Com. v. Schneider, M. ( 2015 )

J-A19033-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
MICHAEL SCHNEIDER, :
:
Appellant : No. 974 WDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered on June 11, 2014
in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County,
Criminal Division, No. CP-02-CR-0000824-2013
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., JENKINS and MUSMANNO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED JULY 29, 2015
Michael Schneider (“Schneider”) appeals from the judgment of
sentence imposed following his conviction of possession with intent to deliver
a controlled substance (“PWID”) and possession of a controlled substance.1
After thorough review of the relevant law, we affirm.
The trial court set forth the facts underlying this appeal as follows:
On the evening of October 8, 2012, Detective Edward
Fallert [“Detective Fallert”], a twenty[-]year veteran of the
Pittsburgh Police Department[,] and a narcotics detective for the
last thirteen [] years, was on undercover patrol in the Basin
Street area of the City of Pittsburgh[,] with six [] other plain-
clothed detectives. ([N.T., 9/12/13 (suppression hearing), at] 4,
7-8). The Basin Street area is considered to be a “high crime
area” because of the large volume of drug sales that take place
there. ([Id. at] 9). The area is also the subject of continuing
complaints by the public to both the Mayor’s complaint line and
the police department. ([Id.]). Additionally, one of the biggest
drug arrests of Detective Fallert’s career took place in that
1
See 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30) and (16).
J-A19033-15
location, which involved him seizing over ten [] kilograms of
cocaine and $100,000 [in cash]. ([Id.]).
On the evening in question, the group of seven [] plain-
clothed detectives were driving down Basin Street in two
unmarked police vehicles. ([Id. at] 8). Detective Fallert was
driving the lead vehicle[,] and had three [] other detectives in
the car with him. ([Id.]). At approximately 6:15 p.m.,
Detective Fallert noticed [Schneider] walking alone[,] on the
right side of the sidewalk, towards the police vehicles. ([Id. at]
9-10). The vehicles were on a “small, narrow” street, and the
spacing was such that “two cars can barely pass if they were
going side by side.” ([Id. at] 10). As [Schneider] approached
his vehicle, Detective Fallert “noticed that his front hooded
sweatshirt pocket was weighted down in the center and
appeared to be like flopping as he walked.” ([Id. at] 11). At
first, Detective Fallert did not “think anything” of it, but he
decided to “pay closer attention to him.” ([Id.]).
Detective Fallert drove closer to [Schneider], and the two
[] men made eye contact. ([Id. at] 12). Upon making eye
contact, Detective Fallert saw [Schneider] “hurriedly put his
hand into his pocket[2] and push[] his pocket close to his person,
to his stomach, waistband.” ([Id. at] 11[]). Detective Fallert
was [] within five [] to ten [] feet of [Schneider] when he
observed him press [his hoodie pocket] against his torso. ([Id.
at] 11-12). Detective Fallert slowly drove past [Schneider] and
instructed the officers behind him to keep an eye on [Schneider]
because he believed that [Schneider] might be carrying a
weapon. ([Id.]). As he drove past [Schneider], Detective
Fallert noticed that [Schneider] was looking around and looking
back over his shoulder in the direction of the unmarked police
vehicles. ([Id. at] 13). Although the vehicles were unmarked,
they were “equipped with light bars, which are visible from the
exterior through the front windshield and through the side
windows.” ([Id. at] 8). The windows of the vehicles were not
tinted, which made it possible for an individual to view the
interior light bar from the outside. ([Id. at] 12).
Detective Fallert saw [Schneider] make a left turn out of
his view, and moments later[,] he was informed by the
detectives in the vehicle behind him that [Schneider] “had taken
2
Detective Fallert was referring to the front pocket of Schneider’s hooded
sweatshirt (or “hoodie”). See N.T., 9/12/13, at 11.
