Com. v. Strouth, K. ( 2020 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
KENNETH ALLEN STROUTH :
:
Appellant : No. 488 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 9, 2019,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Adams County,
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-01-CR-0000094-2019.
BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED DECEMBER 30, 2020
Kenneth Allen Strouth appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed
following his convictions for burglary, theft by unlawful taking, and receiving
stolen property.1 We affirm.
In 2019, Strouth was brought to trial on two counts each of burglary,
theft by unlawful taking, and receiving stolen property arising from incidents
that took place at two separate residences, one on November 8, 2018, and
the other on January 7, 2019. During his opening statement, defense counsel
indicated that Strouth intended to testify on his own behalf. Some time later,
outside the presence of the jury, the trial court conducted a colloquy on the
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3502(a)(3), 3921(a), 3925(a).
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record to inform Strouth of his constitutional right to remain silent or, in the
alternative, to testify. During the colloquy, the trial court learned that Strouth
had a prior crimen falsi conviction for conspiracy to possess a stolen firearm
in 2009. The trial court incorrectly advised Strouth about the manner in which
this information could be presented to the jury. The court initially stated: “if
you were to testify, the Commonwealth would be entitled to cross-examine
you and ask you about that conviction as it’s one of theft related or crimen
falsi type of a matter.” N.T. Trial, 10/8/19, at 71. The court then advised
Strouth: “If it’s within statutory parameters, they might be able to ask you
about it. So that’s something you should discuss with your attorney as to
whether or not that conviction would be made known to the jury. . . . It’s you
and your attorney that need to make that decision.” Id.
The Commonwealth then advised the trial court that, in 2001, Strouth
also pleaded guilty to multiple breaking and entering and grand larceny
charges which would have resulted in his incarceration within ten years. Id.
at 72. There was a discussion on the record between the court and the
Commonwealth which indicated some uncertainty as to whether the ten-year
period extended from the date of the offense or the date of the conviction.
Ultimately, as the uncertainty had not been resolved, the trial court cautioned
Strouth “do you understand that you and your attorney will need to discuss
whether or not you wish to testify knowing that it’s possible that the jury
would be made aware of these other prior convictions; do you understand
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that?” Id. at 72. The trial court then took a recess to permit Strouth to
consult with defense counsel.
After the recess, the trial court indicated that crimen falsi convictions
are admissible within ten years from the release from prison, and inquired as
to when Strouth was released from prison for his 2001 crimen falsi convictions.
The Commonwealth informed the trial court that Strouth was not released
from prison on those charges until 2018. Id. at 72-73. The defense objected
on the basis that the Commonwealth had not demonstrated which of the
numerous 2001 convictions resulted in prison time being served by Strouth
within ten years (i.e., after 2009). The trial court agreed with the defense,
and admonished the Commonwealth that they would need to establish which
crimen falsi convictions resulted in incarceration from 2009 forward.
The Commonwealth then presented the trial court with records
establishing that both the 2009 conviction and the 2001 convictions were
admissible as crimen falsi under Pa.R.E. 609. The Commonwealth established
that Strouth was sentenced in 2001 to serve twelve years in prison for his
convictions for grand larceny and breaking and entering, which would have
rendered Strouth incarcerated for those crimes within ten years of his 2019
trial date. Ultimately, the trial court ruled that both convictions would be
admissible if Strouth testified. N.T. Trial, 10/8/19, at 107.
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Based on this ruling, defense counsel requested that the court re-
colloquy Strouth regarding his testimonial rights. The trial court complied,
and advised Strouth as follows:
Mr. Strouth, if you choose to testify, I've ruled that the
Commonwealth can introduce evidence of your prior convictions
for grand larceny and breaking and entering and conspiracy to
possess a stolen item, which is a firearm. They can do so with the
limiting instruction that it’s not admitted to show that you are a
person of bad character, but rather, to call into question your
trustworthiness or honesty with regard to any testimony that you
might provide. It’s an impeaching mechanism, not necessarily a
character reference. So knowing that that information is going to
be given to the [j]ury if you testify, the question remains for you
whether you wish to testify or whether you wish to exercise your
Fifth Amendment right and remain silent and not testify. You’ll
need to speak to [defense counsel] here for a few minutes, but
you need to understand that you have the right. The choice is
entirely yours. There are risks associated with you choosing to
testify.
