Com. v. Starr, E. ( 2020 )

J-A09033-20
2020 PA Super 147COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
EDMUND STARR, :
:
Appellant : No. 748 WDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 28, 2016
in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0012082-2013
BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., MURRAY, J. and STRASSBURGER, J.*
OPINION BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED JUNE 23, 2020
Edmund Starr (Appellant), appeals nunc pro tunc from his November
28, 2016 judgment of sentence, which the trial court imposed after revoking
Appellant’s probation. We affirm.
In a prior memorandum, we provided an overview of the relevant facts
and procedural history.
On February 20, 2014, Appellant entered a negotiated
guilty plea to unlawful contact with a minor, statutory sexual
assault, corruption of minors, indecent assault with a person less
than 16 years old, and selling or furnishing alcohol to a minor, in
connection with Appellant's inappropriate conduct with his wife’s
15-year-old sister. The court sentenced him on March 3, 2014,
to the negotiated aggregate term of 8 to 16 months’
imprisonment, plus 10 years’ probation. The terms of Appellant’s
probation included special conditions, including a condition
restricting his internet access. [As part of his plea, Appellant
signed a form specifically acknowledging that he would be bound
*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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by the special conditions while on probation. He also verbally
acknowledged the special conditions on the record1].
While on probation, Appellant committed numerous
technical violations, including repeated violations of the internet
restriction. On November 28, 2016, the court held a revocation
hearing, revoked Appellant’s probation, and resentenced him to
an aggregate term of 2 to 6 years’ imprisonment, plus 6 years’
probation, with the same [] internet access restriction.
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1 Appellant was sentenced through Allegheny County’s Sex Offender Court
(“SOC”), a specialty court
to which all cases with charges subject to the Sex Offender
Registration Notification Act, 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9799.10-9799.41
(“SORNA”) are assigned. Defendants sentenced in SOC [] are
supervised by a specialized unit of probation officers, participate
in a mental health treatment protocol designed for sex offenders
and are subject to regular review hearings. Review hearings are
held before the sentencing judge and supervision conditions may
be reconsidered as appropriate at those hearings.
Trial Court Opinion, 7/19/2019, at 1 n.1.
The probation condition at issue in this case states that Appellant
“shall not possess or use a computer with access to any ‘online computer
service,’ or any other electronic device that allows internet connections
and/or access at any location (including employment) without the prior
written approval of the probation/parole officer. This includes any internet
services provided, bulletin board system[,] or any other public or private
computer network.” Appellant’s Brief at Ex. B (Charge Specific Special
Conditions, undated). We note that although Appellant’s two sentencing
orders and original guilty plea colloquy reference charge specific conditions,
the charge specific conditions themselves do not appear in the certified
record. Although we ordinarily do not consider documents outside of the
record, because none of the parties dispute that the conditions attached to
Appellant’s brief are the ones that he signed, and because this appeal asks
us to decide whether the condition should have been imposed, not whether
it existed, we assume for the purposes of this memorandum that Exhibit B is
a true and correct copy of the conditions Appellant signed before pleading
guilty and the conditions re-imposed after his probation was revoked.
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Appellant initially filed a timely direct appeal on December
27, 2016[, but later discontinued it voluntarily].. On December
12, 2017, Appellant filed a counseled petition pursuant to the
Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”) at 42 Pa.C.S.[] §§ 9541-
9546, seeking to reinstate his post-sentence motion rights nunc
pro tunc. [] In the PCRA petition, Appellant claimed he wanted to
challenge the condition of his probation restricting his internet
access. The Commonwealth did not oppose Appellant’s request.
Thus, the court entered an order on January 16, 2018, restoring
Appellant’s post-sentence motion and attendant rights nunc pro
tunc.
On January 22, 2018, Appellant timely filed a post-
sentence motion nunc pro tunc, which the court denied that day.
Appellant filed a counseled notice of appeal []on February 20,
2018.
