Com. v. Sebastian, C ( 2022 )

J-S28001-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
CARLOS SEBASTIAN :
:
Appellant : No. 528 MDA 2022
Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered March 2, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Adams County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-
01-CR-0000264-2019
BEFORE: OLSON, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and KING, J.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED: DECEMBER 28, 2022
Appellant, Carlos Sebastian, appeals from the order entered on March
2, 2022, dismissing his first petition filed pursuant to the Post Conviction
Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546. We affirm.
The PCRA court briefly summarized the facts and procedural history of
this case as follows:
On June 6, 2019, [Appellant] was convicted on numerous
criminal charges arising out of his prolonged course of sexual
assaults against N.M.F. (hereinafter “Victim”), the minor
daughter of [Appellant’s] girlfriend[.] The assaults occurred
when Victim was between 11 and 13 years of age and consisted
of vaginal intercourse and oral sex.
During the period when the assaults occurred, [Appellant] was
living with [his girlfriend] and [her] three children, including
Victim, in [his girlfriend’s] residence [in] New Oxford, Adams
County, Pennsylvania. The assaults occurred in various locations
throughout the residence, including the bedroom Victim shared
with [Appellant], [his girlfriend], and Victim’s little brother.
Attorney Kristen Rice (hereinafter “Attorney Rice” [or “trial
counsel”]) represented [Appellant] at trial. At the conclusion of
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trial on June 6, 2019, [a] jury found [Appellant] guilty of rape of
a child, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse (“IDSI”) with a
child, IDSI with a person less than 16 years of age, statutory
sexual assault, unlawful contact with a minor, and corruption of
a minor.[1]
On August 29, 2019, Attorney David J. Foster (“Attorney
Foster”) entered his appearance on behalf of [Appellant]. On
October 17, 2019, the [trial c]ourt sentenced [Appellant] to an
aggregate term of 18 to 36 years’ imprisonment in a state
correctional institution. [Appellant] filed post-sentence motions,
[that he] amended [] on October 30, 2019; [the trial c]ourt
granted in part and denied in part [Appellant’s] post-sentence
motions on November 21, 2019. [Appellant] filed an appeal
from the judgment of sentence on December 4, 2019, and the
Superior Court of Pennsylvania denied his appeal on October 14,
2020. [Appellant] did not seek discretionary review in the
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
Through Attorney Foster, [Appellant] timely filed [his first] PCRA
[p]etition on March 19, 2021; a PCRA hearing was held before
[the PCRA c]ourt on September 16, 2021. In his PCRA
[p]etition, [Appellant] assert[ed] Attorney Rice provided him
ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to take various actions
to impeach Victim’s credibility at trial.
PCRA Court Opinion, 3/2/2022, at 1-2 (original footnotes incorporated into
single footnote). By order and accompanying opinion entered on March 2,
2022, the PCRA court denied relief. This timely appeal resulted. 2
____________________________________________
1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3121(c), 3123(b), 3123(a)(7), 3122.1(b), 6318(a)(1),
6301(a)(1)(ii), respectively.
2 Appellant, while still represented by counsel, filed a pro se notice of appeal
on March 16, 2022. On March 28, 2022, Attorney Foster filed a notice of
appeal on behalf of Appellant. A third notice of appeal was also mistakenly
filed in this Court on April 4, 2022. Citing Pa.R.Crim.P. 120(A)(4) and
Pa.R.A.P. 907(B), this Court entered orders on May 4, 2022 noting that
Attorney Foster was still counsel of record and that Appellant could not
represent himself pro se unless counsel withdrew. Following a hearing on
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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On appeal, Appellant presents the following issues for our review:
A. Whether Appellant’s trial [counsel] was ineffective under
the state and federal constitutions for failing to attack the
[Victim’s] credibility by introducing the available and
compelling evidence of her reputation in the general
community for untruthfulness?
B. Whether Appellant’s trial [counsel] was ineffective under
the state and federal constitutions for failing to attack the
[Victim’s] credibility by introducing and exploiting the
several and compelling material inconsistencies in her trial
testimony?
C. Whether Appellant’s trial [counsel] was ineffective under
the state and federal constitutions for failing to attack the
[Victim’s] credibility by introducing the significant and
compelling evidence of her animosity toward [Appellant],
particularly emanating from Appellant’s discovery of an
inappropriate sexual relationship with a young man?
