Fuentes Merino, D. v. Repak, B.V. ( 2022 )


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  • J-A23024-22
    
    2022 PA Super 206
    DIGNA FUENTES MERINO                       :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    :        PENNSYLVANIA
    :
    v.                             :
    :
    :
    REPAK, B.V. AND ROBERT REISER              :
    AND CO., INC.                              :
    :   No. 135 MDA 2022
    :
    APPEAL OF: REPAK, B.V.                     :
    Appeal from the Order Entered December 10, 2021
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County Civil Division at No(s):
    2020-00368
    BEFORE:      BOWES, J., McCAFFERY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
    OPINION BY McCAFFERY, J.:                      FILED: DECEMBER 6, 2022
    Repak, B.V. (Repak), a limited liability company operating out of the
    Netherlands, appeals from the order entered December 10, 2021,1 in the
    Lebanon County Court of Common Pleas, as amended on December 27, 2021,
    overruling its preliminary objections to personal jurisdiction in this products
    liability action initiated by Digna Fuentes Merino (Appellee).2       On appeal,
    ____________________________________________
    *   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
    1 This order was not docketed until December 13, 2021. However, because
    the parties and trial court refer to this as the December 10th order, we will do
    so as well.
    2 As will be discussed in more detail infra, on December 27, 2021, the trial
    court granted Repak’s motion to amend its December 10th order to reflect the
    court’s determination that “[a] substantial issue of venue or jurisdiction has
    been presented in the case at bar” thereby rendering the order appealable
    pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 311(b)(2). See Order, 12/27/21. We note that this
    (Footnote Continued Next Page)
    J-A23024-22
    Repak asserts the trial court erred and abused its discretion when it: (1)
    exercised personal jurisdiction over Repak based upon either Repak’s
    independent contacts with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, or its
    relationship with co-defendant Robert Reiser and Co., Inc. (Reiser), and (2)
    improperly determined Appellee would be without recourse if personal
    jurisdiction were not established. After careful review, we affirm.
    A. Facts & Procedural History
    The relevant facts and procedural history underlying this appeal are
    aptly summarized by the trial court as follows:
    On September 18, 2018, [Appellee] was employed at
    Godshall’s Quality Meats, a Lebanon [County] based business
    focusing on producing, packaging, and selling meat products. On
    this day [Appellee] was using a meat packaging machine that
    [Appellee] alleges was manufactured by Repak . . . and sold and
    distributed within the Commonwealth by their distributor [Reiser].
    While using the meat packaging machine [Appellee] suffered a
    substantial injury to her left index finger.
    [Appellee] filed a complaint against Repak and Reiser in [the
    trial court] on February 14, 2020, alleging negligence, strict
    liability, and breach of warranty. . . . Reiser filed an Answer on
    August 12, 2020. On March 24, 2021[,] Repak filed preliminary
    objections.[3] On April 13, 2021, [Appellee] filed responsive
    preliminary objections and a brief in opposition to Repak’s
    ____________________________________________
    order was not docketed until the next day, December 28th. Again, however,
    because the parties and trial court refer to this as the December 27th order,
    we will do so as well.
    3 Specifically, Repak asserted that Appellee “cannot establish either general
    or specific personal jurisdiction against [it] in the Commonwealth of
    Pennsylvania.” See Repak’s Preliminary Objections to Appellee’s Complaint,
    3/24/21, at ¶ 23.
    -2-
    J-A23024-22
    preliminary objections. Oral argument was heard on July 2, 2021,
    in regards to the preliminary objections and supplemental briefs
    were subsequently filed. . . .
    Trial Ct. Op., 11/9/21, at 2-3 (some capitalization omitted).
    On November 9, 2021, the trial court entered an order, with
    accompanying opinion, overruling Repak’s preliminary objections, and
    directing Repak to file an answer within 60 days.       Order, 11/9/21.     On
    December 10, 2021, however, the trial court entered a second order,
    explaining that its November 9th order was “mistakenly mailed to the incorrect
    attorney of record for [Repak.]”       Order, 12/10/21.         Thus, the court
    “reissue[d]” its order and opinion on that day to preserve Repak’s appeal
    rights. 
    Id.
    Ten days later, Repak filed a motion requesting the trial court either
    amend its December 10th order to make it appealable by stating a “substantial
    issue of venue or jurisdiction has been presented[,]” or reconsider its ruling.
    See Repak’s Motion to Amend the Order Dated December 10, 2021 or in the
    Alternative Reconsider & Vacate the Order Dated December 10, 2021 Denying
    the Preliminary Objections of Repak, 12/23/21, at 3-4 (unpaginated)
    (quotation marks omitted). On December 27, 2021, the trial court entered
    an order granting Repak’s motion to amend and directing that its December
    10th order “shall be amended to include the holding that [a] substantial issue
    of venue or jurisdiction has been presented in the case at bar.”         Order,
    12/27/21 (quotation marks omitted).        Repak filed a notice of appeal on
    January 13, 2022, and complied with the trial court’s directive to file a
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    Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. 4 The
    court filed a responsive order on February 15, 2022, in which it, inter alia,
    determined that its prior opinion issued on November 9, 2021, sufficiently
    responded to Repak’s claims on appeal. See Order, 2/15/22, at 1.
    B. Issues on Appeal
    Repak presents the following issues for our review:
    A. The trial court committed errors of law and abused its
    discretion in concluding that [Repak] individually (i.e.
    independent of the actions of Co-Defendant Reiser) has
    sufficient minimum contacts with the Commonwealth of
    Pennsylvania that justify the Court’s exercise of specific
    jurisdiction, because the Court admits that it cannot directly
    attribute any forum-related contacts to [Repak] that satisfy the
    strict limitations on jurisdiction required of Pennsylvania’s
    Long-Arm Statute and the Due Process Clause of the
    Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
    A.(1) The trial court committed errors of law and abused its
    discretion in its interpretation and application of the legal
    standard of “fair play and substantial justice”.
    B. The trial court committed errors of law and abused its
    discretion by concluding that an agency relationship exists
    between [Repak] and Reiser to justify the exercise of specific
    personal jurisdiction over [Repak].
    C. The trial court committed errors of law and abused its
    discretion in relying on dicta in Daimler AG v. Bauman, 
    571 U.S. 117
    , 137 (2014) to support its exercise of specific personal
    jurisdiction over [Repak].
