Com. v. St. John, B., III ( 2023 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
BRIAN ST. JOHN, III : No. 982 MDA 2022
Appeal from the Order Entered July 8, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Clinton County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-18-CR-0000246-2021
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.: FILED APRIL 10, 2023
The Commonwealth brings this appeal from the order denying its motion
for recusal of the trial judge in this criminal matter. Upon careful review, we
conclude that this Court has jurisdiction to hear the case and we affirm the
determination of the trial court.
The Commonwealth alleges that, at a residential gathering on February
26, 2021, St. John took a revolver from a kitchen drawer, pointed it at Jakob
Lee Haines and pulled the trigger. Haines sustained a bullet wound to the
center of his chest. When members of the Lock Haven City Police Department
arrived, St. John was kneeling over Haines and applying pressure to his chest.
The Clinton County Coroner pronounced Haines dead at the scene. There were
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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three eyewitnesses to the event. In a criminal information filed July 22, 2021,
the Commonwealth charged St. John with one count of general criminal
homicide, two counts of aggravated assault, and one count of recklessly
endangering another person.
On May 20, 2022, the Commonwealth filed a motion for recusal. In its
motion, the Commonwealth alleged that President Judge Craig P. Miller, who
was scheduled to preside at the trial set for July 2022, had personal and
professional conflicts that created an appearance of partiality. Specifically, the
Commonwealth alleged that President Judge Miller and defense counsel,
George Lepley, Esq., had a personal and professional relationship. In addition,
the Commonwealth claimed that President Judge Miller had extensive
familiarity with St. John’s mother, Bethy Jo St. John, because he had
represented Ms. St. John in two criminal matters prior to his elevation to the
bench.
The trial court held a hearing on the motion on July 7, 2022. At the
conclusion of the hearing the trial court entered an order denying the
Commonwealth’s request for recusal. The Commonwealth filed this timely
notice of appeal, in which it invoked our jurisdiction pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
311(d) and Pa.R.A.P. 313. Both the Commonwealth and the trial court
complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. Although the Commonwealth set forth multiple
points for relief in its Rule 1925(b) statement, the sole issue presented in the
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Commonwealth’s appellate brief is whether the trial court abused its discretion
in denying the motion for recusal. See Commonwealth’s Brief at 6.
Before we address the merits of the Commonwealth’s claim, we first
consider whether this appeal is properly before us for review because the
“appealability of an order directly implicates the jurisdiction of the court asked
to review the order.” Commonwealth v. Brister, 16 A.3d 530, 533 (Pa.
Super. 2011) (citation omitted).1 The order denying the Commonwealth’s
motion for recusal is an interlocutory order and cannot be considered final
under Pa.R.A.P. 341. However, our Supreme Court has held that the
Commonwealth is entitled to an interlocutory appeal as of right from a trial
court’s denial of a Commonwealth motion seeking recusal. See
Commonwealth v. White, 910 A.2d 648, 655 (Pa. 2006). The
Commonwealth must comply with Pa.R.A.P. 311(d) and certify in its notice of
appeal that the denial of the motion for recusal substantially handicaps
prosecution of the case. See id. In addition, this Court held that an order
denying a Commonwealth motion for recusal is appealable under Pa.R.A.P.
313. See Commonwealth v. Stevenson, 829 A.2d 701, 704 (Pa. Super.
2003). The Stevenson Court reasoned that an appeal is permissible from the
collateral order because, due to double jeopardy protections, the
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1 We note that the trial court, in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, has suggested that
this appeal by the Commonwealth is improper and should be quashed. See
Trial Court Opinion, 8/3/22, at 15-21.
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Commonwealth is otherwise precluded from seeking review of its motion for
recusal if the defendant is acquitted. See id.Accordingly, we conclude that the order denying the Commonwealth’s
request for recusal is appealable under both Rule 311(d) and Rule 313. We
further observe the Commonwealth has cited to both Rules in its notice of
appeal and properly expressed that “the Collateral Order will terminate or
substantially handicap the prosecution.” See Notice of Appeal, 7/12/22, at 1.
Consequently, we possess jurisdiction to review this matter. Having so
determined, we now address the merits of the issue presented.