Commonwealth v. Starr, 209 A.3d 541 (Pa. Super. 2019) (unpublished
memorandum at 1). On January 30, 2019, this Court dismissed Appellant’s
appeal because it had been untimely filed. Id.On February 14, 2019, Appellant filed a second PCRA petition and
sought to restore his appellate rights based upon counsel’s ineffectiveness in
filing a late notice of appeal. The trial court granted his petition on April 24,
2019, and appointed new counsel to represent Appellant. Appellant filed
timely a notice of appeal, and Appellant’s appeal is now properly before us.2
In this appeal, Appellant raises the following four issues.
I. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it imposed
an internet restriction as a special condition of Appellant’s
probation revocation sentence when there exists no nexus
between the crimes charged and access to the internet.
____________________________________________
2 Both Appellant and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
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II. Whether the underlying record is sufficient to support the
imposition of an internet restriction as a special condition of
Appellant’s revocation sentence when there was no showing by
the Commonwealth that the special condition was reasonably
tailored to Appellant's unique rehabilitation needs and no
consideration was given to principles of individualized
sentencing.
III. Whether the special condition of Appellant’s probation[,]
which requires that “[Appellant] shall not possess or use a
computer with access to any” online computer service,” or any
other electronic device that allows internet connections and/or
access at any location (including employment) without the prior
written approval of the probation/parole officer…[,]” is effectively
a blanket internet ban, which is constitutionally overbroad and in
violation of [Appellant’s] rights under the First Amendment of
the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 7 of the
Pennsylvania Constitution.
IV. Whether the sentence imposed for a violation of a special
condition of probation should be vacated when the special
condition found to be violated was an internet restriction[,]
which was improperly imposed.
Appellant’s Brief at 6-7 (answers omitted).
“[I]n reviewing an appeal from a judgment of sentence imposed after
the revocation of probation, this Court’s scope of review includes the validity
of the hearing, the legality of the final sentence, and if properly raised, the
discretionary aspects of the appellant’s sentence.” Commonwealth v.
Kuykendall, 2 A.3d 559, 563 (Pa. Super. 2010).
Challenge to Discretionary Aspects of Sentence
We begin by reviewing Appellant’s challenges to the discretionary
aspects of his sentence presented in issues one and two. “An appellant
wishing to appeal the discretionary aspects of a probation-revocation
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sentence has no absolute right to do so but, rather, must petition this Court
for permission to do so.” Commonwealth v. Kalichak, 943 A.2d 285, 289
(Pa. Super. 2008). Before this Court can address such a discretionary
challenge, an appellant must invoke this Court’s jurisdiction by establishing
that (1) the appeal was timely filed; (2) the challenge was properly
preserved by objecting during the revocation sentencing or in a post-
sentence motion; (3) his or her brief includes a concise statement of the
reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal of the discretionary aspects of
the sentence pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) the concise statement
raises a substantial question that the sentence is inappropriate under the
Sentencing Code. Commonwealth v. Swope, 123 A.3d 333, 338 (Pa.
Super. 2015).
Instantly, Appellant has satisfied the first three requirements by timely
filing a post-sentence motion challenging the restrictiveness and
reasonableness of the sentence nunc pro tunc, timely filing a notice of
appeal nunc pro tunc, and including a Rule 2119(f) concise statement in his
brief. Thus, we examine whether Appellant has presented a substantial
question for our review.
In his Rule 2119(f) statement, Appellant asserts that the imposition of
a broad internet restriction as a condition of his probation violates 42 Pa.C.S.
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§ 9754,3 insomuch as the trial court failed to consider the nature and
elements of the underlying crime, Appellant’s unique rehabilitative needs,
and whether the sentence helps facilitate his rehabilitation. Appellant’s Brief
at 20-21. This presents a substantial question for our review. See
Commonwealth v. Houtz, 982 A.2d 537, 539 (Pa. Super. 2009).
