J.L. v. J.F. ( 2019 )

J-A11016-19
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
J.M.L. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
J.F. :
:
Appellant : No. 1678 MDA 2018
Appeal from the Order Entered September 7, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Wyoming County Civil Division at
No(s): 2016-CV-1336
BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and STABILE, J.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED MAY 31, 2019
Appellant, J.F. (hereinafter “Mother”), appeals from the order entered
on September 7, 2018, granting J.M.L. (hereinafter “Father”) primary physical
custody of the parties’ two minor children with periods of partial custody to
Mother. Upon review, we affirm.
We briefly set forth the procedural history of this case as follows. By
prior order entered on June 22, 2017, the trial court awarded the parties
shared physical custody of their two male children, L.L. (born March, 2013)
and T.L. (born February, 2015). Thereafter, the trial court held five hearings
from June 22, 2017 through August 14, 2018, wherein both parties sought
modification of the custody arrangement. During the pendency of the custody
dispute, Mother also filed a petition to appoint a guardian ad litem for the
children. The trial court heard argument regarding Mother’s guardian ad litem
request and denied relief by order entered on April 5, 2018. On September
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7, 2018, the trial court granted Father primary physical custody of the parties’
two minor children with periods of partial custody to Mother. This timely
appeal resulted.1
On appeal, Appellant presents the following issues2 for our review:
1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion or commit an error of
law, in denying [] Appellant[’s] [p]etition for the [a]ppointment
of a [g]uardian [a]d [l]item?
2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion or commit an error of
law in its September 7, 2018 [o]rder in that it modified the
existing joint physical custody of the parties’ minor children and
instead awarded, granted, and ordered primary physical
custody of the parties’ minor children to Father[]?
3. Did the trial court abuse its discretion or commit an error of
law, based upon the testimony of record below, in limiting
Appellant[’s] physical custody of her minor children without
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1 On appeal, Appellant challenges both the order denying relief on her petition
for the appointment of a guardian ad litem and the order modifying custody.
Both challenges are properly before this Court. We previously held that an
order denying a motion to appoint a guardian ad litem is not appealable until
a final judgment is rendered in a custody action. See Givens v. Givens, 450
A.2d 1386 (Pa. Super. 1982). The custody order was entered on September
7, 2018. Appellant filed a notice of appeal and corresponding concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.1925(a)(2)
on October 9, 2018. The appeal was timely because the last day of the 30-
day appeal period fell on a Sunday and the following Monday was a federal
holiday, Columbus Day. Thus, when Appellant filed her notice of appeal on
the next available day, Tuesday, October 9, 2018, it was considered timely.
See Pa.R.A.P. 903 (notice of appeal shall be filed within 30 days after the
entry of the order from which the appeal is taken); see also 1 Pa.C.S.A. §
1908 (“Whenever computing time the last day of any such period shall fall on
Saturday or Sunday, or on any day made a legal holiday by the laws of this
Commonwealth or of the United States, such day shall be omitted from the
computation.”). The trial court issued an opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a) on November 8, 2018.
2 We have reordered Appellant’s issues for ease of disposition.
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any evidence or testimony that [Appellant’s] time with her
minor children should be restricted or unequal to that of []
Father?
4. Did the trial court abuse its discretion or commit an error of
law, based upon the testimony of record below, in failing to
follow the mandates of 23 Pa.C.S.[A.] §5328(a)(1)-(16) that
the [c]ourt must consider which party is more likely to attend
to the daily physical, emotional, developmental, and special
needs of the children? Did the [trial] [c]ourt err in not
considering which parent has the most flexible schedule and
would be best able to provide transportation and support to the
children in attending school and other activities and therefore
erred in failing to find in favor of [] Appellant []?
5. Were the trial court’s conclusions unreasonable as shown by
the evidence of record?
6. Did the trial court abuse its discretion or commit an error of
law by failing to enter a custody order that is in the best
interests of the children?
7. Did [] Father fail to meet his burden of proof?
8. Did the trial [c]ourt err in failing to address certain issues and
concerns raised by the parties and/or was the [trial] [c]ourt’s
[o]rder insufficiently specific?
Appellant’s Brief at 4-5 (suggested answers omitted).
Although Mother presents eight issues in her statement of questions
presented section of her appellate brief, we discern two distinct claims. First,
we will examine Appellant’s contention that the trial court erred by failing to
appoint a guardian ad litem for the children. Then, we will review Appellant’s
argument that the trial court abused its discretion or erred as a matter of law
in awarding Father primary physical custody of the children and by entering
an ambiguous order which failed to set forth specifics regarding times for
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picking up the children from school, their summer vacation schedule, or
Mother’s request for summer camp for the children.