D. Whether the cumulative effect of Appellant’s trial
[counsel’s] constitutional deficiencies in her
representation, taken individually and collectively,
deprived him of his state and federal right to the effective
assistance of counsel as well as his state and federal right
to a fair trial?
Appellant’s Brief at 4-5 (complete capitalization omitted).
All of Appellant’s appellate PCRA issues implicate the effectiveness of
trial counsel. We employ the following standards:
(Footnote Continued) _______________________
May 31, 2022, the PCRA court determined that Appellant was entitled to
court-appointed counsel and appointed Attorney Foster to continue
representing Appellant. We ultimately dismissed the duplicative appeals.
On March 29, 2022, the PCRA court filed a statement pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a), indicating that it was relying upon its earlier decision entered on
March 2, 2022 to support its denial of PCRA relief.
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We must determine whether the findings of the PCRA court are
supported by the record and whether the court's legal
conclusions are free from error. The findings of the PCRA court
and the evidence of record are viewed in a light most favorable
to the prevailing party.
The PCRA court's credibility determinations, when supported by
the record, are binding; however, this [C]ourt applies a de novo
standard of review to the PCRA court's legal conclusions. We
must keep in mind that the petitioner has the burden of
persuading this Court that the PCRA court erred and that such
error requires relief. Finally, this Court may affirm a valid
judgment or order for any reason appearing of record.
Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 205 A.3d 274, 286 (Pa. 2019) (citations
omitted).
Moreover,
[c]ounsel is presumed to be effective, and the petitioner bears
the burden of proving that counsel's assistance was ineffective
by a preponderance of the evidence.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the
petitioner must plead and prove the following three elements:
(1) the underlying claim is of arguable merit; (2) counsel had no
reasonable basis for his or her action or inaction; and (3)
petitioner suffered prejudice as a result of counsel's action or
inaction. To establish prejudice, the petitioner must show that
there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the
proceedings would have been different but for counsel's action or
inaction. Because a petitioner's failure to satisfy any of the
above-mentioned elements is dispositive of the entire claim, a
court need not analyze the elements in any particular order.
Failure to satisfy one element is dipositive.
Commonwealth v. Hairston, 249 A.3d 1046, 1061–1062 (Pa. 2021)
(internal citations omitted).
We have further explained:
A claim has arguable merit where the factual averments, if
accurate, could establish [grounds] for relief. See
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Commonwealth v. Jones, 876 A.2d 380, 385 (Pa. 2005) (“if a
petitioner raises allegations, which, even if accepted as true, do
not establish the underlying claim ..., he or she will have failed
to establish the arguable merit prong related to the claim”).
Whether the facts rise to the level of arguable merit is a legal
determination.
The test for deciding whether counsel had a reasonable basis for
his action or inaction is whether no competent counsel would
have chosen that action or inaction, or, [whether the unchosen
alternative] offered a significantly greater potential chance of
success. Counsel's decisions will be considered reasonable if
they effectuated his client's interests. We do not employ a
hindsight analysis in comparing trial counsel's actions with other
efforts he may have taken.[3]
Prejudice is established if there is a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel's errors, the result of the proceeding would have
been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient
to undermine confidence in the outcome.
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3 More specifically, our Supreme Court has determined:
Before a claim of ineffectiveness can be sustained, it must be
determined that, in light of all the alternatives available to
counsel, the strategy actually employed was so unreasonable
that no competent lawyer would have chosen it. We inquire
whether counsel made an informed choice, which at the time the
decision was made reasonably could have been considered to
advance and protect defendant's interests. Thus, counsel's
assistance is deemed constitutionally effective once we are able
to conclude the particular course chosen by counsel had some
reasonable basis designated to effectuate his client's interests.
The test is not whether other alternatives were more
reasonable, employing a hindsight evaluation of the record.
Commonwealth v. Dunbar, 470 A.2d 74, 77 (Pa. 1983) (internal citations
omitted) (emphasis added); see also Commonwealth v. Rollins, 738 A.2d
435, 441 (Pa. 1999) (“[W]e do not question whether there were other more
logical courses of action which counsel could have pursued; rather, we must
examine whether counsel's decisions had any reasonable basis.”).
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Commonwealth v. Stewart, 84 A.3d 701, 707 (Pa. Super. 2013) (some
quotations and citations omitted).
