Lighty, J. v. Lighty, J. ( 2022 )

J-S01033-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
JUSTIN B. LIGHTY : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
V. :
:
:
JARA M. LIGHTY :
:
Appellant : No. 1273 MDA 2021
Appeal from the Order Entered September 16, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Civil Division at No(s):
2014-FC-001467-03
BEFORE: BOWES, J., NICHOLS, J., and COLINS, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY NICHOLS, J.: FILED: JUNE 16, 2022
Jara M. Lighty (Mother) appeals from the September 16, 2021 order
holding her in civil contempt of a prior custody order. Mother contends that
the trial court erred or abused its discretion in finding her in contempt. After
review, we agree with Mother and reverse the trial court’s contempt order
against her.
The record reveals that Mother and Justin B. Lighty (Father) are the
parents of two minor children, a son (J.A.L.), who was born in October of
2006, and a daughter (J.S.L.), who was born in July of 2012 (collectively, the
Children). On September 19, 2017, the trial court entered an order that set
forth a custody schedule and provided general custody conditions. The order
was subsequently modified to prohibit the parties from administering corporal
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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punishment. Moreover, the modifications provided that the parties had an
“obligation to remain in their vehicles at the time of exchanges[,] and the
parent who is relinquishing custody shall ensure that the child gets into the
vehicle of the other parent unless the parent is picking up at school.” Order,
2/8/19, at 4.
Thereafter, the parties agreed to a further modification of the custody
order permitting Mother to relocate to North Carolina while retaining her
custody rights. At the beginning of August 2021, while the Children were with
Mother in North Carolina, the parties agreed that Mother would transport the
Children from North Carolina to Pennsylvania. However, J.A.L. refused to get
into Mother’s car because he preferred to stay in North Carolina, and Mother
was unable to return him to Pennsylvania on August 5, 2021. Mother later
testified that due to J.A.L.’s size and strength, she is unable to physically force
him into a vehicle. R.R. at 145a (N.T., 9/10/21, at 73);1 see also Order,
9/16/21, at 3.
Approximately one week later, on either August 12 or 13, Father drove
to North Carolina to transport J.A.L. back to Pennsylvania. Order, 9/16/21,
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1 Although the notes of testimony from the September 10, 2021 hearing do
not appear in the certified record, Mother included them in her reproduced
record (R.R.). Father does not object to the accuracy of the R.R. and cites to
it in his brief. Accordingly, we conclude that notes of testimony in the R.R.
were filed with the trial court, and we will consider these documents in our
review of this matter. See C.L. v. M.P., 255 A.3d 514, 519 n.3 (Pa. Super.
2021) (en banc) (noting that “[w]hile the notes of testimony from this hearing
are not included as part of the certified record, they are included as part of
the reproduced record. As their veracity is not in dispute, we rely on the copy
contained within the Reproduced Record.” (citation omitted).
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at 4. Father contacted the local police in North Carolina to aid in this transfer.
R.R. at 114a (N.T., 9/10/21, at 42). Despite these efforts, J.A.L. refused to
enter Father’s car. Id.On August 16, 2021, Father filed a petition for contempt alleging that
Mother violated the custody order. After a hearing, the trial court concluded
that Mother was in contempt of the custody order because on August 12 or
13, Mother failed to ensure that J.A.L. entered Father’s vehicle during the
custody transition. Specifically, the trial court found that although Mother had
established that she provided an excuse as to why she was unable to get J.A.L.
into the vehicle on August 5, 2021, she “did not indicate any reasons why she
did not get [J.A.L. into Father’s vehicle] when [F]ather himself appeared to
pick up the child [on August 12 or 13].” Order, 9/16/21, at 5.
Mother filed a timely notice of appeal, and both Mother and the trial
court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.2 On appeal, Mother avers that the lower
court erred when it found her in contempt, given that: (1) J.A.L. refused to
get into Father’s vehicle; (2) Mother was physically incapable of forcing J.A.L.
into the vehicle and further prohibited from utilizing corporal punishment to
ensure custodial compliance; (3) a police officer was unable to convince J.A.L.
to go back to Pennsylvania; and (4) Father did not satisfy his burden of proof
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2 In its opinion, the trial court indicates that it “is unable to respond to the
claims of abuse of discretion and/or error of law made by [Mother] as they
are not in compliance with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2) and do not constitute a
concise statement of errors made.” Trial Ct. Op., 10/4/21, at 1 (unpaginated).
However, we conclude that Mother’s statement is sufficiently specific to
facilitate appellate review.