-2-
J-A19033-15
off running.” ([Id.]). Upon seeing [Schneider] take flight, the
officers gave chase and eventually apprehended him. ([Id. at]
15). Given their suspicion that [Schneider] was potentially
armed and dangerous, the officers searched him for weapons
and recovered, instead, approximately [1.3 ounces] of crack
cocaine. ([Id.]).[3]
Trial Court Opinion, 12/3/14, at 3-5 (footnotes added, footnote in original
omitted).
Following Schneider’s arrest, the Commonwealth charged him with
PWID and possession of a controlled substance. Schneider subsequently
filed a Motion to suppress the cocaine discarded during the police chase,
asserting that such evidence was inadmissible because he had abandoned it
during an unlawful seizure that was unsupported by reasonable suspicion.
Upon the conclusion of the suppression hearing on September 12, 2013, the
suppression court denied Schneider’s Motion, determining that the police
possessed articulable reasonable suspicion that Schneider was engaged in
unlawful activity, sufficient to support the investigative detention. Schneider
filed a Motion for reconsideration of the trial court’s ruling, which the trial
court denied.
The matter proceeded to a non-jury trial, at the close of which the trial
court found Schneider guilty of PWID and possession of a controlled
3
While Schneider was fleeing, one of the officers giving chase observed
Schneider throw a clear bag containing a white, powdery substance onto the
ground. N.T., 3/21/14 (trial), at 10. After apprehending Schneider, the
police recovered two baggies of cocaine on the ground nearby Schneider.
Id. at 10-11. The police also recovered two cell phones and $1,840 in U.S.
currency from Schneider’s pants pockets. Id. at 10. No weapon was found
on Schneider’s person or in the general vicinity. Id. at 11.
-3-
J-A19033-15
substance. On June 11, 2014, the trial court sentenced Schneider to serve
nine to eighteen months in the Allegheny County Jail, and five years of
probation. Schneider filed a timely Notice of Appeal. In response, the trial
court ordered him to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors
complained of on appeal. Schneider timely filed a Concise Statement.
On appeal, Schneider presents the following issue for our review:
“Was the evidence sufficient to support the conclusion that the police had a
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity (gun possession), so as to justify an
investigatory stop of [Schneider]?” Brief for Appellant at 4.
In reviewing a challenge to a trial court’s denial of a motion to
suppress, “[o]ur standard of review … is limited to determining whether the
factual findings are supported by the record and whether the legal
conclusions drawn from those facts are correct.” Commonwealth v.
Kearney, 92 A.3d 51, 65 (Pa. Super. 2014). “In making this determination,
we may consider only the evidence of the prosecution’s witnesses and so
much of the defense as, fairly read in the context of the record as a whole,
remains uncontradicted.” Commonwealth v. Page, 59 A.3d 1118, 1131
(Pa. Super. 2013) (citation omitted).
Article I, § 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution and the
Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution afford
protections against unreasonable searches and seizures. Among
the protections is the requirement that an officer have
reasonable suspicion before an investigatory stop.
Our [Pennsylvania S]upreme [C]ourt has interpreted [the]
Article I, § 8 protection more broadly than the Fourth
Amendment[,] and has found that a seizure occurs when an
-4-
J-A19033-15
officer gives chase. Under Pennsylvania law, any items
abandoned by an individual under pursuit are considered fruits of
a seizure. Those items may only be received in evidence when
an officer, before giving chase, has at least the reasonable
suspicion necessary for an investigatory stop. …
In deciding whether reasonable suspicion exists for an
investigatory stop, our analysis is the same under both Article I,
§ 8 and the Fourth Amendment. The fundamental inquiry is an
objective one, namely, whether the facts available to the officer
at the moment of the intrusion warrant a man of reasonable
caution in the belief that the action taken was appropriate. This
assessment, like that applicable to the determination of probable
cause, requires an evaluation of the totality of the
circumstances, with a lesser showing needed to demonstrate
reasonable suspicion in terms of both quantity or content and
reliability.
Commonwealth v. Taggart, 997 A.2d 1189, 1193 (Pa. Super. 2010)
(citation and brackets omitted).