Before addressing the merits of the individual claims, the PCRA court
generally examined all of Appellant’s overarching PCRA issues and initially
determined:
[Appellant’s] claims of ineffectiveness relate to [trial counsel’s]
approach to attacking Victim’s credibility. Specifically,
[Appellant] argues [trial counsel] should have (a) introduced
evidence of Victim’s reputation for untruthfulness; (b) introduced
and exploited material inconsistencies in Victim’s trial testimony;
and (c) introduced evidence to show Victim bore ill-will toward
[Appellant] because [Appellant] discovered Victim’s
inappropriate relationship with a young man[,] and along with
[Mother], disciplined Victim as a result. [Appellant] claims these
errors, considered individually and cumulatively, warrant a new
trial.
[Appellant’s] allegations of ineffectiveness arise from his
dissatisfaction with [trial counsel’s] strategic decision to show
Victim’s allegations were “objective[ly]” improbable in the
circumstances of this case. At the PCRA hearing, [trial counsel]
explained her opinion that “[] sexual assault was unlikely” due to
the small size and high occupancy of [Mother’s] residence and
the sheer number of incidents alleged. To [trial counsel], it was
inconceivable that this much sexual contact had happened with
so many people in the house and in the bed next to where
[Mother and Victim’s little brother] slept.” Recognizing the
importance of “a light touch with [child] victims” in sexual
assault cases, [trial counsel] opted “to present evidence of
surrounding circumstances to impeach” Victim’s credibility
instead of directly calling the victim a liar.” [The PCRA court]
review[ed] the trial court record [and] indicate[d that trial
counsel] ably implemented this strategy. [Trial counsel]
cross-examine[d] Victim regarding the size, occupancy and
arrangement of [Mother’s] apartment. [Trial counsel] argue[d]
in closing that the circumstances of the case, including the
layout and occupancy of the apartment, cast doubt on the
veracity of Victim’s allegations.
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Having reviewed the gist of [trial counsel’s] trial strategy, [the
PCRA court also] analyze[d Appellant’s] specific claims of
ineffectiveness [and determined that these claims did not merit
relief].
PCRA Court Opinion, 3/2/2022, at 3-4 (record citations and original brackets
omitted; parentheticals incorporated).
In his first issue presented, Appellant contends that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to illicit testimony from Victim’s mother, a trial witness
for the defense, that Victim had a reputation in the general community for
untruthfulness pursuant to Pa.R.E. 608(b).4 Appellant points out that on
direct examination and upon objection by the Commonwealth, the trial court
told the jury to disregard testimony from Victim’s mother when she
unilaterally stated, “She lies” when referring to the Victim. Appellant’s Brief
at 23. Appellant acknowledges that opinion testimony from Victim’s mother
was inadmissible under Pa.R.E. 608 but instead argues that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to introduce character evidence for Victim’s general
reputation in the community for untruthfulness. Id. at 25-27. Appellant
____________________________________________
4 Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 608 provides, in pertinent part:
(a) Reputation Evidence. A witness's credibility may be attacked or
supported by testimony about the witness's reputation for having a
character for truthfulness or untruthfulness. But evidence of truthful
character is admissible only after the witness's character for
truthfulness has been attacked. Opinion testimony about the
witness's character for truthfulness or untruthfulness is not
admissible.
Pa.R.E. 608(a).
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claims that there is arguable merit to his ineffective assistance of counsel
claim because evidence of Victim’s reputation for untruthfulness “would have
been admissible under Pa.R.E. 608(a) and would have been compelling
testimony from her own mother[.]” Id. at 27. Appellant further asserts that
“[t]here was no reasonable basis for trial counsel to have failed to introduce
this character evidence; there was no downside to presenting evidence of
[Victim’s] untruthfulness, which would have been all the more compelling
coming from the [V]ictim’s own mother, who was not only in the best
position to know her daughter’s reputation [] for dishonesty, but would also
be someone who would have a natural bias in her favor.” Id. at 28.
Appellant argues that “[t]he prejudice here was particularly acute because
the prosecution rested on the credibility of a single witness, [Victim], which
was presented without any other corroborating evidence of any kind from
any source.” Id. at 33. Finally, on this issue, Appellant assails the PCRA
court’s determination that trial counsel could not have been expected to
present reputation evidence because such evidence lacked foundation or was
unknown to counsel. According to Appellant, Victim’s mother “informed trial
counsel prior to trial that she felt her daughter was ‘a liar’ and trial counsel
herself admitted that she had received information of [Victim’s] negative
reputation for honesty from [M]other.” Id. at 30 (emphasis in original).
