Com. v. Muhammad, K. ( 2019 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
KHALID A. MUHAMMAD :
:
Appellant : No. 1381 MDA 2018
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 20, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-06-CR-0004247-2016
BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., OTT, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E.
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED FEBRUARY 19, 2019
Appellant Khalid A. Muhammad appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County on July 20, 2018,
following a non-jury trial.1,2 Appellant’s counsel also has filed a brief pursuant
to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), and its Pennsylvania
counterpart Commonwealth v. Santiago, 602 Pa. 159, 978 A.2d 349 (2009)
(hereinafter “Anders Brief”) together with a Petition to Withdraw as Counsel
and a letter advising Appellant of his rights pursuant to Commonwealth v.
____________________________________________
1Appellant was tried along with his sister, who is not a party to this appeal.
2Appellant completed a written Jury Trial Waiver Colloquy and Waiver of Jury
Trial Form. Appellant also was questioned and waived his right to a jury trial
on the record prior to the commencement of trial. N.T. Trial, 9/10/18, at 4-
8.
____________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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Millisock, 873 A.2d 748 (Pa.Super. 2005).3 Following our review, we grant
counsel’s petition to withdraw and affirm the judgment of sentence.
The record reveals that in January of 2014, a Custody Order was entered
between Appellant and A.R., the mother of his child, wherein the parties were
to share legal custody, A.R. was granted primary physical custody of their
minor child P.M., and Appellant received weekend visitation. N.T. Trial,
6/15/18, at 73-75.4 In March of 2015, A.R. was incarcerated, and Appellant
received sole custody of the child at his home in Philadelphia until her release
in June of 2016. Id. at 75-76. Upon A.R.’s parole to a halfway house in
Reading, she contacted Appellant to arrange a visitation with P.M. on a
weekend. Id. at 76-78. After A.R. was released and had a home plan, she
contacted Appellant on a Wednesday to arrange to pick up her son on the
ensuing weekend. Id. at 77-78. Appellant did not ask A.R. where she was
taking the child, and she did not tell Appellant her address. Id. at 95-96.
When A.R. brought three-year-old P.M. back to her house, she noticed
bruises and hand marks which extended from the back of his knees to the
middle of his back. Angry and upset, A.R. immediately called Appellant. Id.
____________________________________________
3 Anders set forth the requirements for counsel to withdraw from
representation on direct appeal, and our Supreme Court applied Anders in
Santiago.
4 The child was born in April of 2013. To protect the minor child’s identity,
throughout this memorandum we use the mother’s and child’s initials, as well
as the initials of mother’s older child who testified at trial, and we have
replaced other identifying proper names with generic labels.
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at 78-79. While Appellant initially stated the bruises were the result of a hot
bath, Appellant eventually admitted to spanking the child as punishment for
his leaving the water running after he had washed his hands when he used
the bathroom in the middle of the night. Appellant told A.R. he had not hit
the child hard and that the child did not cry but rather was “taking it brave.”
Id. at 80. A.R. informed Appellant that she would be reporting the abuse and
that she would not be returning the child to his custody. Id. at 80.
Due to A.R.’s refusal to return the child or communicate with Appellant
regarding him, Appellant testified he filed a report with the Philadelphia police
and sought advice from his “best friend,” an unnamed police officer, and his
former attorney who told him the January 7, 2014, Custody Order was invalid
because six months had passed and A.R. had been incarcerated since it was
entered. Counsel advised Appellant to go to seek the help of police in Reading
and retrieve the child. Id. at 137-139. Appellant asked his sister T.M. to help
him. Id. at 137-140. T.M. and an unidentified woman picked up Appellant
on the Morning of Monday, August 15, 2016, and headed to Berks County.
Upon arrival in Reading, Appellant visited the courthouse where he was
informed he would need to contact the Reading City Police. There, he learned
a report could not be filed as the matter involved custody, not a kidnapping,
and Appellant called 911. Id. at 140. The police referred Appellant to the
halfway house where A.R. had been staying and/or to the state probation
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office in Reading, the latter of which provided Appellant with the address A.R.
had listed. Id. at 140-141.