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in demonstrating that Mother had a willful and wrongful intent to violate the
custody order. See Appellant’s Brief at 4.
We review Mother’s appeal bearing in mind the following principles:
On appeal from an order holding a party in contempt of court, our
scope of review is very narrow, and we place great reliance on the
court’s discretion. The court abuses its discretion if it misapplies
the law or exercises its discretion in a manner lacking reason.
Each court is the exclusive judge of contempts against its process.
The contempt power is essential to the preservation of the court’s
authority and prevents the administration of justice from falling
into disrepute. Absent an error of law or an abuse of discretion,
we will not disrupt a finding of civil contempt if the record supports
the court’s findings.
In proceedings for civil contempt of court, the general rule is that
the burden of proof rests with the complaining party to
demonstrate that the defendant is in noncompliance with a court
order. To sustain a finding of civil contempt, the complainant
must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that: (1) the
contemnor had notice of the specific order or decree which he is
alleged to have disobeyed; (2) the act constituting the
contemnor’s violation was volitional; and (3) the contemnor acted
with wrongful intent. Nevertheless, a mere showing of
noncompliance with a court order, or even misconduct, is never
sufficient alone to prove civil contempt.
If the alleged contemnor is unable to perform and has, in good
faith, attempted to comply with the court order, then contempt is
not proven. The contemnor has the burden to prove the
affirmative defense that he lacks the ability to comply. The
defense of impossibility of performance is available to a party in a
contempt proceeding if the impossibility to perform is not due to
the actions of that party.
Thomas v. Thomas, 194 A.3d 220, 225-26 (Pa. Super. 2018) (formatting
altered and citations omitted).
The operative language of the custody order required Mother to “ensure
that the child gets into the vehicle of the other parent . . . .” Order, 2/8/19,
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at 4. The trial court concluded that Mother was in contempt because, pursuant
to the order, it was Mother’s responsibility to get J.A.L. into the car for custody
transitions, and she failed to meet this requirement because J.A.L. refused to
enter Father’s vehicle. See Order, 9/16/21, at 4-5.
We reiterate that although we place “great reliance” on the trial court’s
finding of contempt, a mere showing of noncompliance with a court order
alone is insufficient to establish civil contempt. Thomas, 194 A.3d at 225-
26. Rather, “the act constituting the violation must be deliberate, and the act
of the alleged contemnor must have been done with improper intent.” Sutch
v. Roxborough Mem’l Hosp., 142 A.3d 38, 68 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citations
omitted). “Unless the evidence establishes an intentional disobedience or an
intentional disregard of the lawful process of the [trial] court, no contempt has
been proven.” Id. (citation omitted and formatting altered). When
determining whether a party acted with wrongful intent to support a finding
of contempt, the trial court should use common sense and consider the
context of the party’s actions. Commonwealth v. Reese, 156 A.3d 1250,
1258 (Pa. Super. 2017) (stating that “in any case, civil or criminal, evidence
of conduct, circumstantial evidence, and logical inferences may suffice to
prove certain facts”) (citation omitted, some formatting altered, and emphasis
added)).
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Reese involved charges of criminal contempt,3 and the issue was the
violation of a protective order and the improper release of secret information
leaked to the media. Reese, 156 A.3d at 1253. Reese was a Senior
Supervisory Special Agent in the Executive Protective Detail for former
Pennsylvania Attorney General Kathleen G. Kane. Id. The Commonwealth
alleged that Reese was in criminal contempt of the protective order which
prohibited employees from accessing certain Grand Jury information because
Reese conducted searches of the Office of Attorney General’s (OAG) email
archive system to gain access to information Reese was prohibited from
obtaining. Id. at 1253-54. Reese countered that he could not be held in
contempt because he did not have notice of the protective order, and the
Commonwealth could not establish wrongful intent. Id. at 1257.
This Court noted that Reese was the head of Ms. Kane’s security detail
and her driver, Reese and Ms. Kane spent a great deal of time together and
had a close working relationship, and Reese was one of Ms. Kane’s most
trusted employees. Id. at 1258. Applying context and the common sense
factor noted above, the Reese court concluded:
Thus, the evidence reflects [Reese] was a close confidant of Ms.
Kane, that she made it a priority to challenge the protective order,
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3 A charge of indirect criminal contempt consists of a claim that the contemnor
violated a court order outside the presence of the court. Reese, 156 A.3d at
1258. The elements of indirect criminal contempt are as follows: “1) the order
was sufficiently definite, clear, and specific to the contemnor as to leave no
doubt of the conduct prohibited; 2) the contemnor had notice of the order; 3)
the act constituting the violation must have been volitional; and 4) the
contemnor must have acted with wrongful intent.” Id. (citation omitted).