On this claim, the PCRA court opined:
[Appellant’s] first argument lacks arguable merit. [Appellant]
cite[d] no binding authority to support his argument that
defense counsel had a duty to investigate the character of a
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complainant in a child sexual abuse case, particularly when, as
here, the defense elected to present objective evidence that cast
doubt upon the plausibility of the assault allegations.
[Appellant] also fail[ed] to account for the strong possibility that
the jury would have reacted negatively to an overt declaration
by [Mother] that [Mother] chose to believe the account of her
boyfriend over that of her own biological daughter.
[Appellant’s] first issue also lacks support in the record. [Trial
counsel] testified at the PCRA hearing that [Mother] never
informed her of Victim’s [poor reputation for] truthfulness even
though [trial counsel] and [Mother] spoke for “a couple of hours”
before trial. Rather, [Mother] only stated that she and
[Appellant] regarded Victim as a liar, it was only at the PCRA
hearing that [Mother] testified to Victim’s poor reputation in the
community for truthfulness. Moreover, [trial counsel] was aware
that Victim’s grandmother, with whom Victim lived [at the time
of trial,] believed Victim’s allegations. Thus, [trial counsel] did
not present reputation evidence because she “didn’t have any
information based on her discussions with [Mother] that did lay
an appropriate foundation” to introduce such evidence.
Therefore, the [PCRA c]ourt [found] that [Appellant’s] first
argument [did] not present an issue of arguable merit because
[trial counsel] could not have been expected to present evidence
when she was justifiably unaware of the foundation for the
same.
PCRA Court Opinion, 3/2/2022, at 5-6 (citations, original brackets, and
parentheticals omitted).
We agree with the PCRA court that this claim merits no relief. Trial
counsel testified at the PCRA hearing that she “didn’t have any information
based upon [her] discussions with [Mother]” that Victim had a reputation for
untruthfulness. N.T., 10/19/2021, at 43. Trial counsel testified that she did
not know “that anybody else other than [Mother] and [Appellant] thought
[Victim] was a liar.” Id. at 41. Trial counsel was unsure that reputation
evidence from Mother would have been beneficial to Appellant’s trial. Id.
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(“I don’t know if I would want that reputation evidence from her mother.”).
Trial counsel also testified that she knew that Victim went to live with her
grandmother after Victim reported the abuse and that Victim’s grandmother
believed Victim was truthful. Id. at 41-43. Moreover, trial counsel
determined that it was “better to present evidence of the surrounding
circumstances [to] impeach the child’s credibility rather than [] directly
calling the victim a liar” because trial counsel believed “that attacking []
credibility should not be done directly and harshly with a child.” Id. at 40.
Instead, trial counsel opined that it was better to “actually use an objective
determination for why [] sexual assault was unlikely” because, to trial
counsel, it was “inconceivable […] sexual contact happened with so many
people in the house and in the bed next to where her mother slept [with
Victim’s younger] brother.” Id.
Examining the certified record and applicable law, we conclude that
trial counsel employed a reasonable trial strategy, which avoided the
introduction of Mother’s testimony about Victim’s reputation in the
community for untruthfulness. This strategy was not so unreasonable that
no competent lawyer would have chosen it. Trial counsel made an informed
choice which, at the time the decision was made, reasonably considered and
attempted to advance and protect Appellant’s interests. Thus, we deem
counsel's assistance constitutionally effective after concluding the particular
course chosen by counsel had some reasonable basis designated to
effectuate Appellant’s interests. As set forth above, we are simply not
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permitted to employ hindsight in evaluating whether other alternatives were
more reasonable.
Finally, we conclude that presenting evidence that Victim had a
reputation for untruthfulness would not have offered Appellant a significantly
greater chance of success and Appellant has not demonstrated prejudice.
The jury observed Mother testifying for the defense and the Commonwealth
referenced that fact in closing when it argued that “Mother no longer resides
with her daughter[, Victim,] but has continued to talk to and engage in a
relationship with the man [who] alleged[ly] abused her” and “[c]learly,
[Victim’s] mother doesn’t believe her.” N.T., 6/6/2019, at 144-146. As
such, the jury was aware that Mother believed Victim was untruthful.
