Com. v. Andrew, W. ( 2022 )

J-A18005-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
OF PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
WILLIAM MICHAEL ANDREW
Appellant No. 587 WDA 2021
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence March 11, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Criminal Division at No: CP-02-CR-0004651-2020
BEFORE: STABILE, J., MURRAY, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.
MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.: FILED: SEPTEMBER 28, 2022
Appellant, William Michael Andrew, argues in this appeal that the
evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for reckless endangerment
under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2705. We hold that the evidence is sufficient to support
Appellant’s conviction, and we affirm.
The trial court accurately summarized the evidence adduced during trial
as follows:
At trial, the Commonwealth called William Tomosky, a police
officer in Elizabeth Borough, Pennsylvania. He testified that at
approximately 9:45 pm on May 14, 2020, he was assisting at a
traffic accident scene in the 5200 block of Route 51.
He was positioned at a traffic control point at the off ramp of Route
136, a quarter mile before the off ramp. The officer had set up a
cone pattern, and his police unit was blocking the inside lane with
all lights activated. A fire rescue truck, with its lights activated,
was also blocking the lane of traffic just after the officer’s vehicle.
He also stated that several police vehicles, fire equipment and tow
trucks, with lights on, had the area well lit.
J-A18005-22
The officer was standing near cones, which blocked the inside lane
of the roadway, so that traffic would get off at the ramp to [Route]
136. The area was well lit according to Officer Tomosky’s
testimony. The officer testified that approximately 20 to 30 cars
passed through his location without incident. The officer then
noticed one vehicle continuing in the inside lane, the lane which
was blocked off. The officer signaled for it to pull over, but the
vehicle kept coming at him. The officer jumped toward the
median to get out of the way of the vehicle.
The officer was using a flashlight to signal cars to move over, and
was wearing a green, fluorescent reflective vest at the time. The
officer estimated the speed of the vehicle at 50 mph when it
passed him. He testified that other cars had slowed down
significantly. He testified that traffic was backing up, cars were
stopping or slowing to 20 mph or less, “down to a crawl.” Despite
the slowdown, one vehicle drove nearly 50 mph into the area,
causing the officer to jump out of the way. This vehicle eventually
stopped as the roadway was blocked with a firetruck. [Appellant]
was identified as the operator, who didn’t have the vehicle
insured. This was verified with PennDOT who confirmed the
cancellation of insurance.
[Appellant] also testified. He testified that it was raining, with a
heavy mist, while he travelled south on Route 51 on the night of
the accident. He was able to observe the flash of red and blue
lights in the distance. He observed a fire truck and a police car
half a mile away, sideways across the travel lanes. He was able
to see the vehicles from the crest of a hill in advance of the
location of the emergency vehicles.
[Appellant] testified that “out of nowhere, the officer appeared.”
He claimed he did not see the officer until he passed him, and the
officer jumped toward the median. [Appellant] testified that he
has a commercial driver’s license and has taken several defensive
driving courses as part of his employment. [Appellant] admitted
to not having his vehicle insurance. On cross examination,
[Appellant] estimated his speed at 45 mph.
[Appellant]’s wife, Ashley Andrew, testified that she did not see
the officer until he was at her husband’s door. She described the
conditions that night as being foggy, raining and dark, although
she did see the lights. She denied seeing Officer Tomosky in the
-2-
J-A18005-22
road setting cones. She denied seeing the officer directing traffic.
She also stated that her vehicle was travelling 40 mph.
Trial Court Opinion, filed January 11, 2022, at 3-5.
On March 11, 2021, following a bench trial, the court found Appellant
guilty of reckless endangerment and failure to have financial responsibility (75
Pa.C.S.A. § 1786) but not guilty of aggravated assault. On the same date,
the court imposed sentence. Appellant filed timely post-sentence motions,
which were denied, and a timely notice of appeal.
Appellant raises a single issue in this appeal, “Was the evidence
insufficient to support the conviction for Recklessly Endangering Another
Person (REAP) as the Commonwealth failed to establish the required mens
rea? In other words, as the actions here do not rise to the necessary level of
gross negligence, must the conviction be overturned?”
In a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence, our standard of review “is
to determine whether, when viewed in a light most favorable to the verdict
winter, the evidence at trial and all reasonable inferences therefrom are
sufficient for the trier of fact to find that each element of the crimes charged
is established beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Akhmedo,
216 A.3d 307, 322 (Pa. Super. 2019) (en banc). “[T]he trier of fact, in this
case the trial court, is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence
presented when making credibility determinations. In deciding a sufficiency
of the evidence claim, this court may not reweigh the evidence and substitute
our judgment for that of the fact-finder.” Commonwealth v. McClellan, 178
A.3d 874, 878 (Pa. Super. 2018).
