super.
1999).
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Appellant disregarded a substantial risk that the victim did not consent to
the sexual activities is sufficient.7 With regard to this element, the trial court
found as follows:
Despite knowing S.R. was extremely intoxicated and having seen
the blood stain on the bed and the blood and fecal matter
coming out of her body, [Appellant] nonetheless engaged in oral
and anal intercourse with S.R. without her consent. S.R. was
huddled on the floor in the corner of the three foot square
shower stall when [Appellant] entered the shower, and she was
blocked in the shower by the sink and by [Appellant]. S.R.
explained she did not resist [Appellant] because she had “given
up” after what had occurred with [Co-Defendant]. She also
testified how she was in pain and felt betrayed and used by
[Appellant].
T.C.O., at 10-11.
As summarized by the trial court, when viewed in the light most
favorable to the verdict winner, the evidence establishes sufficient support
for the fact-finder to infer that Appellant disregarded the substantial risk that
the victim did not consent. Accordingly, we find the evidence sufficient to
support the verdict.
Corruption of Minors
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7
“A person acts recklessly with respect to a material element of an offense
when he consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the
material element exists or will result from his conduct. The risk must be of
such a nature and degree that, considering the nature and intent of the
actor's conduct and the circumstances known to him, its disregard involves a
gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would
observe in the actor's situation.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 302(b)(3).
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Appellant also contends that the evidence does not sufficiently prove
corruption of minors.8 The essence of Appellant’s argument is that the
necessary element, “course of conduct,” requires multiple actions, and that
the sexual assault at issue is singular in action.9
In his brief, Appellant posits the following argument to support his
contention:
A course of conduct is a “pattern of actions composed of more
than one act over a period of time, however short, evidencing a
continuity of conduct.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(f). As discussed at
length in Commonwealth v. Kelly, 102 A.3d 1025 (Pa. Super.
2014), the term course of conduct requires multiple acts over
time in violation of Chapter 31. In Kelly the defendant touched
the genital of a minor while he bathed the minor. The Superior
Court found this evidence to be insufficient to find defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
Appellant engaged in one sexual encounter with S.R. in violation
of Chapter 31. The encounter took place in the bathroom of the
Ephrata Motel and lasted approximately 5-10 minutes. There
was no evidence presented that suggested Appellant had
encouraged S.R. to engage in any other sexual acts with Mr.
Rivera. Conversely, the evidence established that Appellant was
not around when the motel room was rented, did not provide
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8
The elements of the offense are: first, that the defendant was eighteen
years old or older at the time of the crime; second, that the minor victim
was under eighteen years of age at the time of the crime; and third, that the
defendant corrupted or tended to corrupt the morals of the minor by
engaging in a course of conduct in violation of Chapter 31. 18 Pa.C.S. §
6301(a)(1)(ii).
9
Appellant also argues that this offense must fail because it is contingent
upon a Chapter 31 violation which he avers was deficient. Because we find
sexual assault sufficiently proven, the argument that insufficiency of sexual
assault is tantamount to insufficiency of the corruption charge as well is
moot.
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S.R. with any Xanax, and was not in the room for S.R.’s sexual
interactions with Mr. Rivera.
Appellant’s Brief, at 17-18 (citations to the record omitted).
In response, the Commonwealth points out that the Kelly court
allowed that the acts constituting a “course of conduct” may occur over a
short time span. Appellee’s Brief, at 26. Instead of constituting one
continuous act, the Commonwealth argues that the forced oral sex and
subsequent anal sex should constitute separate actions. Id., at 27.
To distinguish the case at bar from Kelly, we agree with the
Commonwealth that Appellant engaged in two distinct acts of sexual
assault.10 Forcing S.R. to have oral sex with him constituted the first sexual
assault. Forcing her to have anal sex with him, however short the time
between the acts may have been, constituted a distinct, second sexual
assault. That alone is enough to satisfy the “course of conduct” element of
the offense. In addition, when viewed in the light most favorable to the
verdict winner, the record provides that Appellant encouraged the victim to
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10
It was not requisite for Appellant to have been charged separately for
each act in order for the fact-finder to determine that distinct Chapter 31
offenses had occurred. “Inconsistent verdicts, while often perplexing, are
not considered mistakes and do not constitute a basis for reversal. Rather,
the rationale for allowing inconsistent verdicts is that it is the [fact-finder]'s
sole prerogative to decide on which counts to convict in order to provide a
defendant with sufficient punishment.” Commonwealth v. Stokes, 38
A.3d 846, 855 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citations omitted). “Thus, this Court will
not disturb guilty verdicts on the basis of apparent inconsistencies as long as
there is sufficient evidence to support the verdict.” Commonwealth v.
Petteway, 847 A.2d 713, 718 (Pa. Super. 2004).
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leave school, drink alcohol, and smoke marijuana, which culminated in
violations by both Co-Defendant and Appellant against the victim. The
evidence thus sufficiently allows the trial court to adduce that Appellant
aided, abetted, enticed, or encouraged multiple violations of Chapter 31.
The element is therefore satisfied under either interpretation of Kelly.
Accordingly, we find the evidence sufficient to support the corruption of
minors verdict.