First, Appellant argues that the trial court
committed an error of law and abused its discretion in denying
[her] petition for the appointment of a guardian ad litem for the
children when there was evidence that [] Father used corporal
punishment upon the older minor child and it was a factor the
[c]ourt should have considered, since it affected the safety of the
child.
Appellant’s Brief at 20. Appellant “felt a [guardian ad litem] was necessary in
the best interests and welfare of the minor children, so they would have a
voice in the proceedings.” Id. at 7. Additionally, without citation to legal
authority, Appellant contends that the failure to appoint a guardian ad litem
was compounded by the trial court’s failure to interview the children in camera
before issuing its rulings. Id.
In reviewing a custody order, our scope and standard of review are well
established:
We review a trial court's determination in a custody case for an
abuse of discretion, and our scope of review is broad. Because we
cannot make independent factual determinations, we must accept
the findings of the trial court that are supported by the evidence.
We defer to the trial judge regarding credibility and the weight of
the evidence. The trial judge's deductions or inferences from its
factual findings, however, do not bind this Court. We may reject
the trial court's conclusions only if they involve an error of law or
are unreasonable in light of its factual findings.
C.A.J. v. D.S.M., 136 A.3d 504, 506 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation omitted). “If
a trial court, in reaching its conclusion, overrides or misapplies the law or
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exercises judgment which is manifestly unreasonable, or reaches a conclusion
that is the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will as shown by the
evidence of record, then discretion is abused.” Yates v. Yates, 963 A.2d
535, 539 (Pa. Super. 2008).
This Court has previously determined:
[A] guardian ad litem is not normally appointed in custody cases
involving natural parents. A guardian ad litem is a person
appointed by the court to represent a minor child's interest in
particular litigation before the court. The appointment of a
guardian ad litem is generally reserved for those actions where
the trial court deems it necessary because the child's interest may
be adversely effected, e.g., adoptions. However, in custody cases
involving natural parents, despite the bitterness of each party
towards each other, both parties are focused on the best interests
of the child. Moreover, in a custody case, the trial court is obliged
to ascertain the child's best interest. Since both parties and the
trial court are focused on the child's best interests, it appears that
the appointment of a guardian ad litem would not be proper
absent extraordinary circumstances, and we note that bitterness
between the parties ordinarily does not rise to the level of
extraordinary circumstances needed for an appointment of a
guardian ad litem.
C.W. v. K.A.W., 774 A.2d 745, 748 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2001) (internal citations
omitted).
Moreover,
[w]e have held that a child's preference is a factor to be
considered in awarding custody, but the weight to be accorded to
this preference will vary according to the age, intelligence, and
maturity of the child.
Sipe v. Shaffer, 396 A.2d 1359, 1363 (Pa. Super. 1979) (citation omitted).
The Sipe Court ultimately determined that it was not an abuse of discretion
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to deny an in camera interview of children who were six-years-old, and
younger, at the time of the custody dispute. Id.
Initially we note that on August 14, 2018, the date of the last hearing
in this matter, the parties’ elder child was five-years-old and their younger
child was three-years-old. As such, we see no error in failing to conduct an in
camera interview of the children. Moreover, the children had the benefit of
both parents and the trial court advocating for their best interest. Appellant
has not demonstrated extraordinary circumstances warranting the
appointment of a guardian ad litem. Hence, we discern no abuse of discretion
or error of law in denying Mother’s request.
The remainder of Appellant’s issues challenge the trial court’s award of
primary physical custody of the children to Father. Appellant argues that the
trial court “ignored factors that would support [her] case for primary physical
custody [and, i]n doing so, it ignored the best interests of the children.”
Appellant’s Brief at 24. Appellant argues that Father drinks alcohol, has
moved his household numerous times, keeps firearms and ammunition in his
home, subscribes to corporal punishment, and allows the children to spend
too many overnight visits with paternal grandparents. Id. at 8-10 and 25.
Appellant also argues that the trial court substituted its judgment for hers
when it gave Father primary physical custody of the children because
Appellant enrolled the children at the Bear Creek Charter School in Luzerne
County. Id. at 26. Finally, Appellant claims that the custody order is
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insufficiently specific regarding school pick-up times and the children’s
summer schedules. Id. at 30-31.