Before we delve into Appellant’s arguments, we note what Appellant is
not challenging in this appeal. Appellant does not challenge the trial court’s
decision to sentence him to prison, or the length of his prison or probation
sentence. He solely challenges the trial court’s discretion in sentencing him
____________________________________________
3 Section 9754 was amended in 2019. However, the version in effect at the
time of Appellant’s sentencing provided as follows.
(a) General rule. In imposing an order of probation the court
shall specify at the time of sentencing the length of any term
during which the defendant is to be supervised, which term may
not exceed the maximum term for which the defendant could be
confined, and the authority that shall conduct the supervision.
(b) Conditions generally. The court shall attach such of the
reasonable conditions authorized by subsection (c) of this section
as it deems necessary to insure or assist the defendant in
leading a law-abiding life.
42 Pa.C.S. § 9754(a), (b) (effective to December 17, 2019).
Subsection 9754(c) set forth specific conditions the court may
order the defendant to follow, plus a catch-all general condition
permitting the court to order the defendant “[t]o satisfy any other
conditions reasonably related to the rehabilitation of the defendant and
not unduly restrictive of his liberty or incompatible with his freedom of
conscience.” Id. at § 9754(c).
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to a probation sentence that includes a condition restricting his ability to use
the internet and computer devices that connect to the internet.
Appellant’s argument is two-fold. First, he argues that the imposition
of a broad internet restriction was an abuse of the trial court’s discretion,
because there is no nexus between the internet and Appellant’s crimes for
which he was serving probation (unlawful contact with a minor and statutory
sexual assault). Appellant’s Brief at 21-22 (citing Houtz, 982 A.2d at 540(holding that a broad internet restriction without a nexus to the crime is
punitive, unduly restrictive, and incompatible with freedom of conscience)).
Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion in imposing an
internet ban that substantially impairs Appellant’s ability to function in
modern society without having any relation to his crimes. Appellant’s Brief
at 23-24.
Appellant’s second related argument is that the internet restriction is
not tailored to meet Appellant’s particular rehabilitative needs, and asserts
that the Commonwealth did not introduce any evidence regarding the need
for an internet ban for Appellant. Appellant’s Brief at 25-26. Appellant
argues that the ban is a “one-size-fits-all” approach to sentencing individuals
who committed sex crimes, which is imposed upon individuals who
participate in SOC in contravention of section 9754 without regard to
individual rehabilitative needs. Id. He emphasizes that the ban restricts
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more activity than is necessary to protect society from misconduct on the
internet and prevents Appellant from engaging with the modern world. Id.We review Appellant’s challenge to the discretionary aspects of his
sentence following the revocation of his probation using the following
standard.
The imposition of sentence following the revocation of probation
is vested within the sound discretion of the trial court, which,
absent an abuse of that discretion, will not be disturbed on
appeal. An abuse of discretion is more than an error in judgment
- a sentencing court has not abused its discretion unless the
record discloses that the judgment exercised was manifestly
unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will.
Commonwealth v. Simmons, 56 A.3d 1280, 1283-84 (Pa. Super. 2012).
This Court has stated the following regarding a condition of probation.
A probation order is unique and individualized. It is
constructed as an alternative to imprisonment and is designed to
rehabilitate a criminal defendant while still preserving the rights
of law-abiding citizens to be secure in their persons and
property. When conditions are placed on probation orders they
are formulated to insure or assist a defendant in leading a law-
abiding life. Moreover, as long as conditions placed on probation
are reasonable, it is within a trial court’s discretion to order
them.
Houtz, 982 A.2d at 539-40 (citations omitted). If a condition of probation is
not followed, subsection 9771(b) grants the court the authority to “revoke
an order of probation upon proof of the violation of specified conditions of
the probation.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9771(b). Upon revocation, “the sentencing
alternatives available to the court shall be the same as were available at the
time of initial sentencing,” id., although the court’s ability “to order total
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confinement following a violation of probation is statutorily circumscribed” by
subsection 9771(c). Commonwealth v. Mazzetti, 44 A.3d 58, 64 (Pa.