Having found that trial counsel had a reasonable basis for not eliciting
reputation evidence about Victim under Pa.R.E. 608, Appellant’s first issue
merits no relief.
In his second issue presented, Appellant argues that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to attack Victim’s credibility by introducing
inconsistencies in her trial testimony. Appellant’s Brief at 34-35. Appellant
claims that Victim testified regarding the last instance during which she
engaged in oral sex with Appellant and claimed that the abuse stopped
because her “mom kind of figured it out.” Id. at 34 (record citation
omitted). Appellant asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
elicit contradictory testimony from Mother in order to question Victim’s
credibility. Id. at 35-36. In a somewhat related sub-issue, Appellant also
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maintains that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge Victim’s
credibility by highlighting “inconsistent exaggerations” between her trial
testimony and “what she had previously claimed when interviewed by [the
Children’s Advocacy Center (“CAC”)].” Id. at 36-37. More specifically,
Appellant contends that Victim testified at trial that Appellant performed oral
sex on her “more than ten” times on her bed and “more than ten times” on
Mother’s bed over the course of approximately two years, but told
authorities in an initial interview that she could not say how many times
Appellant performed oral sex upon her except that it was “more than once”
or “a couple of times.” Id. at 37-38. Appellant claims that “there could be
no strategic, tactical or other reason for [trial counsel] not to have politely
cross-examined [Victim] on those glaring, substantial and material
inconsistencies between her statements and trial testimony” or “not to have
elicited from mother the testimony that she was never aware of any sexual
relations between her daughter and Appellant[.]” Id. at 43 (emphasis in
original). Appellant argues that he was prejudiced because “the jury may
well have disregarded the entirety of [Victim’s] allegations of sexual activity
and acquitted Appellant on every count.” Id. at 44.
On these claims, the PCRA court determined:
[Trial counsel] made a reasonable strategic judgment not to
impeach Victim using Victim’s inconsistent statements regarding
the number of times oral sex occurred. [Trial counsel] testified
that, after reviewing the CAC interview in which Victim disclosed
[Appellant’s] abuse, she “didn’t see the basis for impeaching
Victim.” In addition, [trial counsel] made the sound judgment
that “attacking [Victim’s] credibility should not be done directly
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and harshly” because of Victim’s youth. [Trial counsel] had a
reasonable basis to impeach Victim’s credibility by “presenting
evidence surrounding the circumstances that” cast doubt upon
Victim’s version of events.
* * *
The record reflects that, in the circumstances of the case, [trial
counsel] made a reasonable strategic judgment not to conduct a
more aggressive cross-examination of Victim. Thus, [Appellant]
has not met his burden to show [trial counsel] lacked a
reasonable basis for her cautious approach to impeaching Victim.
In addition, [the PCRA c]ourt reject[ed Appellant’s] claim that
[trial counsel] should have presented evidence from [Mother]
contradicting Victim’s statement that [Mother] “figured… out”
that abuse was occurring. The record shows [that trial counsel]
elicited testimony from [Mother] establishing that [Mother]
never witnessed or suspected abuse. Nevertheless, [Appellant]
complains [that trial counsel] should have elicited testimony by
[Mother] that specifically contradicted Victim’s statement that
[Mother] “figured … out” that abuse was occurring. However,
[Appellant] cannot carry his burden to show a reasonable
probability of a different trial outcome had [trial counsel] taken
the course of action [Appellant] now suggests. Accordingly,
[Appellant’s] argument fails because [Appellant] cannot prove he
was prejudiced by [trial counsel’s] direct examination of
[Mother].
PCRA Court Opinion, 3/2/2022, at 6-7 (record citations, some legal citations,
and original brackets omitted).