    ____________________________________________
    4  Repak’s six-page Rule 1925(b) statement cannot be characterized as
    concise. Rather, it lists ten, redundant claims, which are fairly represented
    by the issues presented in its brief. To the extent Repak raised any claims in
    its Rule 1925(b) statement that are not presented on appeal, we conclude
    those claims are abandoned.
    -4-
    J-A23024-22
    D. The trial court committed errors of law and abused its
    discretion by concluding that a Parent/Subsidiary relationship
    exists between [Repak] and Reiser to satisfy the strict
    limitations on jurisdiction set forth in Pennsylvania’s Long-Arm
    Statute and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
    Amendment to the United States Constitution.
    E. The trial court committed errors of law and abused its
    discretion by not providing legal or factual support for its
    conclusion that if the Court does not exercise specific
    jurisdiction over Repak, [Appellee] will be without recourse in
    the Pennsylvania courts and will suffer unconscionable
    inconvenience and expense.
    Repak’s Brief at 7-8.
    C. Timeliness of Appeal
    Before we consider Repak’s substantive claims on appeal, we must first
    address Appellee’s assertion that this appeal should be quashed as untimely
    filed. See Appellee’s Brief at 1-4. Appellee contends that this appeal is from
    “the trial court’s non-appealable interlocutory Order and Opinion of November
    9, 2021[,] overruling [Repak’s] meritless preliminary objections challenging
    the court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction.” Id. at 1. She argues that the
    “only permissible” way Repak could have appealed from the order was to
    “seek permission for appeal under Pa.R.A.P. 312,[5] which it failed to do.” Id.
    at 2. Moreover, Appellee insists that the court’s December 27, 2021, order
    which purported to amend the December 10th order to state that “a
    substantial issue of . . . jurisdiction has been presented[,]” did not provide
    ____________________________________________
    5 Rule 312 provides that “[a]n appeal from an interlocutory order may be
    taken by permission pursuant to Chapter 13.” Pa.R.A.P. 312. See also
    Pa.R.A.P. 1301-1323.
    -5-
    J-A23024-22
    Repak with the right to appeal because the court never “amended or re-
    issued” its November 9th or December 10th orders “to incorporate the
    language.” Id. at 3. In any event, assuming the court properly amended the
    December 10th order, Appellee contends that Repak’s appeal is untimely
    because it was not filed within 30 days of the December 10th order. Id.
    We conclude Repak’s appeal is proper, and was timely filed. Although
    the   trial   court’s   December   10th   order   was   interlocutory,   the   court
    subsequently granted Repak’s motion to amend the order to include the
    requisite language of Rule 311(b)(2) that “a substantial issue of venue or
    jurisdiction is presented.” See Pa.R.A.P. 311(b)(2). Thus, it was not until the
    entry of the trial court’s December 27th order, that its December 10th order
    became appealable as of right pursuant to Rule 311(b)(2). Accordingly, the
    30-day appeal period began to run on December 28th — when the December
    27th order was docketed — and Repak’s notice of appeal filed on January 13,
    2022, was timely. See Martin v. Gerner, 
    481 A.2d 903
    , 905 (Pa. Super.
    1984) (holding appeal period began to run from order entered on December
    18th, which amended prior order entered on November 6th, to include Rule
    311(b)(2) language, and rendering interlocutory order appealable); Estate of
    Haiko v. McGinley, 
    799 A.2d 155
    , 159 (Pa. Super. 2002) (“an aggrieved
    party may appeal [an] order within thirty days after the entry of [an] order
    granting reconsideration and an appeal from such an order will be deemed
    timely”). Moreover, we note, too, that the trial court conceded in its Pa.R.A.P.
    1925(a) response that it was “unaware of [Rule 311(b)(2)] or [it] would have
    -6-
    J-A23024-22
    included [the language] in the original” order. Order, 2/15/22, at 2. Thus,
    we proceed to address Repak’s claims on appeal.
    D. Standard of Review & Relevant Law
    Our review of an order overruling preliminary objections is well-
    established: We must “determine whether the trial court committed an error
    of law.” Mar-Eco, Inc. v. T & R & Sons Towing & Recovery, Inc., 
    837 A.2d 512
    , 514 (Pa. Super. 2003).         An appellate court applies the same
    standard as the trial court in determining “the appropriateness of a ruling on
    preliminary objections.” 
    Id.
    [W]hen deciding a motion to dismiss for lack of personal
    jurisdiction the [trial] court must consider the evidence in the light
    most favorable to the non-moving party. . . . Once the moving
    party supports its objections to personal jurisdiction, the burden
    of proving personal jurisdiction is upon the party asserting it.
    Courts must resolve the question of personal jurisdiction based on
    the circumstances of each particular case.
    Mendel v. Williams, 
    53 A.3d 810
    , 816–17 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation
    omitted).
    Whether a trial court in Pennsylvania may exercise personal jurisdiction
    over a foreign defendant is guided by both our long-arm statute, codified at
    42 Pa.C.S. § 5322, and the Due Process Clause of the United States
    Constitution. See Bean Sprouts LLC v. LifeCycle Construction Services
    LLC, 
    270 A.3d 1237
    , 1240 (Pa. Super. 2022). Pursuant to Section 5322(a),
    a trial court “may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person . . . who acts
    directly or by an agent, as to a cause of action . . . arising from such person
    . . . [t]ransacting any business in this Commonwealth.”            42 Pa.C.S. §
    -7-
    J-A23024-22
    5322(a)(1) (emphasis added). The statute further provides that “transacting
    business” includes:
    (ii) The doing of a single act in this Commonwealth for the purpose
    of thereby realizing pecuniary benefit or otherwise accomplishing
    an object with the intention of initiating a series of such acts.
    (iii) The shipping of merchandise directly or indirectly into or
    through this Commonwealth.
    42 Pa.C.S. § 5322(a)(1)(ii), (iii). Subsection (b) of the statute is a catch-all
    provision which provides that “jurisdiction may be exercised over persons who
    do not fall within the express provisions of section 5322(a) to the fullest extent
    permitted by the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution.”
    Mendel, 
    53 A.3d at 821
    . See 42 Pa.C.S. § 5322(b).