-3-
J-A18005-22
The crime of reckless endangerment takes place when a defendant
“engages in conduct which places or may place another person in danger of
death or serious bodily injury.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2705. “Reckless endangerment
of another person (REAP) requires the creation of danger, so the
Commonwealth must prove the existence of an actual present ability to inflict
harm to another.” Commonwealth v. Shaw, 203 A.3d 281, 284 (Pa. Super.
2019). Furthermore,
[a] person acts recklessly with respect to a material element of an
offense when he consciously disregards a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that the material element exists or will result
from his conduct. The risk must be of such a nature and degree
that, considering the nature and intent of the actor’s conduct and
the circumstances known to him, its disregard involves a gross
deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person
would observe in the actor’s situation.
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 302(b)(3). Recklessness “implicates knowledge in two ways:
(1) the actor must consciously (i.e., with knowledge) disregard a substantial
and unjustifiable risk; and (2) the risk that the actor disregards is measured
by the circumstances known to the actor.” Commonwealth v. Sanders, 259
A.3d 524, 532 (Pa. Super. 2021) (en banc). “Conscious disregard” of a risk,
in turn, “involves first becoming aware of the risk and then choosing to
proceed in spite of the risk.” Id.The trial court reasoned that the evidence was sufficient to sustain
Appellant’s conviction for reckless endangerment:
[It] was dark and the weather conditions were foggy and rainy.
The lights of emergency vehicles were clearly visible to [Appellant]
a substantial distance from the location of Officer Tomosky’s
-4-
J-A18005-22
vehicle. [Appellant] continued to maintain a speed of 45 mph in
an area where all other traffic had slowed to a crawl, 20 mph or
less, stop and go. Twenty or thirty other cars [passed] this area
without incident. The officer had his emergency lights on, five
other emergency vehicles were at the scene. His vehicle and a
fire truck were blocking the roadway. The officer had placed cones
on the roadway, and he was directing traffic with a flashlight while
wearing a reflective vest. [Appellant] barreled into the area of the
roadway in a vehicle weighing over 6,000 pounds, without car
insurance, and nearly struck the police officer, causing him to
jump out of the way to avoid being hit.
[Appellant], who had attended four defensive driving courses, and
was employed as a professional with a commercial driver's license,
should have known better that night to slow down and proceed
with caution.
Trial Court Opinion, 1/11/22, at 5-6. The record also indicates that from the
crest of a hill about half a mile north of where the officer was standing,
Appellant could see the lights of the fire trucks ahead of him as well as red
and blue police lights. N.T., 3/11/21, at 32-33. Viewed as a whole, the
evidence demonstrates that (1) Appellant had ample notice as he crested the
hill of an accident scene on the roadway, (2) the foggy and rainy conditions,
as well as the presence of cones and well-lit emergency and police vehicles,
required drivers to slow down, (3) these conditions caused all other drivers at
the scene to slow to a crawl, (4) Appellant was consciously aware of a
substantial risk created by speeding in this emergency area, and (5) he
disregarded this risk by driving at a manifestly unsafe speed, forcing the
officer to jump out of the way. We agree with the trial court that the evidence
was sufficient to sustain Appellant’s conviction for reckless endangerment.
-5-
J-A18005-22
The decisions relied upon by Appellant in his challenge to the sufficiency
of the evidence, Commonwealth v. Gilliland, 422 A.2d 206 (Pa. Super.
1980), and Commonwealth v. Hutchins, 42 A.3d 302 (Pa. Super. 2012),
are distinguishable from this case. In Gilliland, the defendant was driving his
boat on a lake when he drove into the path of an oncoming vessel, killing one
of its occupants. The evidence did not prove which boat had the right of way
or the appropriate speed limit on the lake where the accident occurred. Nor
was there any allegation that the defendant was driving at an excessive speed
or in an erratic manner. Id., 422 A.2d at 207. This Court held that the
defendant’s failure to avoid the collision did not rise to the level of homicide
or REAP because the defendant “simply failed to see the boat which the
decedent was driving. There was no conscious realization of a substantial risk
which was subsequently disregarded, but rather a general lack of awareness
of the situation on the part of the appellant.” Id. Conversely, in the present
case, the evidence showed that Appellant was driving at an unsafe speed, saw
the accident scene ahead of him, and had the time and opportunity to heed
the numerous glaring indicators to slow down, but he failed to slow down,
unlike numerous other motorists who drove by the accident scene, and he
forced the officer to jump out of the way to avoid being hit.