Regarding custody:
Section 5328 [of the Custody Act] provides an enumerated list of
sixteen factors a trial court must consider in determining the best
interests of the child ... when awarding any form of custody:
§ 5328. Factors to consider when awarding custody
(a) Factors.—In ordering any form of custody, the court shall
determine the best interest of the child by considering all relevant
factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors which
affect the safety of the child, including the following:
(1) Which party is more likely to encourage and
permit frequent and continuing contact between
the child and another party.
(2) The present and past abuse committed by a
party or member of the party's household,
whether there is a continued risk of harm to the
child or an abused party and which party can
better provide adequate physical safeguards
and supervision of the child.
(3) The parental duties performed by each party on
behalf of the child.
(4) The need for stability and continuity in the
child's education, family life and community life.
(5) The availability of extended family.
(6) The child's sibling relationships.
(7) The well-reasoned preference of the child,
based on the child's maturity and judgment.
(8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child
against the other parent, except in cases of
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domestic violence where reasonable safety
measures are necessary to protect the child
from harm.
(9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving,
stable, consistent and nurturing relationship
with the child adequate for the child's emotional
needs.
(10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily
physical, emotional, developmental,
educational and special needs of the child.
(11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.
(12) Each party's availability to care for the child or
ability to make appropriate child-care
arrangements.
(13) The level of conflict between the parties and the
willingness and ability of the parties to
cooperate with one another. A party's effort to
protect a child from abuse by another party is
not evidence of unwillingness or inability to
cooperate with that party.
(14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party
or member of a party's household.
(15) The mental and physical condition of a party or
member of a party's household.
(16) Any other relevant factor.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a).
* * *
The Act requires a court to consider all of the § 5328(a) best
interest factors when ordering any form of custody. Sections
5323(a) and (d) reinforce this mandate by requiring a court to
delineate the reasons for its decision when making an award of
custody either on the record or in a written opinion. Mere
recitation of the statute and consideration of the § 5328(a) factors
en masse is insufficient. A trial court's failure to place its reasoning
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regarding the § 5328(a) factors on the record or in a written
opinion is an error of law.
C.A.J. v. D.S.M., 136 A.3d 504, 509–510 (Pa. Super. 2016) (case citation
omitted).
Here, the trial court set forth each of the sixteen custody factors in its
written opinion and provided a detailed analysis of how each factor impacted
its custody determination. While Appellant asks this Court to reweigh the
factors at issue, we cannot. Furthermore, while Appellant believes certain
factors weigh in her favor, she fails to appreciate that the trial court also
determined: (1) Appellant disparages Father on social media, incites
arguments, and, in front of the children, says she wishes he would be killed;
(2) Appellant enrolled one of the children in a charter school without Father’s
consultation and against the instruction of the trial court to wait until a
decision was rendered regarding custody modification; (3) Appellant publicly
expresses her interests in sadomasochism, bondage, and sexual fetishes on
the internet; and, (4) there were safety concerns3 in Mother’s residence. Trial
Court Opinion, 11/8/2018, at 6-14. The trial court also addressed Appellant’s
concern that Father changed households frequently and that the children
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3 The trial court noted that Mother’s residence was unsafe for the following
reasons. While in Appellant’s care, the parties’ older son burned his arm on
an uncovered radiator, which required ten days of hospitalization and skin
graft surgeries. Trial Court Opinion, 11/8/2018, at 4. Drugs were allegedly
sold in the third floor apartment in Appellant’s building and a stabbing
occurred there. Id. at 12. Mother’s home had holes near the top of the
building and a raccoon entered a spare bedroom. Id. at 13. Moreover,
Appellant’s “bedroom [] had a peg board hanging on the wall, which housed
knives, axes, arrows, and a riding crop and a whip[,] in reach of the children.”
Id.
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spent too many overnight visits at the paternal grandparents’ home. The trial
court noted that Father was remodeling a home to be closer to his parents
and that the children stayed with them during periods of construction. Id. at
14.
Based upon our review of the record, it is clear that the trial court
considered all of the statutorily mandated factors in making its in depth
decision to modify custody and award Father primary physical custody.
Finally, we disagree that certain aspects of the custody order were ambiguous.
In its order, the trial court carefully delineated that Appellant was to pick the
children up at the end of the school day on Friday and return them to school
on Monday morning. Appellant also received custody for one consecutive
week of vacation each summer, with 60 days of advance notice to Father.
Accordingly, we discern no error of law or abuse of discretion in the trial court’s
custody determination.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 5/31/2019
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