    In considering the jurisdictional requirements of the Due Process Clause,
    this Court has explained:
    The extent to which the Due Process Clause proscribes
    jurisdiction depends on the nature and quality of the defendant’s
    contacts with the forum state. Where a defendant “has
    established no meaningful contacts, ties or relations” with the
    forum, the Due Process Clause prohibits the exercise of personal
    jurisdiction. However, where a defendant has “purposefully
    directed” his activities at the residents of the forum, he is
    presumed to have “fair warning” that it may be called to suit
    there.
    Fulano v. Fanjul Corp., 
    236 A.3d 1
    , 12–13 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citations
    omitted).
    A corporate defendant’s activities within the Commonwealth may “give
    rise to either specific or general jurisdiction.” Fulano, 236 A.3d at 13 (citation
    & quotation marks omitted). General jurisdiction is normally limited to where
    -8-
    J-A23024-22
    the corporation is “headquartered or incorporated[,]” save for the “exceptional
    case” when the corporation’s “operations were so substantial and of such a
    nature [in a particular forum] as to render the corporation at home.”
    Hammons v. Ethicon, Inc., 
    240 A.3d 537
    , 555 (Pa. 2020), citing Daimler,
    517 U.S. at 139 n.19.
    Specific jurisdiction is “a more limited form of submission to a State’s
    authority[.]” Hammons, 240 A.3d at 556. It arises when a foreign defendant
    “purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the
    forum state.” Id. (citation omitted)
    [A]t its most simplistic, the question for specific personal
    jurisdiction [is] whether the defendant has sufficient “minimum
    contacts with [the state] such that the maintenance of the suit
    does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial
    justice.” International Shoe Co. [v. State of Washington,
    Officer of Unemployment Compensation & Placement], 326
    U.S. [310,] 316 [(1945)]. Requiring minimum contacts satisfies
    due process by ensuring that the defendant may “reasonably
    anticipate” where it may be “ha[u]led into court” based upon
    which forums it has “purposefully avail[ed] itself of the privilege
    of conducting activities.” [T]his requirement ensures that a
    defendant will not be subject to jurisdiction “solely as a result of
    random, fortuitous, or attenuated contacts.”
    Id. (some citations omitted).
    Courts have relied on the following three-part test to determine whether
    a defendant may be subjected to specific personal jurisdiction in a particular
    case:
    (1) Did the plaintiff’s cause of action arise out of or relate to the
    out-of-state defendant’s forum-related contacts?
    (2) Did the defendant purposely direct its activities, particularly
    as they relate to the plaintiff’s cause of action, toward the forum
    -9-
    J-A23024-22
    state or did the defendant purposely avail itself of the privilege of
    conducting activities therein?
    (3) [W]ould the exercise of personal jurisdiction over the
    nonresident defendant in the forum state satisfy the requirement
    that it be reasonable and fair?
    Hammons, 240 A.3d at 556 (citation omitted). Moreover, we note that it is
    the defendant’s burden to object to jurisdiction in the first instance. Id. at
    561. However, once it does so, the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing
    personal jurisdiction over the defendant in the chosen forum. Id.
    E. Trial Court’s Opinion
    With this background in mind, we first consider the trial court’s
    decision.6    The court determined that it could exercise specific personal
    jurisdiction over Repak under both Pennsylvania’s long-arm statute and the
    Due Process clause of the United States Constitution. The trial court opined:
    Repak has either itself or through the actions of Reiser as its agent
    performed many of the actions which authorize the use of the
    state long-arm statute. Additionally, Repak reached out beyond
    its home in the Netherlands and purposefully availed itself of
    ____________________________________________
    6  We note that, in response to Repak’s preliminary objections, Appellee
    argued, inter alia, that the preliminary objections were untimely filed. See
    Appellee’s Preliminary Objections & Response to Repak’s Time-Barred
    Preliminary Objections, 4/26/21, at 1-4. The trial court, however, rejected
    that argument, finding that Appellee failed to demonstrate how the late filing
    “negatively affected” her. Trial Ct. Op. at 4. Appellee’s only mention of this
    claim in her brief is in a footnote, in which she asserts she “maintains that . .
    . Repak’s failure to file its Preliminary Objections . . . for over seven (7) months
    past the time period allowed for filing a responsive pleading without case
    constitutes [a] separate, adequate basis for their denial.” Appellee’s Brief at
    10-11, n.3. We conclude this passing reference to the purported untimeliness
    of Repak’s preliminary objections is insufficient to raise this argument as a
    separate claim on appeal; therefore, we will not address it further.
    - 10 -
    J-A23024-22
    conducting activities within the Commonwealth that fulfill the
    principles of Due Process.
    Trial Ct. Op. at 4-5 (some capitalization omitted).
    First, with regard to the long-arm statute, the court conceded that
    Repak never directly conducted business in the Commonwealth, nor
    marketed its products here. Trial Ct. Op. at 6. Nevertheless, the trial court
    concluded that Reiser acted “as an agent for Repak in [its] dealings with
    businesses in the Commonwealth” and through their partnership “sells,
    distributes, and advertises its products to meat packing companies throughout
    the Commonwealth.” Id. Thus, through its relationship with Reiser, Repak
    transacted business within the Commonwealth pursuant to Section 5322(a).
    Furthermore, the court determined that Repak’s actions fall within the catch-
    all provision of Section 5322(b), “which provides jurisdiction over any party
    that meets the most minimum contact allowed under the Constitution of the
    United States.” Id.
    Next, the trial court considered whether Repak was subject to specific
    jurisdiction in Pennsylvania pursuant to the Due Process Clause. 7 The court
    explained that although Repak’s manufacture of the machine responsible for
    Appellee’s injury “is [its] only contact with the [Commonwealth] and is a thin
    thread,” the court also considered “the actions of Reiser which [it] believe[d
    ____________________________________________
    7 The trial court determined that it could not assert general jurisdiction over
    Repak because it is neither “incorporated within the state [n]or has its
    [principal] place of business there.” Trial Ct. Op. at 7. Appellee did not
    challenge this ruling.
    - 11 -
    J-A23024-22
    could] be attributed to Repak as well.” Trial Ct. Op. at 7. The court stated it
    sought to assert “specific jurisdiction over a corporation based solely on
    actions attributed to it by its co[-]defendant and agent.” Id. at 8.