Schneider argues that the police had no lawful authority to seize him4
because the facts failed to establish the reasonable suspicion that criminal
activity was afoot necessary to justify the investigative detention. Brief for
Appellant at 9 (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)). According to
Schneider, the police pursued and seized him based solely upon his flight
from the area. Brief for Appellant at 10. Schneider does not dispute that
the area in question was a known high crime area. However, he correctly
observes that presence in a high crime area, by itself, is not enough to give
rise to reasonable suspicion. Id. at 12 (citing Commonwealth v. Key, 789
A.2d 282, 289 (Pa. Super. 2001) (stating that “[t]he fact that [a]ppellant
4
It is undisputed that the police seized Schneider when they chased him
upon his fleeing the area. See Taggart, supra.-5-
J-A19033-15
was merely present in a ‘high crime area’ in no way establishes his
involvement in criminal activity.”)); see also In re D.M. II, 781 A.2d 1161,
1163 (Pa. 2001) (stating that “mere presence in a high crime area [is]
insufficient to support a finding of reasonable suspicion.”). Additionally,
Schneider argues that “[t]he case law in Pennsylvania has been consistent in
holding that flight alone is insufficient to give a police officer reasonable
suspicion of criminal activity.” Brief for Appellant at 10-11 (citing Taggart,
997 A.2d at 1193 (stating that “[f]light by the suspect can be considered
suspicious activity, but flight alone does not give rise to reasonable
suspicion.”)). Finally, Schneider challenges Detective Fallert’s testimony
that he reasonably suspected that Schneider was carrying a firearm. Brief
for Appellant at 14 (arguing that “[t]here is no discussion … as to how … an
object weighing only 1.3 ounces[, i.e., the weight of the cocaine recovered,]
can be transformed into a reasonable suspicion that [Schneider was] illegally
carrying a firearm.”).
In Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119 (2000), which is directly on-
point to the instant case, the United States Supreme Court held that a police
officer is justified in reasonably suspecting that an individual is involved in
criminal activity when that individual (1) is present in a high crime area; and
(2) engages in unprovoked, headlong flight after noticing the police. Id. at
-6-
J-A19033-15
124-25.5 The Supreme Court ruled that the existence, in combination, of
these two factors alone is sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion. Id.Our Pennsylvania Supreme Court subsequently recognized the significance of
the Wardlow holding, stating that “it is evident that unprovoked[6] flight in
a high crime area is sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion to justify a
Terry stop under the Fourth Amendment.” D.M. II, 781 A.2d at 1164
(footnote added); see also id. at 1165 n.2 (applying Wardlow and
declining to adopt greater state constitutional rights). Later, this Court
clarified that, in order for the holdings of Wardlow and D.M. II to apply, it
must be established that (1) “the incident took place in a high crime area[;
and (2)] the suspect fled upon being confronted by the police or recognizing
police presence in the immediate area.” Commonwealth v. Washington,
51 A.3d 895, 898 (Pa. Super. 2012) (emphasis added); see also id. (stating
5
In Wardlow, a four-car police caravan was investigating drug activity in
an area of Chicago known for heavy narcotics trafficking. Wardlow, 528
U.S. at 121. One of the officers observed the defendant holding an opaque
bag. Id. The officers did not observe any specific indications that the
defendant was in possession of contraband. See id. When the defendant
saw the police, he immediately fled. Id. at 122. The police apprehended
him and, during a pat-down search for weapons, recovered a gun. Id. The
Supreme Court affirmed the denial of the defendant’s motion to suppress,
reversing the decisions to the contrary by the Illinois courts of appeal. Id.
at 122-24.
6
Neither the Court in D.M. II nor the Wardlow Court made a distinction
between “unprovoked” and “provoked” flight. It appears that their inclusion
of the term unprovoked is merely superfluous. Indeed, it is clear that it is
flight provoked by a defendant’s mere sighting of police that is the relevant
factor, as it is a suspect’s flight and attempted avoidance of police that
increases the degree of suspicion of the suspect’s involvement in criminal
activity.