The Commonwealth argues that the trial court abused its discretion in
denying the Commonwealth’s motion for recusal because there is a substantial
doubt as to the trial judge’s ability to preside impartially. See
Commonwealth’s Brief at 22-30. In support of this claim, the Commonwealth
contends that the trial judge had “long-term, close personal and professional
ties” with defense counsel. Id. at 23-24. The Commonwealth offers brief
reviews of multiple cases in which defense counsel and the trial judge had
acted as co-defense counsel when the trial judge was still an attorney. See
id. at 24-25. Further, the Commonwealth adds to its reasons for recusal the
fact that the trial judge, when he was a defense attorney, represented St.
John’s mother in two unrelated criminal matters. See id. at 24-25. Ultimately,
the Commonwealth asserts that the trial judge has completely ignored the
relevant portions of the recusal test that requires the jurist to consider public
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perception and the appearance of impropriety that the court’s dealings and
relationships create.
We note that the analysis of a judge’s ability to be impartial is inherently
a subjective one:
If a party questions the impartiality of a judge, the proper
recourse is a motion for recusal, requesting that the judge make
an independent, self-analysis of the ability to be impartial. If
content with that inner examination, the judge must then decide
whether his or her continued involvement in the case creates an
appearance of impropriety and/or would tend to undermine public
confidence in the judiciary. This assessment is a personal and
unreviewable decision that only the jurist can make.
Commonwealth v. Luketic, 162 A.3d 1149, 1158 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation
omitted).
“Our standard of review of a trial court’s determination not to recuse
from hearing a case is exceptionally deferential.” Commonwealth v. Postie,
110 A.3d 1034, 1037 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted). “The party who
asserts a trial judge must be disqualified bears the burden of producing
evidence establishing bias, prejudice, or unfairness necessitating recusal, and
the decision by a judge against whom a plea of prejudice is made will not be
disturbed except for an abuse of discretion.” Commonwealth v. Sarvey, 199
A.3d 436, 454 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation omitted).
“This Court presumes judges of this Commonwealth are honorable, fair
and competent, and, when confronted with a recusal demand, have the ability
to determine whether they can rule impartially and without prejudice.”
Luketic, 162 A.3d at 1157 (citation and quotation marks omitted). We have
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reiterated that “[j]udges in the smaller counties commonly preside over
multiple proceedings involving a given defendant and his or her friends and
family, and that fact, in and of itself, is not indicative of bias.” Sarvey, 199
A.3d at 454 (citation omitted).
In addressing the request for recusal and assessing its ability to act as
a proper jurist, the trial court offered the following:
This [c]ourt has found previously and again finds that the
Commonwealth has not produced any evidence establishing bias,
prejudice, or unfairness necessitating recusal. The Commonwealth
has alleged that two (2) professional relationships that the
[u]ndersigned has had while practicing law necessitates recusal.
[T]he [u]ndersigned had a professional interaction with
[d]efendant St. John’s mother as a client. Further, … the
[u]ndersigned did not even practice in the same office or firm with
Attorney Lepley. The [u]ndersigned has conducted the
independent self-analysis of the [u]ndersigned’s ability to be
impartial as required by decisions of the Appellate Courts of
Pennsylvania. As indicated above, this assessment is personal and
an unreviewable decision only this jurist is able to undertake. The
[u]ndersigned finds that the Undersigned can clearly be impartial,
that the professional relationships that the (u)ndersigned has had
with Ms. St. John and Attorney Lepley has not impacted the
[u]ndersigned’s duty to be impartial and, therefore, would urge
the Superior Court to affirm this Court’s decision.
Trial Court Opinion, 8/3/22, at 13.
However, as the Commonwealth asserts, the lower court here failed to
make the additional analysis regarding public perception and appearance of
impropriety. As indicated by our caselaw, if content with that inner
examination, addressing an independent, self-analysis of the ability to be
impartial, “the judge must then decide whether his or her continued
involvement in the case creates an appearance of impropriety and/or would
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tend to undermine public confidence in the judiciary.” Commonwealth v.
Kane, 188 A.3d 1217, 1225 (Pa. Super. 2018).