    While the trial court acknowledged it found no case law with similar
    facts, it relied upon the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Daimler
    for support.   The trial court acknowledged that the Daimler Court held
    general jurisdiction could not be exercised over a foreign defendant based
    solely upon the actions of its agent. Trial Ct. Op. at 8. However, the trial
    court observed that “several times” in that decision, the Supreme Court
    “insinuate[d] that if the plaintiff had argued for specific jurisdiction rather
    than general jurisdiction the outcome may [have been] different.”            Id.
    (emphasis added), citing Daimler, 571 U.S. at 132-34.
    The trial court then considered the traditional test first set out in
    International Shoe — that is, whether Repak had “certain minimum contacts
    with [the Commonwealth] such that the maintenance of the suit does not
    offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice[.]” Trial Ct. Op.
    at 8, citing International Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316 (quotation marks omitted).
    Specifically, the trial court analyzed whether Repak “participat[ed] within the
    [Commonwealth] to the point” that it purposefully availed itself of the
    “benefits and protections of the laws of” the Commonwealth. Trial Ct. Op. at
    8-9 (citation omitted). In concluding that it did, the trial court opined:
    In the current case, [Repak] has supplied an affidavit from
    Hans Fehrmann a managing director for Repak. In [the] affidavit
    [Mr. Fehrmann] states that Repak is incorporated and located in
    - 12 -
    J-A23024-22
    the Netherlands, and “is a separate corporate entity from its
    distributor defendant, [Reiser].” Mr. Fehrmann further states that
    Repak has no physical presence within the United States, has no
    employees with the country, and maintains no accounts, licenses,
    or registrations with the United States. [Appellee] and this court
    [do not] dispute this. However, as previously stated this [c]ourt
    believes that Repak and Reiser are so closely tethered together in
    their business dealings that Reiser is Repak’s American agent, if
    not subsidiary.
    [Appellee] included a distribution agreement between
    Repak and Reiser in her Brief [filed in opposition to Repak’s
    preliminary objections]. In the agreement Reiser is appointed
    Repak’s sole distributor within the United States. Any of Repak’s
    products that enter the United States are ordered by Reiser before
    being sold to businesses across the country including multiple
    businesses in the Commonwealth. In the agreement Repak
    actually contracts away its ability to sell any products directly
    within the United States. Additionally, Repak agrees to list Reiser
    as a co-insured party on all product liability insurance maintained
    by Repak. Within the agreement Repak provides Reiser with the
    ability to have a representative appointed to Repak’s Board of
    Directors. Repak also agrees to provide training in sales and
    services, promotional material including brochures, literature, and
    CDs, and authorizes Reiser to use Repak’s trademarks. Finally,
    Repak rewards Reiser’s salespeople, including Reiser’s
    [Pennsylvania] representative who won the “Repak Reiser
    Salesman of the Year 2019” and was awarded with a trip to the
    Netherlands. [See Appellee’s Brief in Opposition to Repak's
    Preliminary Objections to Appellee’s Complaint, 4/13/21, at
    Exhibits E (Distribution Agreement, 7/1/04) [Distribution Agmt],
    Exhibit F (Repak Facebook Post, 1/8/20) [Repak Facebook Post].]
    We look to see if Repak has such minimum contacts within
    the Commonwealth that bringing Repak before our court does not
    violate the “notions of fair play and substantial justice.” In the
    present case Repak’s machine was advertised, solicited, and sold
    within the Commonwealth by Reiser. Repak uses its contract with
    Reiser to try and remove itself entirely from the personal
    jurisdiction of the United States, despite having it products
    distributed and used in the United States. The court feels that
    this attempt to shield themselves from suit within the United
    States flies in the face of any notions of fair play, and supports
    the Court’s use of personal jurisdiction over Repak.
    - 13 -
    J-A23024-22
    Trial Ct. Op. at 9-10 (citations & some capitalization omitted).
    Lastly, the trial court contemplated Appellee’s recourse should it
    determine it could not exercise personal jurisdiction over Repak. Trial Ct. Op.
    at 10. The court noted that Appellee, “a Pennsylvania citizen with no contact
    with the Netherlands[, would] be required to spend large sums of money . . .
    bringing a case against Repak in the Netherlands.” Id. Comparing the cost
    for Appellee to seek justice in a foreign jurisdiction for an injury she suffered
    at work in Pennsylvania, with the “minimal inconvenience” Repak would suffer
    if required to defend itself in Pennsylvania — particularly because Repak “has
    dealings with the United States and already sends representatives to and from
    this country for training and meetings with Reiser” — the trial court
    determined it was more reasonable for Repak to bear the inconvenience. Id.
    at 11. Thus, the court concluded it could exercise specific personal jurisdiction
    over Repak.
    F. Trial Court’s Contradictory Findings & Misapplication of Law
    In its first issue on appeal, Repak contends the trial court erred or
    abused its discretion when it made contradictory findings. See Repak’s Brief
    at 22. It argues the trial court first conceded Repak did not have sufficient
    independent contacts with Pennsylvania to support the exercise of personal
    jurisdiction, but later “incorrectly conclude[d] that specific jurisdiction is
    warranted because of actions attributable to [Repak] itself.”               Id. at 23
    (emphasis added).     Repak insists that “[a] defendant’s relationship with a
    third-party   distributor,   standing    alone,   is   an   ‘insufficient   basis   for
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    J-A23024-22
    jurisdiction.’”   Repak’s Brief at 23-24, citing Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v.
    Superior Court of California, San Francisco Cty., 
    137 S.Ct. 1773
    , 1783
    (2017). Further, it argues that, in the present case, although the trial court
    concluded it could assert jurisdiction over Repak based upon five provisions of
    the long-arm statute, the court failed to “provide factual or legal support” for
    those findings, nor did it determine whether the “alleged conduct was
    performed by [Repak] individually or was attributed to it by Reiser[.]” Repak’s
    Brief at 25-26.
    In a related claim, Repak asserts the trial court misapplied the concepts
    of “purposeful availment” and “fair play and substantial justice.” Repak’s Brief
    at 28-29.    It notes the trial court opined that Repak’s attempt to use its
    contract with Reiser to shield itself from suit in the United States “flies in the
    face of any notions of fair play[.]” Id. at 28 (citation omitted). However,
    Repak argues:
    The analysis is not whether the defendant[’s] actions comport
    with the legal notions of fair play and substantial justice, but
    rather whether the facts in the case support a finding that
    [Repak’s] conduct within Pennsylvania is such that [Repak] can
    be deemed to have “purposefully availed” itself of the benefits and
    protections of the laws of Pennsylvania so that so [Repak] should
    reasonably expect to be [hauled] into court there. This is the
    proper application of the legal notions of “fair play and substantial
    justice.”