-7-
J-A19033-15
that “the suspect must know he is running from law enforcement before a
reasonable suspicion can attach.”).
Here, it is undisputed that the incident took place in a high crime area,
and Schneider fled upon the arrival of the undercover officers at the scene.
Accordingly, in determining whether these two factors, in conjunction,
established reasonable suspicion under Wardlow and its progeny, all that
must be established is that Schneider knew that he was running from police,
pursuant to Washington, supra.
Schneider contends that “the notion that [he] was running from the
police is somewhat based on conjecture[,]” pointing out that (1) both of the
police vehicles were unmarked; (2) all of the officers were in plainclothes;
and (3) none of the officers identified themselves as police before Schneider
began to run. Brief for Appellant at 14.
Examining the totality of the facts in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, as our standard of review requires, we conclude that the
circumstantial evidence establishes that Schneider knew that he was running
from the police. Specifically, (1) Schneider made eye contact with Detective
Fallert; (2) immediately thereafter, Schneider “hurriedly put his hand into
his pocket and pushed his pocket close to his person[,]” which aroused
Detective Fallert’s suspicion; (3) after the police drove past Schneider,
Schneider repeatedly looked back over his shoulder in the direction of the
unmarked police vehicles; (4) Schneider then “immediately changed
direction” and began running; and (5) though the police vehicles were
-8-
J-A19033-15
unmarked, they were equipped with police light bars, and Schneider was in a
position to see the light bars and identify the vehicles as police vehicles.
Additionally, we determine that the cases Schneider relies upon,
Taggart, supra; Key, supra; and In the Interest of M.D., 781 A.2d 192(Pa. Super. 2001), are factually distinguishable and unavailing. See Trial
Court Opinion, 12/3/14, at 8-12 (distinguishing Taggart, Key, and M.D.).
None of those cases involved flight from a high crime area, as here.
Finally, Schneider misses the point in attempting to minimize the
suspicious nature of his behavior. See Commonwealth v. Davis, 102 A.3d
996, 1000 (Pa. Super. 2014) (stating that “reasonable suspicion does not
require that the activity in question must be unquestionably criminal before
an officer may investigate further.”) (citation omitted). Indeed, Schneider’s
flight from police in a high crime area, absent more, was sufficient to
establish reasonable suspicion. See Wardlow, supra (holding that the
defendant’s flight from police in a high crime area established reasonable
suspicion, where the police did not articulate any specific indications that the
defendant possessed contraband (aside from his mere possession of an
opaque bag)). Moreover, Schneider’s furtive movements to conceal an
object in his front hoodie pocket, when seen by police, enhanced the
reasonable suspicion present. See Commonwealth v. Cottman, 764 A.2d
595, 599-600 (Pa. Super. 2000) (holding that the defendant’s presence in a
high crime area, his furtive movement to conceal an object when seen by
police, and his flight established reasonable suspicion). Although Detective
-9-
J-A19033-15
Fallert did not see the item that Schneider was allegedly concealing in his
hoodie pocket, based on Detective Fallert’s specialized training and
experience, Schneider’s suspicious behaviors suggested that he possessed
illegal contraband. See id. at 600; see also Trial Court Opinion, 12/3/14,
at 12 (stating that “Detective Fallert, a twenty[-]year veteran of the police
force who had received extensive narcotics and firearm training, observed
that [Schneider] exhibited behaviors that were consistent with an individual
who was attempting to conceal a firearm.”).
Accordingly, based upon the foregoing, we reject Schneider’s claim
that the suppression court erred by denying his Motion to suppress. The
totality of the circumstances demonstrate that the police officers, in fact,
had reasonable suspicion to believe that Schneider was engaged in criminal
activity when they began their pursuit of him following his flight in a high
crime area. See Wardlow, supra.Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 7/29/2015
- 10 -