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and that the order was widely discussed among those surrounding
[Reese]. The evidence further demonstrates that, after the court
issued the protective order, [Reese] deliberately chose specific
search terms that on their face appear directed at gaining
information pertaining to the Grand Jury, and not simply targeted
at identifying leaks. [Reese’s] searches returned emails with
subject lines directly relating to the investigation, including
“Protective Order.” [Reese] then opened many of these emails,
some of which discussed in detail and quoted from the protective
order. [Reese] gained real time information relating to Grand Jury
activity, in violation of the protective order’s prohibition on OAG
employees accessing any “information pertaining to the Special
Prosecutor’s investigation.” Under such circumstances, we find
ample evidentiary support for the trial court’s determination that
[Reese] had notice of the protective order, and that he possessed
the wrongful intent to violate that order.
Reese, 156 A.3d at 1260 (citation omitted formatting altered); see also
Grekis v. Grekis, 2022 WL 457392, at *5 (Pa. Super. filed Feb. 15, 2022)
(unpublished mem.) (applying the context considerations from Reese in
affirming a custody court’s order denying the mother’s petition for civil
contempt of a custody order filed against the father on the basis that the
mother failed to show that the father acted with wrongful intent upon
examining the context in which the father’s actions were made); and Ahrens
v. Ahrens, 2022 WL 390678, at *3-6 (Pa. Super. filed Feb. 9, 2022)
(unpublished mem.) (applying the context considerations from Reese in
denying the father’s petition for contempt of a custody order filed against the
mother).4
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4 See Pa.R.A.P. 126(b)(1)-(2) (stating that non-precedential decisions filed by
this Court after May 1, 2019 may be cited for persuasive value).
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In the instant case, we conclude that the trial court failed to consider
the context of Mother’s actions when it found her in contempt. Indeed,
context is central to our review in this case. Here, the trial court found that
Mother provided a reason for failing to ensure that J.A.L. entered the car on
August 5, 2021, based on her statement that “she was unable to get [J.A.L.]
in the car[.]” Order, 9/16/21, at 5. However, the trial court subsequently
concluded that Mother provided no reason for failing to ensure that J.A.L.
entered Father’s car on August 12 or 13, 2021. Id. This conclusion is not
supported by the record.
Mother’s reason for being unable to get J.A.L. to enter Father’s car on
August 12 or 13, 2021 was similar, if not identical, to the reason she provided
a week earlier. Specifically, Mother stated that she could not force J.A.L., her
physically larger and stronger teenage son, to get into a car, and at the
hearing on September 10, 2021, the following exchange occurred:
[Mother’s Counsel]: Are you able to physically force [J.A.L.] into
your vehicle?
[Mother]: No, I’m not.
R.R. at 145a (quoting N.T., 9/10/21, at 73).
On this record, we conclude that because Mother was unable to force
J.A.L. into a car on August 5, 2021, she clearly remained unable to do so a
week later. Therefore, both common sense and the context of the
circumstances support the conclusion that Mother had sufficient reason for
failing to comply with the custody order.
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Moreover, the record reflects that a police officer was unable to convince
J.A.L. to get into Father’s car on August 12 or 13. J.A.L. testified that the
police officer told him that the police could not physically remove J.A.L. from
Mother’s house and place him in Father’s car unless J.A.L. was in danger at
Mother’s house. R.R. at 80a (N.T., 9/10/21, at 8). Additionally, Father
similarly testified that when the police were called to assist in the custody
exchange, the police officer could not coerce J.A.L. into Father’s car. R.R. at
101a (N.T., 9/10/21, at 29).
For these reasons, we conclude that the record establishes no more than
a mere showing of noncompliance, which is insufficient to prove civil
contempt. See Thomas, 194 A.3d at 226; Sutch, 142 A.3d at 68. As such,
Father failed to establish wrongful intent in Mother’s inability to get J.A.L. into
Father’s car. See Reese, 156 A.3d at 1260; Grekis, 2022 WL 457392, at
*5; and Ahrens, 2022 WL 390678, at *3-6. On this record, given the context
of the factual circumstances presented, we are constrained to conclude that
the trial court abused its discretion in finding Mother in civil contempt for
violating the custody order. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order
finding Mother in civil contempt.
Order reversed.
Judge Bowes joins the memorandum.
Judge Colins noted dissent.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/16/2022
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