    Id. at 29 (citation omitted & emphases added).
    Upon our review, we conclude Repak mischaracterizes the trial court’s
    findings.    First, we note the trial court did recognize that the only
    independent contact Repak had with the Commonwealth is that it
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    J-A23024-22
    manufactured the machine which caused Appellee’s injury. See Trial Ct. Op.
    at 7.    Nevertheless, the court explicitly stated, “[i]n the present case, the
    [c]ourt seeks to assert specific jurisdiction over a corporation based solely on
    actions attributed to it by its co[-]defendant and agent.” Id. at 8 (emphasis
    added). Indeed, in citing the court’s opinion in its brief, Repak omits a crucial
    part of the trial court’s statement, where it determined Repak “either itself or
    through the actions of Reiser as its agent performed many of the actions
    which authorize the use of the state long-arm statute.” See Trial Ct. Op. at 4
    (emphasis added); Repak’s Brief at 27. Similarly, Repak claims that the court
    determined that Repak “itself reached out beyond its home in the
    Netherlands” to conduct business in the Commonwealth. Repak’s Brief at 27
    (quotation marks omitted). However, the court never found Repak took any
    actions in Pennsylvania independent of Reiser.      Thus, to the extent Repak
    claims the court contradicted itself in its opinion, we disagree.
    Furthermore, Pennsylvania’s long-arm statute explicitly permits a court
    to exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant who “acts directly or by an
    agent, as to a cause of action . . . arising from” the transaction of business
    in this Commonwealth. 42 Pa.C.S. § 5322(a) (emphasis added). Here, Repak
    does not dispute that Reiser transacted business in Pennsylvania by either
    soliciting business from Pennsylvania companies or shipping the Repak
    machine into Pennsylvania, and that Appellee’s cause of action arose from
    that conduct.    See 42 Pa.C.S. § 5322(a)(1)(i)-(iii).    Thus, the question is
    whether Reiser’s acts can be attributed to Repak under the Due Process
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    J-A23024-22
    clause. As we will discuss infra, we believe that under the facts of this case,
    they can be.
    We also conclude Repak’s reliance on the Supreme Court’s language in
    Bristol-Myers Squibb is misplaced.8                In that case, “[m]ore than 600
    plaintiffs, most of whom [were] not California residents, filed [a] civil action
    in a California state court against Bristol–Myers Squibb . . ., asserting a variety
    of state-law claims based on injuries allegedly caused by [its] drug called
    Plavix.” See Bristol-Myers Squibb, 137 S.Ct. at 1777 (emphasis added).
    While Bristol-Myers Squibb engaged in some business in California, none of
    those business activities concerned the development, manufacture, labeling,
    or marketing of Plavix, and only “a little over one percent of the company’s
    nationwide sales revenue” was generated from the sale of Plavix in California.
    Id. at 1778. Similarly, none of the nonresident plaintiffs obtained Plavix in
    California, or were treated for their injuries in California. Id. Nevertheless,
    the Supreme Court of California determined that because the resident and
    nonresident claims were “based on the same allegedly defective product and
    the assertedly misleading marketing and promotion of that product,” specific
    jurisdiction could be exercised over the nonresident plaintiffs. Id. at 1779
    (citation omitted).
    ____________________________________________
    8 We noted that Bristol-Myers Squibb addressed personal jurisdiction under
    the Due Process Clause, not Pennsylvania’s long-arm statute. See Bristol-
    Myers Squibb, 137 S.Ct. at 1779.
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    J-A23024-22
    The United States Supreme Court disagreed, holding “the connection
    between the nonresidents’ claims and the forum is . . . weak[; t]he relevant
    plaintiffs are not California residents and do not claim to have suffered harm
    in that State[, and] all the conduct giving rise to the nonresidents’ claims
    occurred elsewhere.” Bristol-Myers Squibb, 137 S.Ct. at 1782. Relevant
    herein, the Court also addressed the nonresident plaintiffs’ argument that
    California courts could exercise personal jurisdiction over Bristol-Myers Squibb
    based upon its “decision to contract with a California company . . . to distribute
    [Plavix] nationally[.]” Id. at 1783 (citation omitted). In rejecting this claim,
    the Supreme Court opined:
    [I]t is not alleged that [Bristol-Myers Squibb] engaged in relevant
    acts together with [the California distributor] in California. Nor is
    it alleged that [Bristol-Myers Squibb] is derivatively liable for [the
    California distributor’s] conduct in California.            And the
    nonresidents “have adduced no evidence to show how or by whom
    the Plavix they took was distributed to the pharmacies that
    dispensed it to them.” The bare fact that [Bristol-Myers
    Squibb] contracted with a California distributor is not
    enough to establish personal jurisdiction in the State.
    Id. (citation omitted & emphasis added).
    Repak seizes upon this language to support its general assertion that
    “[a] defendant’s relationship with a third-party distributor, standing alone, is
    an ‘insufficient basis for jurisdiction.’”    Repak’s Brief at 23-24 (citation
    omitted).   While that was the Court’s rationale in Bristol-Myers Squibb,
    Repak ignores the trial court’s determination that Reiser’s relationship with
    Repak was much more than simply a “third-party distributor” and, unlike in
    Bristol-Myers Squibb, this relationship was intimately connected to
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    J-A23024-22
    Appellee’s cause of action. See Trial Ct. Op. at 9-10. Thus, the Supreme
    Court’s decision in Bristol-Myers Squibb does not support Repak’s claims.
    As part of its first issue, Repak also insists the trial court misapplied the
    concepts of “purposeful availment” and “fair play and substantial justice” when
    it opined that Repak’s attempt to use its contract with Reiser to shield itself
    from liability “flies in the face of any notions of fair play[.]” Repak’s Brief at
    28-29 (citation omitted).    Rather than concentrating on Repak’s purported
    attempt to avoid jurisdiction, Repak argues the court’s focus should have been
    on whether it had “purposefully availed” itself of the protections of
    Pennsylvania law, so that the exercise of jurisdiction in this Commonwealth
    comported with the notions of fair play and substantial justice. Id. at 29. We
    conclude, however, that this is a distinction without a difference.        As the
    Supreme Court explained in International Shoe,
    due process requires only that in order to subject a defendant to
    a judgment in personam, if he be not present within the territory
    of the forum, he have certain minimum contacts with it such that
    the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of
    fair play and substantial justice.