Upon review, including a review of the CAC interview with Victim,5 we
agree that Appellant is not entitled to relief on his second appellate issue. In
____________________________________________
5 Appellant filed a supplemental record with this Court which contained a
physical copy of the interview. We note, however, that there were multiple,
disjointed and sometimes incomplete recordings of the interview on the DVD
supplied. However, we were able to obtain the information necessary to
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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the CAC interview, Victim described the manner and frequency with which
Appellant performed oral sex upon her. She claimed Appellant took her
pants off and used his tongue on her vagina. Victim told the CAC
interviewer that it had happened “before” and “more than once.” Victim
stated that the abuse occurred on a couch in the living room, in Mother’s
room, and in her brothers’ room. At trial, Victim testified regarding a
specific incident of oral sex in her brother’s bedroom. See N.T., 6/6/2019,
at 47. She also testified that, over the course of approximately a year and a
half, Appellant performed oral sex upon her “more than ten” times on her
bed and “more than ten” times on her Mother’s bed. Id. at 50. At the PCRA
evidentiary hearing, trial counsel believed that she “didn’t have the basis” to
impeach Victim because the CAC and trial statements were not inconsistent.
N.T., 10/16/2021, at 44; see also id. at 57 (“The CAC interviews are what
[trial counsel] use[s] for impeachment” and trial counsel “didn’t see the
substance for impeachment.”).
We agree. In her CAC interview, Victim initially said that Appellant
performed oral sex upon her “before” and that it was “more than once.” At
that time, however, she did not offer a specific number of times that the
abuse occurred. At trial, Victim testified that oral sex occurred “more than
ten” times. This testimony did not contradict the answers Victim provided in
(Footnote Continued) _______________________
complete our review. Unfortunately, we are unable to provide accurate
timestamped citations to the supplemental record.
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her prior CAC interview. Therefore, it was reasonable for trial counsel to not
use the CAC interview in an effort to impeach Victim’s trial testimony on the
basis of alleged inconsistencies. Moreover, while trial counsel did not
specifically question Mother about whether she had “figured out” that abuse
was occurring, such questioning would have been merely cumulative of
Mother’s testimony that she was not aware of any inappropriate touching
between Appellant and Victim despite what she described as an open line of
communication between herself and Victim. See N.T., 6/6/2019, at
106-107. Trial counsel made reasonable decisions to advance and protect
Appellant’s interests and was not so unreasonable that no competent lawyer
would have chosen the same defense. As such, Appellant’s second issue
fails.
In his third issue, Appellant claims that trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to develop and present a motive for Victim to falsely claim that
Appellant abused her based upon evidence that Appellant discovered
photographs of a naked young man on Victim’s cellular telephone.
Appellant’s theory is that Victim made false accusations against him as
revenge for punishment he imposed upon her. Appellant’s Brief at 45-59.
More specifically, Appellant avers:
At one point, Appellant discovered photos of a young man –
identified as “T-Bone” – on [Victim’s] phone, some of which were
overtly sexual in nature. Appellant brought this to the attention
of [M]other. (Appellant testified [at the PCRA hearing] that he
actually showed the pictures to [M]other before they were
deleted by [V]ictim; [M]other testified [at the PCRA hearing]
that although [Appellant] advised her of the pictures, she didn’t
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actually see them.) They were then able to access T-Bone’s
profile on Facebook on [Victim’s] phone. It was [later
discovered that Victim was with T-Bone during an out-of-town
weekend trip to the home of Victim’s friend.] When [Victim]
sought to take another such trip where he would be, she was
prohibited from going; as a result, she became explosive about it
in an angry, disrespectful way towards [Appellant] and [Mother].
Shortly thereafter – [two] or [three] weeks – [V]ictim made her
accusations against Appellant.
At the PCRA hearing, both Appellant and [M]other testified that
before trial, they had informed trial counsel of the matters
concerning the cellphone discovery of naked pictures of T-Bone
and the disciplinary measures taken and the resultant anger of
[Victim]; trial counsel also acknowledged that both of them had
separately advised her of this matter, consistent with their
testimony. However, [trial counsel] stated at the PCRA hearing
that she was unable to find anything on social media regarding
T-Bone so in light of that [she] thought this [issue] just sort of
fizzled out[.] She acknowledged that this evidence related not
just to discipline of [Victim …] and that it would have been a
legitimate defense. But [trial counsel] didn’t think there was
enough substance there to use it.
Id. at 46-48 (record citations, quotations, and original ellipses omitted).
Appellant claims that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to use the
information “to cross-examine [Victim], and through the testimony of
Appellant and [M]other at trial to show [Victim’s] ill will toward Appellant
and as motivation for making false claims against him.” Id. at 49-50.
Appellant argues that the evidence is admissible under Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1),
pertaining to prior bad acts, and not in violation of Pennsylvania’s Rape
Shield Law. Id. at 50-59.