In Hutchins, the defendant was driving with his three young daughters
when he made a left turn in front of another car, causing a serious accident.
A responding police officer noticed signs that the defendant was under the
-6-
J-A18005-22
influence of marijuana, found marijuana in the defendant’s vehicle, and
testified that based on his experience and training, the defendant was under
the influence of marijuana that impaired his ability to drive. The defendant
was convicted of driving while intoxicated and reckless endangerment. On
appeal, this Court affirmed his DUI conviction but reversed his conviction for
reckless endangerment. We explained that while the defendant behaved
deplorably by getting high and driving with his daughters in the car, his
“driving under the influence of intoxicating substances does not create legal
recklessness per se but must be accompanied with other tangible indicia of
unsafe driving to a degree that creates a substantial risk of injury which is
consciously disregarded.” Id., 42 A.3d at 311. The court noted that the only
other relevant evidence presented was that an accident occurred but that
exercising poor judgment in negotiating a left turn did not equate to
recklessness. Id. at 312. The present case is different. Appellant consciously
disregarded multiple emergency vehicles, a blocked lane of traffic, and
emergency cones while driving at excessive speed in rain and fog as he
approached the accident scene.
We also think it helpful to distinguish Sanders even though neither
party cited this decision. There, while driving a bus in the scope of her
employment with Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority
(“SEPTA”), the defendant struck and killed a 93-year-old pedestrian as he
crossed the street. The defendant was found guilty of, inter alia, homicide by
-7-
J-A18005-22
vehicle, a crime requiring proof of recklessness or gross negligence. 1 This
Court reversed her conviction for homicide by vehicle on the ground that the
evidence was insufficient to support finding that defendant drove recklessly.
Although the victim was legally within the crosswalk and remained clearly
visible as the defendant turned, and even though the defendant failed to use
both hands to turn her wheel as required by SEPTA regulations, the evidence
showed that the defendant stopped the bus at a red light for 45 seconds and
then waited an additional 2.33 seconds after the light turned green before
turning. The defendant testified that when the light turned green, she looked
left, forward, and right before moving, to make sure there was no oncoming
traffic. She simply did not see the victim at any point before moving. We
concluded:
As a matter of law, this evidence constitutes careless driving (less
than willful or wanton conduct but more than ordinary negligence)
but not recklessness (or gross negligence). Absent from this case
is any evidence that Appellant was consciously aware of a
substantial and unjustifiable risk created by her conduct that
would cause injury to the victim.
Id. at 533. We added:
Had Appellant’s bus barreled through the red light without
stopping, that would have been a conscious disregard of a
substantial and unjustifiable risk, the essence of recklessness . . .
Alternatively, had Appellant been speeding, tailgating, erratically
changing lanes, crossing double yellow lines, or racing another
vehicle at the time of the collision, we would readily find
recklessness, as we have in prior decisions.
____________________________________________
1Recklessness and gross negligence are equivalent under the homicide by
vehicle statute. Id., 259 A.3d at 531.
-8-
J-A18005-22
Id. The defendant’s misconduct, however, “was not nearly as egregious,”
since she “stopped the bus at a red light for 45 seconds and then waited an
additional 2.33 seconds after the light turned green.” Id.
In our view, Appellant’s conduct in the present case surpassed that of
the bus driver’s conduct in Sanders, even though here fortunately no bodily
harm was suffered by Officer Tomosky. The bus driver in Sanders did not
see the victim; Appellant saw the accident scene and emergency vehicles well
in advance of the near collision with the officer. The bus driver paused for
nearly a minute at a red light and then waited over two seconds after the light
turned green before turning. Appellant, on the other hand, never slowed down
despite adverse weather and the presence of cones and well-lit emergency
and police vehicles. His indifference to the very conditions that caused all
other drivers to slow down was equivalent in recklessness to the types of
conduct we warned against in Sanders quoted above (running red lights,
speeding, tailgating, etc.).
For these reasons, we reject Appellant’s challenge to the sufficiency of
the evidence and affirm his conviction for reckless endangerment.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judge Murray joins the memorandum.
Judge McLaughlin concurs in the result.
-9-
J-A18005-22
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 09/28/2022
- 10 -