Weight of the Evidence
Appellant challenges the weight of the evidence regarding the two
offenses. He avers that the trial court must have established the element of
lack of consent from the testimony of the SAFE nurse and the victim’s friend,
Joseph Klepchick, in direct contradiction to the testimony of the victim
herself. The SAFE nurse testified that the victim’s anal and genital regions
had sustained injuries consistent with her description. Mr. Klepchick testified
that Appellant had said, “He was not going down for rape.” It is Appellant’s
theory that this testimony goes impermissibly against the testimony of the
victim, that she specifically did not express lack of consent.
We review Appellant’s challenge to the weight of the evidence
according to the following standards:
The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder of fact
who is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence and to
determine the credibility of the witnesses. An appellate court
cannot substitute its judgment for that of the finder of fact.
Thus, we may only reverse the lower court's verdict if it is so
contrary to the evidence as to shock one's sense of justice.
Moreover, where the trial court has ruled on the weight claim
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below, an appellate court's role is not to consider the underlying
question of whether the verdict is against the weight of the
evidence. Rather, appellate review is limited to whether the trial
court palpably abused its discretion in ruling on the weight claim.
Commonwealth v. Champney, 832 A.2d 403, 408 (Pa. 2003) (citations
omitted).
“An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment,
but if in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or
misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly
unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-
will, as shown by the evidence or the record, discretion is
abused.”
Commonwealth v. Stollar, 84 A.3d 635, 650 (Pa. 2014) (citations
omitted).
As noted above, the uncorroborated testimony of the victim is
sufficient to convict. Charlton, 902 A.2d at 562. Further, the fact-finder
was free to believe the victim independent of any other witnesses.
Andrulewicz, 911 A.2d at 166. Additionally, the victim did not have to
express her lack of consent. 18 Pa.C.S. § 3107. Upon review of the record,
we do not find the SAFE nurse or Mr. Klepchick contradicted the victim’s
testimony. Therefore, in order for us to conclude that the verdict was
against the weight of the evidence, the trial court’s decision must have been
due to partiality or prejudice.
The verdict reveals no such abuse of discretion. To the contrary,
finding Appellant not guilty of the other offenses signals a distinct lack of
bias. Appellant was charged with rape by forcible compulsion, which
requires a finding of force. The lesser included offense, sexual assault,
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requires no such showing. Because the trial court interpreted the “force”
that the victim testified to as connoting a lack of consent rather than
denoting a use of force, Appellant was found guilty only of the lesser
included offense. This use of discretion by the trial court compels us to
conclude that it actively considered the evidence presented and rendered its
judgment impartially. Accordingly, we find the trial court did not err in
concluding that the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence.
Exclusion of Evidence
Appellant contends that the trial court committed an abuse of
discretion by not allowing him to question the victim as to her use of alcohol
and Xanax a few days after the event at issue. He argues that this evidence
was important in showing that she had a history of alcohol and drug use and
that the use of the intoxicants days after the incident supports the
proposition that she consented to the acts. Appellant is referencing the
following relevancy objection sustained during trial:
Q. [Defense Counsel]: In fact, do you recall three days after
this incident that - -
[Assistant District Attorney]: Objection, Your Honor. Relevance
as to the time and date of the offense.
[The Court]: Your response []?
[Defense Counsel]: A big part of the Commonwealth’s case is
going to be that she was drugged and drinking alcohol. And
especially the use of alcohol with Xanax together, I think it’s
important to establish this wasn’t the first time she drank and
she knows what the effects of this are.
[The Court]: Does this incident afterwards involve
your client or this other individual []?
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[Defense Counsel]: No, it doesn’t. It is a text message.
[The Court]: To whom?
[Defense Counsel]: To neither [Appellant] or [Co-
Defendant].
[The Court]: You can ask her about her experience
mixing these various substances, but what happened with other
people I don’t see the relevance of that, especially if it is after
the events in question.
[Defense Counsel]: Okay, Your Honor.
[The Court]: The objection is sustained.
N.T., 3/4/14, at 32-33.
We apply the following standard of review: “Questions of the
admission and exclusion of evidence are within the sound discretion of the
trial court and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.”
Commonwealth v. Kendricks, 30 A.3d 499, 503 (Pa. Super. 2011)
(citation omitted). “An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of
judgment, but the misapplication or overriding of the law or the exercise of a
manifestly unreasonable judgment based upon partiality, prejudice or ill
will.” Commonwealth v. Charleston, 16 A.3d 505, 526 (Pa. Super. 2011)
(citation omitted).
Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a fact more of less
probable than it would be without the evidence; and, the fact is of
consequence in determining the action. Pa.R.E. 401.
First, the trial court did allow questioning of the victim regarding her
prior use of alcohol and Xanax. The evidence of her subsequent use does
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not tend to make that fact more or less probable. Second, although
Appellant argues that this evidence goes to support the theory that the
victim was fabricating the lack of consent, there is nothing in the record
which leads us to conclude that this evidence would further that line of
inquiry. Finally, we note that the voluntariness of the victim’s intoxication is
not material to the case at bar. Consequently, we find that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in excluding the evidence of intoxication after the
incident.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence AFFIRMED.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/26/2015
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