On August 15, 2016, which was within a week of A.R.’s conversation
with Appellant, A.R.’s then seventeen-year-old daughter L.D-R. was
babysitting P.M. at A.R.’s residence while A.R. was at work. Id. at 12-14. At
approximately 2:30 p.m., while L.D-R. was out front of the home with the
child, an unknown woman inquired about where to buy cigarettes, and L.D-R.
referred her to a store around the corner. Id. at 14-15. Shortly thereafter, a
silver Kia pulled up in front of the house. Appellant exited the passenger side,
approached P.M., picked him up, and attempted to place him in the car. Id.
at 15-16.
A struggle ensued between L.D-R, Appellant, his sister, and the
unidentified woman who previously inquired about cigarettes. The fray was
captured on video surveillance. Eventually, Appellant and the two women
were able to get P.M. into the Kia, and when L.D-R. opened a back door to
retrieve the child, the unidentified woman pulled her into the back seat. The
Kia sped away, leaving Appellant behind. Id. at 17-24. P.M. sustained minor
bruising in the struggle. Id. at 88-91.
L.D-R. rolled down the windows and shouted out to the public for help
because she and the child were being kidnapped. Appellant’s sister and the
unidentified woman, who was seated next to her in the back seat, told L.D-R.
she would not be returned to her mother. Id. at 25-26. After several hours,
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the Kia stopped at a train station and met another vehicle. P.M. was removed
from the Kia and Appellant’s mother took the child’s place therein. Id. at 26-
29. L.D-R. was informed she was in Philadelphia and was taken to a store
where Appellant’s mother bought her a shirt and sandals, as the teenager was
barefoot and her shirt had been ripped in the struggle, and threw away her
ripped shirt. Id. at 31-32.
The group proceeded to a Greyhound station, where Appellant’s mother
bought L.D-R. a bus ticket back to Reading. At the bus station, the teenager
realized she was, in fact, in Philadelphia. Id. at 32. Alone and upset at the
bus station, she used a stranger's phone to contact A.R. who instructed her to
wait for the police. Frightened, L.D-R. boarded a Greyhound bus back to
Reading. Id. at 33. When the bus stopped in Norristown, police escorted the
teenager to the police station, where she was met by Reading police officers.
Id. at 33-34. L.D-R. had bruises on her forearms, chest, and one on her back.
Id. at 35-36.
The next day, on August 16, 2016, A.R. received a call from Appellant’s
mother, who stated that P.M. could be picked up on Broad Street in
Philadelphia, and several Reading police officers travelled with A.R. to
Philadelphia. Id. at 86. Several attempts to reach Appellant’s mother by
telephone and text went unanswered. Id. at 87. Eventually, A.R. was able
to retrieve the child at 8:30 p.m. Id. at 87-88. P.M. had bruising on his body
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from old injuries as well as additional injuries including a bump on his forehead
and bruising on his back. Id. at 88-90.
Following the bench trial, on June 15, 2018, Appellant was convicted of
Conspiracy to Commit Unlawful Restraint, two counts of Unlawful Restraint,
Conspiracy to Commit False Imprisonment, Interference with Custody of
Children, Conspiracy to Commit Interference with Custody and two counts of
False Imprisonment.5 Appellant was sentenced on July 20, 2018, to two (2)
concurrent sentences of one (1) year to four (4) years in prison, a consecutive
prison sentence of nine (9) months to thirty-six (36) months, a consecutive
sentence of five (5) years of special probation and another sentence of five
(5) years of special probation to run concurrently to the other.
Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on August 17, 2018, and on that
same date the trial court entered its Order directing Appellant to file a
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. On
September 7, 2018, Appellant filed a counselled “Notice of Intention to File
Anders/McClendon Brief in Lieu of Concise Statement of Appeal pursuant to
1925(c)(4).” Notwithstanding the document’s title, it is the functional
equivalent of a concise statement, for therein Appellant presented the
following claims to be raised on appeal:
1. The trial court erred in finding [ ] Appellant guilty because the
verdict was against the weight of the evidence.