Id. at 107-08. The trial court then held a recess so that Strouth could discuss
with defense counsel his decision to testify or not. After speaking with
counsel, Strouth ultimately chose not to testify. Consequently, the
Commonwealth did not admit Strouth’s crimen falsi convictions at trial.
When the trial concluded, the jury returned guilty verdicts on three
counts arising from the November 8, 2018 incident, and not guilty verdicts on
the three counts arising from the January 7, 2019 incident. The trial court
later sentenced Strouth to two-and-one-half years to five years in prison.2
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2 The trial court imposed this sentence on the burglary conviction. The
remaining convictions for theft and receiving stolen property merged with the
burglary conviction for sentencing purposes.
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Strouth filed a timely post-sentence motion, which the trial court denied.
Strouth filed a timely notice of appeal. Both Strouth and the trial court
complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Strouth raises one issue for our review: “Whether it was reversible error
for the [c]ourt to instruct [Strouth] that the Commonwealth could introduce
evidence of his crimen falsi convictions via cross[-]examination (not on
rebuttal) if he chose to testify.” Strouth’s Brief at 6.
The cross-examination of a defendant at trial regarding prior offenses is
governed by 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5918, which provides:
No person charged with any crime and called as a witness in his
own behalf, shall be asked, or if asked, shall be required to
answer, any question tending to show that he has committed, or
been charged with, or been convicted of any offense other than
the one wherewith he shall then be charged, or tending to show
that he has been of bad character or reputation unless:
(1) he shall have at such trial, personally or by counsel, asked
questions of the witness for the prosecution with a view to
establish his own good reputation or character, or has given
evidence tending to prove his own good character or reputation;
or
(2) he shall have testified at such trial against a co-defendant,
charged with the same offense.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5918. Thus, pursuant to section 5918, when a defendant in a
criminal case has been called to testify in his or her own behalf, he or she
generally cannot be cross-examined about prior convictions.
However, evidence of a prior conviction of a crime involving dishonesty
or false statement may nevertheless be introduced in rebuttal after the
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defendant has testified. See Commonwealth v. Bighum, 307 A.2d 255 (Pa.
1973). In this regard, Pa.R.E. 609 provides that:
(a) In General. For the purpose of attacking the credibility of any
witness, evidence that the witness has been convicted of a crime,
whether by verdict or by plea of guilty or nolo contendere, must
be admitted if it involved dishonesty or false statement.
(b) Limit on Using the Evidence After 10 Years. This subdivision
(b) applies if more than 10 years have passed since the witness’s
conviction or release from confinement for it, whichever is later.
Evidence of the conviction is admissible only if:
(1) its probative value substantially outweighs its prejudicial
effect; and
(2) the proponent gives an adverse party reasonable written
notice of the intent to use it so that the party has a fair
opportunity to contest its use.
***
Pa.R.E. 609(a), (b); see also id. Cmt. (providing that “where the date of
conviction or last date of confinement is within ten years of the trial, evidence
of the conviction of a crimen falsi is per se admissible”).
The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has clarified that while crimen falsi
convictions are automatically admissible if the conviction is, or confinement
for the conviction ended, within the last ten years, the proof of such
convictions can only be introduced during rebuttal by competent witnesses
and certified court records, unless the defendant puts his good character in
issue. See Commonwealth v. Garcia, 712 A.2d 746, 748 (Pa. 1998).
Finally, harmless error is present when the properly admitted evidence
of guilt is so overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error is so
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insignificant by comparison that it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that the
error could not have contributed to the verdict. Id. at 749.