    International Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316 (citations & quotation marks omitted).
    We interpret the trial court’s comments as simply supporting its determination
    that Repak’s association with Reiser provided the requisite “minimum
    contacts” to satisfy Due Process concerns. Thus, no relief is warranted on
    Repak’s first claim.
    G. Specific Personal Jurisdiction under the Due Process Clause
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    J-A23024-22
    In its second through fourth issues, which we address together, Repak
    challenges the trial court’s determination that its exercise of specific personal
    jurisdiction over Repak comports with the requirements of due process under
    the United States Constitution.     First, it contends the trial court erred and
    abused its discretion when it found an agency relationship between Repak and
    Reiser such that it could “attribute to [Repak] the actions taken by Reiser
    within the Commonwealth.” Repak’s Brief at 30. Referring to agency law,
    Repak maintains that such a relationship requires the principal (Repak) to
    “manifest[ ] assent” that the agent (Reiser) will “act for him” and the agent
    agrees to do so with “the understanding . . . that the [principal] is to be in
    control of the undertaking.”     Id. at 31 (citations & emphasis omitted).        It
    insists that the court fixated on “the limited activities of Reiser as a distributor
    for [Repak]” without properly considering whether the activities Reiser
    conducted in Pennsylvania were “at the direction or control of” Repak. Id.
    Indeed, Repak maintains the parties’ Distribution Agreement does not
    “support[ ] the existence of an agency relationship between [Repak] and
    Reiser.” Id. at 34 (emphasis omitted). See also id. at 31-32 (Distribution
    Agreement allowed Reiser to set its own prices and determine sales area, and
    made Reiser responsible for installation and maintenance of machines sold).
    Moreover, Repak argues that because it did not, on its own, conduct activities
    within the Commonwealth, and, thus, did not “purposefully avail[ ]” itself of
    the privileges of conducting activities within the Commonwealth, the trial court
    erred in determining that it could exercise personal jurisdiction over Repak in
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    J-A23024-22
    Pennsylvania which comports with the requirements of due process. See id.
    at 35-37.
    Repak also contends the trial court erred in relying on dicta in Daimler
    to support its decision. It maintains “[t]he facts in Daimler are readily
    distinguishable as the [Supreme] Court in that case was attempting to apply
    general jurisdiction to a foreign corporation based on the actions of its
    agent.” Repak’s Brief at 37 (emphasis added). Repak asserts any statements
    by the Daimler Court referring to “specific jurisdiction” was dicta, and,
    therefore, not “legally binding precedent as support” for the trial court’s ruling.
    Id. at 38, 40 (emphasis added).
    Repak’s final due process challenge focuses on the trial court’s
    statement that “Reiser is Repak’s American agent, if not subsidiary.” Repak’s
    Brief at 40 (some emphasis omitted), citing Trial Ct. Op. at 9.             Repak
    emphasizes that it “is a separate corporate entity from its distributor” and co-
    defendant, Reiser.      Id. (record citation omitted).       It explains that a
    parent/subsidiary “corporate construct . . . has been very clearly defined” in
    case law and requires a “single center of decision making and . . . aggregation
    of power” in the parent company. Id. at 40-41 (citations omitted). Repak
    insists there that “[t]here are absolutely no facts in evidence” to support a
    parent/subsidiary relationship between Repak and Reiser in the present case.
    Id. at 41.
    We conclude that Repak’s arguments are unavailing.           First, Repak’s
    focus on agency law is misplaced. Although the trial court referred to Reiser
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    J-A23024-22
    as Repak’s agent, it did so for jurisdictional purposes, within the confines of
    the   parties’   relationship   as   outlined     in   the   Distribution   Agreement.
    Jurisdictional case law does not require a traditional principal/agent
    relationship in order to consider whether one company’s actions may be
    attributed to another company. Rather the focus is on whether the foreign
    defendant “purposefully availed” itself of the protections of the forum. As the
    Supreme Court explained in J. McIntyre Machinery, Ltd. V. Nicastro, 
    564 U.S. 873
     (2011):
    [A] defendant may in an appropriate case be subject to jurisdiction
    without entering the forum — itself an unexceptional proposition
    — as where manufacturers or distributors “seek to serve” a given
    State’s market. The principal inquiry in cases of this sort is
    whether the defendant’s activities manifest an intention to submit
    to the power of a sovereign. In other words, the defendant must
    “purposefully avai[l] itself of the privilege of conducting activities
    within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections
    of its laws.” Sometimes a defendant does so by sending its goods
    rather than its agents. The defendant’s transmission of goods
    permits the exercise of jurisdiction only where the defendant can
    be said to have targeted the forum; as a general rule, it is not
    enough that the defendant might have predicted that its goods
    will reach the forum State.
    
    Id. at 882
     (citations omitted).
    The Supreme Court’s decision in J. McIntyre is instructive.              In that
    case, the Supreme Court held the state of New Jersey could not exercise
    personal jurisdiction over a British company which manufactured a metal-
    shearing machine, despite the fact that the plaintiff was injured while
    operating the machine in New Jersey.             J. McIntyre, 
    564 U.S. at 877-78
    .
    Similar to the case before us, the plaintiff asserted jurisdiction was proper
    - 22 -
    J-A23024-22
    based on the following:    (1) an independent distributor agreed to sell J.
    McIntyre machines in the United States and J. McIntyre did not sell any
    machines in the United States itself outside of this agreement; (2) J. McIntyre
    officials attended conventions in the United States, but none in New Jersey;
    and (3) no more than four machines (including the one at issue) ended up in
    New Jersey. 
    Id. at 878
    . The Supreme Court concluded that while J. McIntyre
    “directed marketing and sale efforts at the United States[,]” the facts did not
    “show that J. McIntyre purposefully availed itself of the New Jersey market.”
    
    Id. at 885-86
     (emphases added).