____________________________________________
5 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 903(a)(1)-2902(a)(1); 2902(a)(1); 903(a)(1)-2903(a);
2904(a); 903(a)(1)-2904(a); and 2903(a), respectively,
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2. The trial court erred in finding [ ] Appellant guilty because the
verdict was against the sufficiency of the evidence.
See Statement, filed 9/7/18.
On September 14, 2018, the trial court filed its Statement in Lieu of
Opinion” wherein it indicated that after a review of the record, it concurred
with counsel’s determination that no meritorious issues exist for direct appeal.
Thereafter, counsel initially filed only an Anders Brief to which he had
attached a letter advising Appellant of his rights pursuant to Commonwealth
v. Millisock, 873 A.2d 748 (Pa.Super. 2005). In a Per Curiam Order filed on
December 11, 2018, this Court directed counsel additionally to file a petition
to withdraw as counsel and provide Appellant with a copy of the petition.
Counsel complied and filed the petition which contains proof of service on
Appellant on January 2, 2019. The Commonwealth filed an appellate brief on
January 8, 2019.
The Anders Brief contains the following “Statement of the Questions
Involved”:
1. Was the evidence adduced at trial insufficient to support the
jury’s [sic] verdict?
2. Was the verdict of the trial court below against the weight
of the evidence?
3. Should ineffective assistance of counsel be an issue raised at
this point in the case?
Anders Brief at 5.
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Prior to addressing any question raised on appeal, we must first resolve
counsel's petition to withdraw. Commonwealth v. Goodwin, 928 A.2d 287,
290 (Pa.Super. 2007) (en banc); see also Commonwealth v. Rojas, 874
A.2d 638, 639 (Pa.Super. 2005) (citation omitted) (stating “[w]hen faced with
a purported Anders brief, this Court may not review the merits of the
underlying issues without first passing on the request to withdraw.”). There
are procedural and briefing requirements imposed upon an attorney who
seeks to withdraw on appeal pursuant to which counsel must:
1) petition the court for leave to withdraw stating that, after
making a conscientious examination of the record, counsel has
determined that the appeal would be frivolous; 2) furnish a copy
of the brief to the defendant; and 3) advise the defendant that he
or she has the right to retain private counsel or raise additional
arguments that the defendant deems worthy of the court's
attention.
Commonwealth v. Cartrette, 83 A.3d 1030, 1032 (Pa.Super. 2013) (en
banc) (citation omitted). In addition, our Supreme Court in Santiago stated
that an Anders Brief must:
(1) provide a summary of the procedural history and facts, with
citations to the record; (2) refer to anything in the record that
counsel believes arguably supports the appeal; (3) set forth
counsel's conclusion that the appeal is frivolous; and (4) state
counsel's reasons for concluding that the appeal is frivolous.
Counsel should articulate the relevant facts of record, controlling
case law, and/or statutes on point that have led to the conclusion
that the appeal is frivolous.
Santiago, supra at 178-79, 978 A.2d at 361. Counsel also must provide the
appellant with a copy of the Anders Brief, together with a letter that advises
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the appellant of his or her right to “(1) retain new counsel to pursue the
appeal; (2) proceed pro se on appeal; or (3) raise any points that the appellant
deems worthy of the court's attention in addition to the points raised by
counsel in the Anders brief.” Commonwealth v. Nischan, 928 A.2d 349,
353 (Pa.Super. 2007) (citation omitted). Substantial compliance with these
requirements is sufficient. Commonwealth v. Wrecks, 934 A.2d 1287, 1290
(Pa.Super. 2007).
Once counsel has satisfied the above requirements, this Court must
undertake an independent examination of the record to determine whether
the appeal is wholly frivolous. See Commonwealth v. Yorgey, 188 A.3d
1190, 1195 (Pa.Super. 2018) (en banc); see also Commonwealth v.
Flowers, 113 A.3d 1246, 1250 (Pa.Super. 2015) (holding that “this Court
must conduct an independent review of the record to discern if there are any
additional, non-frivolous issues overlooked by counsel.”).