Strouth contends that the trial court committed reversible error by
initially informing him that he could be subject to cross-examination regarding
the crimen falsi convictions. According to Strouth, “the trial court’s ruling
permitting the Commonwealth to cross-examine [Strouth] regarding his
criminal record (not present evidence in rebuttal) directly and materially
coerced [Strouth] to change his mind to not testify.” Strouth’s Brief at 13-14.
Strouth further argues that, “[d]espite the crimen falsi convictions not having
been admitted into evidence, the ruling here improperly and adversely
affected a substantial right of [Strouth], i.e. his right to a fair trial under the
Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Id. at 14.
Strouth additionally argues that the error was not harmless because the
evidence of guilt in the November burglary for which he was convicted was
not so overwhelming, such that it was clear beyond a reasonable doubt that
the error could not have contributed to the verdict. He claims his testimony
could have swayed at least one juror into finding the existence of doubt.
According to Strouth, he “was required to consider the potential prejudicial
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effect of prohibited cross-examination, not relatively benign rebuttal
evidence.” Id. at 15.3
Strouth attempts to distinguish the timing of the admission of his prior
crimen falsi convictions. He believes their admission on cross-examination
would have been prejudicial, but as rebuttal evidence would have been benign.
We disagree. Here, Strouth was on trial for burglary, theft by unlawful taking,
and receiving stolen property. In our view, Strouth has not convinced us that,
had he taken the witness stand, his potential testimony would have been
viewed as credible. Regardless of when or how the information came to light,
the jury would have been informed that Strouth had numerous prior
convictions for crimes involving dishonesty.
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3 Strouth additionally contends that the record is not clear what convictions
were crimen falsi because no certified records were ever presented to defense
counsel or the court, nor was a competent witness to authenticate them was
present at trial. However, this issue was not raised in his Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
concise statement, nor in his Pa.R.A.P. 2116 statement of questions involved.
Thus, it is waived. See Commonwealth v. Lord, 719 A.2d 306, 309 (Pa.
1998) (holding that if an appellant is directed to file a concise statement of
matters to be raised on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), any issues not
raised in that statement are waived); see also Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (providing
that issues not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for
the first time on appeal); Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(3)(vii), (proving that “issues not
included in the Statement … are waived”). Moreover, even if the issue was
not waived, it is meritless, as the Commonwealth only would have been
required to present certified records and a competent witness if it sought to
admit the crimen falsi convictions into evidence; however, as Strouth never
took the witness stand, the need for certified records and a competent witness
never arose. See Garcia, 712 A.2d at 748.
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Further, Strouth does not challenge that his prior convictions were
crimen falsi or that they were per se admissible because they fell within ten
years of the instant proceeding. Although the trial court initially misstated
that Strouth could be cross-examined with respect to the 2009 conviction for
conspiracy to possess a stolen firearm, it timely corrected the error. Upon
further discussion of this evidentiary issue, the court repeatedly indicated that,
on rebuttal, the jury would be made aware of Strouth’s crimen falsi
convictions, including the multiple 2001 convictions for grand larceny and
breaking and entering, if Strouth testified. Thus, other than the first
misstatement, the trial court properly informed Strouth multiple times that
the crimen falsi convictions would be admitted into evidence if he chose to
testify. Moreover, the trial court encouraged Strouth to discuss the matter
with defense counsel and gave Strouth ample time to discuss the matter with
defense counsel, who could have provided clarification on the matter, if
necessary.
Based on the record before us, we conclude that the trial court’s initial
error was harmless. Strouth was correctly advised multiple times that his
prior convictions for grand larceny, breaking and entering, and conspiracy to
possess a stolen firearm were admissible if he took the witness stand.
Accordingly, we affirm Strouth’s judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
President Judge Emeritus Stevens joins the memorandum.
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Judge McLaughlin concurs in the result.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/30/2020
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