    Further, the Court rejected the “stream-of-commerce theory of
    jurisdiction” — that if a foreign defendant places a product in the “stream of
    commerce” and it is reasonably foreseeable that the product will end up in the
    forum state, Due Process concerns are satisfied. See J. McIntyre, 
    564 U.S. at 881-83
    . The J. McIntyre Court concluded that more directed conduct with
    the forum is required. See 
    id. at 884
    . Because it determined that “[a]t no
    time did [J.McIntyre] engage in any activities in New Jersey that reveal[ed]
    an intent to invoke or benefit from the protections of its laws[,]” the Court
    held New Jersey could not exercise personal jurisdiction over J. McIntyre. 
    Id. at 887
    .
    Conversely, in the present case, Repak — through its distributor, Reiser
    — had a more focused connection to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
    First, the Distribution Agreement appointed Reiser as Repak’s “sole distributor
    - 23 -
    J-A23024-22
    in the United States[.]” Trial Ct. Op. at 9; see Distribution Agmt at ¶¶ 1, 5.9
    Moreover, Repak agreed to provide “sales and service support to Reiser” in
    the United States, and permitted Reiser to use its trademarks.                See
    Distribution Agmt, Appx. B at ¶¶ 7-8. The promotional materials, which were
    supplied by Repak, carried Reiser’s name and address, and reflected the
    parties’ joint marketing efforts. See Appellee’s Brief in Opposition to Repak's
    Preliminary Objections to Appellee’s Complaint at Exhibit N (Thermoformers
    brochure).    Significantly, with respect to actions in this Commonwealth, in
    2019, the sales representative for Pennsylvania was named the “Repak
    Reiser Salesman of the Year” and awarded a trip to the Netherlands. See
    Repak’s Facebook Post (emphasis added). Further, Appellee avers, and Repak
    does not deny, that the machine at issue was “designed and manufactured by
    [Repak] for the known, express purpose for use in [Appellee’s] employer’s
    facility in Lebanon, Pennsylvania.”            Appellee’s Preliminary Objections &
    Response to Repak’s Time-Barred Preliminary Objections at 6; see Appellee’s
    Brief in Opposition to Repak’s Preliminary Objections to Appellee’s Complaint,
    at 8-9 (detailing communications between Repak and Reiser resulting in
    delivery of machine at issue to Appellee’s employer). Here, Repak was clearly
    ____________________________________________
    9We note that the parties amended their agreement effective July 1, 2014.
    See Distribution Agmt at Amendment A. The amendment provided that the
    agreement would continue in all the same respects with the exception that the
    parties would have a “non-exclusive relationship.” Id. at ¶¶ 2, 9.
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    J-A23024-22
    aware that its distributor, Reiser, was marketing and selling its products in
    Pennsylvania.10
    This Court’s decision in C.J. Betters Corp. v. Mid South Aviation
    Services, Inc., 
    595 A.2d 1264
     (Pa. Super. 1991), is instructive. In that case,
    the plaintiff, a Pennsylvania corporation, desired to purchase an aircraft. 
    Id. at 1264-65
    .       It contacted Mid South, an aircraft brokerage firm, which
    advertised in newspaper and trade journals distributed in jurisdictions
    including Pennsylvania.       
    Id.
        In response to plaintiff’s inquiry, Mid South
    located a jet for sale, which was owned by Shackelford, who lived in North
    Carolina. 
    Id.
     The jet was flown to Mid South’s headquarters in Florida, and
    plaintiff traveled to Florida to negotiate the purchase.            
    Id. at 1265
    .
    Subsequently, after the plaintiff accepted delivery of the jet in Pennsylvania,
    the aircraft’s right engine malfunctioned during a flight in Pennsylvania which
    necessitated an emergency landing. 
    Id.
     When Mid South and Shackleford
    refused to pay for repairs, the plaintiff initiated two civil actions in
    Pennsylvania. 
    Id.
    ____________________________________________
    10 On April 26, 2021, Repak filed a brief response to Appellee’s preliminary
    objections. It did not specifically deny any of Appellee’s allegations concerning
    its contact with Pennsylvania.        Rather, Repak averred that Appellee’s
    contentions were “just red herrings.” Response of Repak in Opposition to
    Appellee’s Preliminary Objections & in Support of Repak’s Preliminary
    Objections to Appellee’s Complaint, 4/26/21, at 2 (unpaginated). Repak
    maintained: “Repak is a separate corporate entitled from Reiser and it has
    never regularly conducted or solicited business in Pennsylvania or engaged in
    any other persistent course of conduct in Pennsylvania.” 
    Id.
     Notably, it did
    not deny that it knew the machine at issue was manufactured for and sold to
    a Pennsylvania company.
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    J-A23024-22
    Both Mid-South and Shackleford filed preliminary objections asserting
    that Pennsylvania courts lacked personal jurisdiction over them.       The trial
    court agreed, and dismissed the cases. C.J. Betters, 
    595 A.2d at 1265
    . On
    appeal, this Court reversed, holding that the exercise of jurisdiction over both
    defendants comported with the standards of due process. 
    Id. at 1268-69
    .
    With regard to Mid-South, the panel concluded that the company knew it was
    selling the aircraft to a Pennsylvania buyer, that intended to use it in
    Pennsylvania. 
    Id. at 1267-68
    .      The court opined: “Mid-South’s single ‘act’
    of selling the [jet] to [plaintiff] does create a substantial connection with the
    forum.   Mid-South ‘purposely availed’ itself of the privilege of conducting
    business in Pennsylvania.”    
    Id. at 1268
     (citation omitted).     Moreover, the
    panel noted that the cause of action for breach of warranty arose “from Mid-
    South’s forum related activity[.]” 
    Id.
    With regard to Shackelford, the panel first noted that “Mid-South was
    acting as Shackelford’s agent[,]” and that Shackelford paid Mid-South for its
    role in the sale. C.J. Betters, 
    595 A.2d at 1269
    . Moreover, the panel also
    emphasized the fact that Shackelford knew the buyer was a Pennsylvania
    company:
    Shackelford knew the aircraft was to be sold to a Pennsylvania
    corporation and willingly accepted a check for the purchase price
    of the plane from Betters. . . . Shackelford willingly delivered the
    airplane to Mid–South knowing full well that after certain cosmetic
    and mechanical changes, the plane would be delivered to Betters,
    a Pennsylvania corporation. This is not a case where a defendant
    having sold an article to one customer may fairly claim surprise
    when that same article later turns up in a third state. By taking
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    J-A23024-22
    part in this transaction, Shackelford purposefully availed himself
    of the privilege of conducting business activities in Pennsylvania.