Herein, as previously stated, counsel first filed an Anders Brief on
December 6, 2018, and pursuant to this Court’s Order, his Petition to
Withdraw as Counsel followed on January 2, 2019. In his petition to withdraw,
counsel states that after a conscientious examination of the record and
communication with Appellant, he has determined that an appeal herein is
wholly frivolous. See Petition to Withdraw as Counsel at ¶¶ 4-6. Counsel
further explains that he notified Appellant of the withdrawal request and
forwarded a copy of the Anders Brief to Appellant together with a letter
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explaining his right to proceed pro se or with new, privately-retained counsel
to raise any additional points or arguments that Appellant believed had merit.
See id. at ¶¶ 7-8; see also attached Letter to Appellant. Counsel indicates
that a copy of the Petition to Withdraw as Counsel and notice letter were
served on Appellant, and these documents correctly inform Appellant of her
rights.
In the Anders Brief, counsel provides a summary of the facts and
procedural history of the case with citations to the record, refers to evidence
of record that might arguably support the issues raised on appeal, provides
citations to relevant case law, and states his reasoning and conclusion that
the appeal is wholly frivolous. See Anders Brief at 5-21. Accordingly, counsel
has complied with all of the technical requirements of Anders and Santiago.
As Appellant filed neither a pro se brief nor a counseled brief with new,
privately-retained counsel, we proceed to examine the issues of arguable
merit identified in the Anders Brief.
Therein, counsel first challenges whether the evidence had been
sufficient to support the verdict. In considering this claim, we bear in mind
the following:
The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light
most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence
to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond
a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh
the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder[’s].
In addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established
by the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
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innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be
resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and
inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be
drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth
may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial
evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record
must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
considered.
Commonwealth v. Estepp, 17 A.3d 939, 943-944 (Pa.Super. 2011).
Prior to addressing the merits of this issue, we first must determine
whether it has been properly preserved for appellate review. As this Court
has explained, “[i]n order to preserve a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence on appeal, an appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement must state with
specificity the element or elements upon which the appellant alleges that the
evidence was insufficient.” Commonwealth v. Freeman, 128 A.3d 1231,
1248 (Pa.Super. 2015). “Such specificity is of particular importance in cases
where, as here, the [a]ppellant was convicted of multiple crimes each of which
contains numerous elements that the Commonwealth must prove beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Gibbs, 981 A.2d 274,
281 (Pa.Super. 2009), appeal denied, 607 Pa. 690, 3 A.3d 670 (2010).
In Freeman, the appellant’s concise statement alleged, “the evidence
at trial was insufficient to sustain a conviction of the crimes charged.”
Freeman, 128 A.3d at 1247-48. This Court explained that the statement was
“far too vague to warrant meaningful appellate review” as it did not specify
which elements of the crime or even which crimes the Commonwealth failed
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to prove beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 1248; see also Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b)(4)(ii) & (vii) (providing, respectively, that “[t]he Statement shall
concisely identify each ruling or error that the appellant intends to challenge
with sufficient detail to identify all pertinent issues for the judge[,]”
and that “[i]ssues not included in the Statement and/or not raised in
accordance with the provisions of this paragraph [ ] are waived.” (emphasis
added).
Similarly, Appellant’s concise statement herein simply asserted “[t]he
trial court erred in finding [ ] Appellant guilty because the verdict was against
the sufficiency of the evidence.” Appellant was convicted of eight counts, and
each crime contains multiple elements; therefore, Appellant waived this issue
on appeal for lack of sufficient specificity in his concise statement.
Nevertheless, even if we were to deem this issue as having been
properly preserved, we would determine that it would not entitle Appellant to
relief. See Yorgey, supra (stating that this Court must undertake an
independent examination of the record to determine whether the appeal is
wholly frivolous). The argument in support of this claim in the Anders Brief
highlights the ways in which the verdict reflects the trial court’s discrediting
of Appellant’s testimony in favor of that presented by the Commonwealth
witnesses. Anders Brief at 12-16.