Our case law has recognized several ways a litigant can establish that a
judge should be disqualified due to the appearance of impropriety. First, a
litigant can establish that the jurist can reasonably be considered to harbor a
personal bias against the litigant. See Commonwealth v. Darush, 459 A.2d
727, 732 (Pa. 1983) (requiring disqualification of sentencing judge who could
not refute an allegation that he had said “[w]e want to get people like him
[appellant] out of Potter County”). A second method involves establishing that
the jurist could reasonably be considered to have a personal interest in the
outcome of the litigant’s case. See In Interest of McFall, 617 A.2d 707, 713
(Pa. 1992) (holding that a trial judge, who cooperated with the FBI as an
undercover agent following allegations of bribery, had a real and tangible bias
in the criminal cases heard by her, because she was subject to prosecution for
her actions by the prosecuting authority in each of the cases before). A third
way we have recognized for establishing an appearance of impropriety is a
showing that a jurist has a bias against a particular class of litigants. See
Commonwealth v. Lemanski, 529 A.2d 1085, 1089 (Pa. Super. 1987)
(finding that a defendant adequately supported allegations of personal bias
against a “particular class of litigants” by reference to comments made from
the bench and in a local newspaper regarding an opinion and predetermined
policy that in all drug cases deserve the maximum sentence).
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Here, the Commonwealth has not presented evidence to establish that
the trial judge should be disqualified based upon an appearance of
impropriety. First, the Commonwealth has not alleged that the trial judge
harbors a personal bias against the Commonwealth.
Second, the Commonwealth has not established, beyond mere
conjecture, that the trial court could reasonably be considered to have a
personal interest in the outcome of the case. The Commonwealth has relied
upon the trial judge having had connections, prior to joining the bench, with
defense counsel and St. John’s mother to support an allegation of a personal
interest in this criminal matter. At the recusal hearing, the trial court offered
the following comments regarding his relationship with Attorney Lepley and
the Commonwealth’s allegation that the two were “life-long friends:”
The Court has had numerous professional relationships and
continues to have numerous professional relationships with
numerous attorneys and does not see that as a disqualifying basis
on any matter. … The Commonwealth has offered no evidence …
that Attorney Lepley and this Court are life-long friends. … The
Court has several life-long friends, and Attorney Lepley is not one
of them. … [T]he Commonwealth has not offered any evidence
of Attorney Lepley and this Court socializing together since this
Court took the [b]ench in 2008. And prior to that, the socializing
together was all related to this Court being involved in criminal
trials as co-counsel with Attorney Lepley.
N.T., 7/7/22, at 51-52.
In addition, the trial judge offered the following concerning his
connection with Ms. St. John:
[T]he Court has represented [Ms. St. John] in criminal actions in
Clinton and Lycoming County. … This Court can truthfully say
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that this Court could not identify Ms. St. John from the crowd
today when the Court came in. And the Court could not, prior to
Ms. St. John’s testifying, pick her out of a lineup or any
photographic lineup. This Court has absolutely little recollection of
said contact and has not had any contact with Ms. St. John since
the criminal matter ended. … And this Court has not completed
any legal work for anyone else in the family other than Ms. St.
John’s, which representation occurred approximately 16 years
ago.
Id. at 52-53. These comments by the trial court reflect that the
Commonwealth’s allegations about significant contacts between the trial judge
and Attorney Lepley and Ms. St. John are unfounded. Accordingly, we conclude
the Commonwealth has failed to support a claim that the trial judge had a
personal interest in the outcome of this criminal matter.
Finally, we observe that the Commonwealth has not alleged let alone
established an appearance of impropriety by a showing that the trial judge
has a bias against a particular class of litigant, which would include either the
Commonwealth or St. John. Although the trial court may not have conducted
a distinct review of the Commonwealth’s claim that his continued involvement
in the case creates an appearance of impropriety, the trial judge,
nevertheless, conducted the necessary assessment of his ability to preside
impartially and whether he should be disqualified based upon allegations of
an appearance of impropriety. Therefore, we discern no error on the part of
the trial court in denying the Commonwealth’s motion seeking recusal.
Order affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 04/10/2023
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