    
    Id.
     (citations & footnote omitted).
    The same principles apply in the case sub judice. Repak contracted with
    Reiser to sell its products in the United States, and was fully aware this
    included marketing its products in Pennsylvania, as evident by the
    “Repak/Reiser Pennsylvania salesman of the year” award.            See Repak’s
    Facebook Post. Moreover, Appellee provided documentation demonstrating
    that Repak knew the purchaser of the machine at issue was Appellee’s
    employer, a Pennsylvania company.        See Appellee’s Brief in Opposition to
    Repak’s Preliminary Objections to Appellee’s Complaint at 8-9, Exhibits G-M.
    Thus, we conclude the trial court appropriately considered Repak and Reiser’s
    relationship and concluded that Reiser’s actions in Pennsylvania could be
    attributed to Repak for purposes of demonstrating personal jurisdiction under
    the facts presented here.
    Repak also criticizes the trial court’s reliance on dicta in Daimler to
    support its ruling. See Repak’s Brief at 37-40. However, our review reveals
    the trial court was well aware the Daimler decision was not dispositive or
    controlling. See Trial Ct. Op. at 8. Indeed, the court stated that it was unable
    to find “[a] case in line with the facts presented here” — in which a trial court
    asserted “specific jurisdiction over a corporation based solely on actions
    attributed to it by its co[-]defendant and agent.” Id. at 7-8 (emphasis added).
    The trial court referenced the Daimler decision, noting in that case, the
    Supreme Court rejected the California courts’ assertion of “general
    - 27 -
    J-A23024-22
    jurisdiction [over] a foreign corporation based on its agent’s actions.” Id. at
    8 (emphasis added).        However, the trial court observed that the Daimler
    Court “insinuate[d] several times that if the plaintiff had argued for specific
    jurisdiction . . . the outcome may have been different.”         Id. at 8.   This
    observation was correct, and appropriate.        See Daimler, 571 U.S. at 132
    (“Although the placement of a product into the stream of commerce ‘may
    bolster an affiliation germane to specific jurisdiction,’ . . . such contacts ‘do
    not warrant a determination that, based on those ties, the forum has general
    jurisdiction over a defendant.’”); 133 (“Plaintiffs have never attempted to fit
    this case into the specific jurisdiction category.”); 135 n.13 (“Agency
    relationships . . . may be relevant to the existence of specific jurisdiction[;
    a]s such a corporation can purposefully avail itself of a forum by directing its
    agents or distributors to take action there.”) (emphasis in original). Because
    the trial recognized the Supreme Court’s comments in Daimler concerning
    specific jurisdiction were dicta and not dispositive, Repak is entitled to no
    relief.
    Lastly, Repak argues that the record does not support the trial court’s
    finding that Reiser was a subsidiary of Repak. See Repak’s Brief at 40-41.
    Again, Repak mischaracterizes the trial court’s opinion.       The court did not
    determine that Repak was the parent company of Reiser — in fact, the trial
    court specifically referenced the affidavit of Repak’s managing director, Mr.
    Fehrmann, who averred Repak is a “separate corporate entity from its
    distributor” Reiser.     Trial Ct. Op. at 9 (record citation omitted).   However,
    - 28 -
    J-A23024-22
    regardless of the companies’ separate corporate structures, the trial court
    concluded that they were “so closely tethered together in their business
    dealings that Reiser is Repak’s American agent, if not subsidiary.” Id. Clearly,
    the court’s fleeting reference to Reiser as Repak’s “subsidiary” was a matter
    of semantics; it was not intended to constitute a finding that Repak and Reiser
    had a parent/subsidiary relationship.
    Therefore, we conclude the trial court’s assertion of specific personal
    jurisdiction over Repak satisfied due process concerns, and Repak is entitled
    to no relief.
    H. Trial Court’s Consideration of Appellee’s Recourse
    In its final claim, Repak argues that the trial court erred as a matter of
    law and abused its discretion when it concluded that “if it was to rule in favor
    of [Repak, Appellee] would be without recourse for her injuries in the courts
    of Pennsylvania.” Repak’s Brief at 41. First, it maintains the statement is
    false.    Appellee’s claims against Reiser — “the seller, installer and the entity
    responsible for maintenance and repairs” — would survive if Repak were
    dismissed from the action. Id. at 42. Reiser could then adjudicate any claims
    it might have against Repak in the Netherlands, pursuant to the terms of its
    distribution agreement. Id.; see Distribution Agmt at ¶ 15. Repak argues
    that the interests of the plaintiff are relevant only after it is determined the
    defendant has the requisite “minimum contacts” with the forum. Id. at 43.
    Repak, once again, mischaracterizes the trial court’s opinion. It is true
    that Appellee’s claims against Reiser would survive if Repak were dismissed
    - 29 -
    J-A23024-22
    from the case. Nevertheless, Appellee’s only recourse against Repak — the
    manufacturer and designer of the machine — would be to file suit in the
    Netherlands. Moreover, Repak concedes that a trial court may consider the
    interests of the plaintiff in “obtaining convenient and effective relief” once —
    as here — minimum contacts have been established. See Hammons, 240
    A.3d at 556 n.23 (under the “reasonable and fair” prong of the three-part test,
    courts should consider, inter alia, “the burden on the defendant [and] the
    plaintiff’s interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief”) (emphasis
    added), citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 
    471 U.S. 462
    , 477 (1985).
    Thus, the trial court consideration of Appellee’s interests was not an error of
    law or abuse of discretion.
    I. Conclusion
    Therefore, we conclude the trial court did not err or abuse its discretion
    in overruling Repak’s preliminary objections to Appellee’s complaint, and
    determining that its exercise of specific personal jurisdiction over Repak in
    Pennsylvania does not offend either Pennsylvania’s long-arm statute or the
    Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution.
    - 30 -
    J-A23024-22
    Order affirmed.
    President Judge Emeritus Stevens joins the Opinion.
    Judge Bowes Concurs in the Result.
    Judgment Entered.
    Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
    Prothonotary
    Date: 12/6/2022
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