Prior to sentencing, the trial court indicated that it “considered much”
including “the sentencing guidelines[, ] the briefs and argument made by
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counsel here today as well as the recommendations of counsel” and
“prominently the trial testimony which [it saw personally].” N.T. Sentencing,
7/20/18, at 32. The trial court stressed that with regard to the evidence
presented at trial, “the most troubling was the video during which no words
were spoken. . . . The quality of this video was pretty much as good as you
find in these kinds of situations, and it was very disturbing. . . . This is not
something that someone who believes that they have a Custody Order in their
favor or a custody practice in their favor would do. So that can only lead me
to conclude that [Appellant] was well aware of the fact that what he was doing
was unlawful and wrong.” Id. at 32-33 The trial court further remarked that
that it took into account and “frankly, rejected the testimony of [Appellant] at
trial” as it defied “all possible credibility.” Id. at 33.
It is well-established that “the trier of fact[,] while passing upon the
credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced[,] is free to
believe all, part or none of the evidence.” Commonwealth v. Kearney, 92
A.3d 51, 64 (Pa.Super. 2014) (citation omitted), appeal denied, 627 Pa. 763,
101 A.3d 51 (2014); see also Commonwealth v. Furness, 153 A.3d 397,
401, 404 (Pa.Super. 2016), appeal denied, 642 Pa. 554, 170 A.3d 1034(2017) (stating that assessments of credibility and conflicts in the evidence
are for the fact-finder to resolve, and that this Court is not permitted to
reexamine credibility determinations or substitute our judgment for that of
the fact-finder). Accordingly, the trial court, as the finder of fact, was entitled
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to discredit the testimony of Appellant and to weigh any purported conflicts in
the evidence.
The Anders Brief next argues the evidence was against the weight of
the evidence. A challenge to the weight of the evidence must first be raised
at the trial level “(1) orally, on the record, at any time before sentencing; (2)
by written motion at any time before sentencing; or (3) in a post-sentence
motion.” In re J.B., 630 Pa. 124, 106 A.3d 76, 97 (2014) (citation omitted).
Appellant failed properly to preserve his weight of the evidence claim by
raising the issue before the trial court as required; therefore, this claim also
is waived. Commonwealth v. Akrie, 159 A.3d 982, 989 (Pa.Super. 2017),
see also Pa.R.Crim.P. 607.
Finally, counsel raises a claim that Appellant's trial counsel was
ineffective. Anders Brief at 19. As a general rule, claims of ineffective
assistance of trial counsel should be presented in a collateral proceeding.
Commonwealth v. Grant, 572 Pa. 48, 813 A.2d 726 (2002). However, the
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania established an exception to the rule it
announced in Grant. In Commonwealth v. Bomar, 573 Pa. 426, 466, 826
A.2d 831, 845 (2003), the Supreme Court held that claims of ineffectiveness
may be heard on direct appeal, where the claims were raised before the trial
court, and a record was developed. Bomar, 573 Pa. at 466, 826 A.2d at 845.
More recently, the Supreme Court clarified that
where the defendant seeks to litigate multiple or prolix claims of
counsel ineffectiveness, including non-record-based claims, on
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post-verdict motions and direct appeal, we repose discretion in
the trial courts to entertain such claims, but only if (1) there is
good cause shown, and (2) the unitary review so indulged is
preceded by the defendant's knowing and express waiver of his
entitlement to seek PCRA review from his conviction and sentence,
including an express recognition that the waiver subjects further
collateral review to the time and serial petition restrictions of the
PCRA.
Commonwealth v. Holmes, 621 Pa. 595, 598–99, 79 A.3d 562, 564 (2013)
(footnote omitted).
Herein, the trial court did not conduct an evidentiary hearing or develop
a record; therefore, Appellant’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are
denied without prejudice to Appellant’s proper presentation of them in a timely
filed, procedurally compliant PCRA petition.
After examining the issues contained in the Anders Brief, we concur
with counsel’s assessment that the appeal is wholly frivolous. “Furthermore,
after conducting a full examination of all the proceedings as required pursuant
to Anders, we discern no non-frivolous issues to be raised on appeal.”
Yorgey, 188 A.3d at 1195. Thus, we grant counsel’s petition to withdraw and
affirm Appellant’s judgment of sentence.
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Petition to withdraw as counsel granted. Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/19/2019
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