On this issue, the PCRA court decided:
At the PCRA hearing, [trial counsel] testified that, after
investigation, she believed the objective defense presented at
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trial was stronger than a defense based on the theory that Victim
falsely accused [Appellant] because he imposed discipline over
her relationship with [a young man]. [Trial counsel] discussed
[the alleged relationship] with both [Appellant] and [Mother] and
learned that Victim had allegedly received a photograph of [the
young man’s] genitals on her cell[ular tele]phone. However,
only [Appellant] reported seeing the explicit photograph to [trial
counsel]. [Trial counsel] also testified that she had been unable
to locate [the young man] on social media. Accordingly, [trial
counsel] made a reasonable strategic decision that the objective
defense actually presented at trial was “a better, … more
substantive defense” than a defense requiring discussion of
Victim’s [alleged] relationship[.] [Appellant] has not shown that
the presentation of the defense requiring discussion of Victim's
relationship with [the young man] offered a potential for success
substantially greater than the course actually pursued, so his
third argument failed the reasonable basis prong of the
ineffectiveness test.
PCRA Court Opinion, 3/2/2022, at 8-9 (citations, original brackets, and some
quotations omitted).
At the PCRA evidentiary hearing, Appellant testified that he purchased
Victim a cellular telephone. N.T., 10/16/2021, at 28. He claimed that he
saw three photographs of a young man with his genitals exposed on Victim’s
cellular telephone. Id. at 27. Appellant told Mother about the alleged
photographs. Id. at 28. Mother testified, however, that she did not see the
photographs exchanged between Victim and the young man, described only
as “T-Bone Rivera.” Id. at 10-11. Appellant claimed that Victim deleted
the photographs, Appellant did not save the photos, send them to his
cellular telephone, or keep Victim’s cellular telephone. Id. at 36. Trial
counsel testified that, in preparing Appellant’s defense, she met with a
member of her staff and Mother “and tried to find this guy T-Bone Rivera on
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social media and [] couldn’t find anybody that [] met [his] description[,]” so
it “just sort of fizzled out[.]” Id. at 49. Ultimately, trial counsel testified:
[Appellant] told me that he had seen this picture and he had
shown it to [Mother], [Mother] had not seen it. We were
speculating as to who this T-Bone Rivera was. We were trying to
find him on social media. But it just seemed like it was a rabbit
hole and not worth pursuing.
Id. at 56.
Based upon the evidence available to trial counsel at the time, she
made a reasonable decision not to pursue a defense that Victim retaliated
against Appellant by falsely reporting abuse after he allegedly discovered
naked photographs of a young man on her cellular telephone.6 Aside from
Appellant’s bald allegation of Victim’s alleged motive to seek revenge there
was simply no evidence to support Appellant’s claim. Appellant and Mother
do not dispute that trial counsel attempted to locate this young man on
social media to no avail. At trial, counsel advocated a retaliation defense by
eliciting testimony from Victim showing that Appellant imposed discipline
upon her, that Victim did not like it, and that she repeatedly told Appellant
that he was not her father. N.T., 6/6/2019, at 77-78. In light of all of the
foregoing, we deem trial counsel’s actions to be reasonable in light of the
____________________________________________
6 We note that Appellant does not contend that trial counsel was ineffective
for failing to call the young man as a trial witness, for failing to obtain the
Victim’s telephone records, and/or failing to conduct a more extensive
forensic search of Victim’s cellular telephone for the purportedly deleted
naked photographs.
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evidence available to her at the time of trial. Appellant has not offered a
potential for success substantially greater than the course actually pursued
by trial counsel.
Finally, Appellant argues that the cumulative effect of trial counsel’s
errors prejudiced him, and, therefore, he is entitled to a new trial.
Appellant’s Brief at 59-63. Our Supreme Court has repeatedly held that “no
number of failed ineffectiveness claims may collectively warrant relief if they
fail to do so individually.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 966 A.2d 523, 532
(Pa. 2009) (citation and internal brackets omitted). It is only “[w]hen the
failure of individual claims is grounded in lack of prejudice, then the
cumulative prejudice from those individual claims may properly be
assessed.” Commonwealth v. Spotz, 18 A.3d 244, 321 (Pa. 2011).
Having determined that trial counsel had a reasonable basis for each of
Appellant’s individual allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel, those
issues may not collectively warrant relief.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/28/2022
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