2012).
In the instant case, the trial court explained that the originally-
imposed condition4
was known to and agreed upon by Appellant before [he entered
into a guilty] plea [in 2014], was based on expert advice for
rehabilitation and supervision of sex offenders in the
community[,] and was subject to revision at regular review
hearings based on individual needs and progress. The
subsequent imposition of that condition at his resentencing [in
2016] was more than justified based upon Appellant’s conduct
during supervision.
Trial Court Opinion, 7/19/2019, at 6.
Specifically, in 2014, within 48 hours of his release from prison on
parole, Appellant obtained a “smartphone and used it to access the internet
in order to solicit women on Craigslist, exchange nude photos of himself[,]
and view various pornographic websites.” Id. at 4. Probation was
____________________________________________
4 The trial court contended that through this appeal, because the conditions
are identical, Appellant really is challenging the original condition set forth in
the 2014 sentencing order, and therefore he has waived his issues by failing
to challenge that order in a timely fashion. Trial Court Opinion, 7/19/2019,
at 5.
We disagree. When a court revokes probation, it does not reinstate
the old sentence. Instead, it imposes a new sentence, and the defendant
may challenge the discretionary aspects of the new sentence. Kalichak,
943 A.2d at 289. Appellant’s arguments center around his contention that
the trial court abused its discretion in imposing the condition through the
2016 re-sentencing order, not the original order. See Appellant’s Brief at 23
n.12; Appellant’s Reply Brief at 3.
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concerned with the speed in which Appellant violated his probation condition.
N.T., 12/1/2014, at 6-7. As the trial court put it, “[why] in the world would
[Appellant] stand before [this court] under oath, plead guilty to those
offenses[,] and two days after [Appellant was] paroled be online trolling for
underage girls?” Id. at 8. Appellant admitted that he was on Craigslist,
Facebook, Tinder, and FetLife, but denied that he was searching for an
underage female. Id. at 8, 13. He also claimed he did not know the
internet restriction applied to him, despite acknowledging in writing that it
did before entering into his guilty plea. Id. at 3, 5, 10-11. Appellant
promised to abide by his probation conditions in the future. Id. at The trial
court set a review for 30 days, and told Appellant to come up with a home
plan and find employment.
In 2015, Appellant was detained after being caught with a smartphone
and computer tablet in violation of his probation conditions. Appellant gave
his probation officer an invalid password for the phone, but the probation
office was able to examine the tablet and saw that pornographic websites
had been accessed through the internet web browser. At the April 4, 2016
Gagnon II5 hearing, Appellant complained about the cell phone restriction,
____________________________________________
5 See Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778 (1973); see also
Commonwealth v. Ferguson, 761 A.2d 613 (Pa. Super. 2000) (explaining
when probationer is detained based on an alleged probation violation, due
process requires a Gagnon I hearing to determine whether there is
probable cause that probationer committed violation, followed by a second
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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but eventually stated that he understood why he could not have the device.
N.T., 4/4/2016, at 6. He acknowledged it was his second violation with an
internet device and that “a cell phone has been a problem for [him].” Id. at
6, 8. The trial court permitted Appellant to reside at the Remnant House on
the condition that he attend outpatient sex offender and mental health
treatment and not possess a cell phone with internet access. See generally
id.
In 2016, Appellant was detained again. This time, his probation officer
alleged that while Appellant was residing at the Remnant House, Appellant
hid a smartphone at the pizza shop where he worked. When he was
confronted by Remnant House staff, he tried to break the phone and erase
its data, then grabbed the wrist of a staff member who tried to take the
phone from him. During the Gagnon II hearing on November 28, 2016,
Appellant did not deny this conduct, but instead stated, through his counsel,
that he did not abide by the internet-restriction condition because “he felt
that [it] did not apply to him because his charges did not include use of the
internet or a phone.” N.T., 11/28/2016, at 2-3.
Probation reviewed Appellant’s two-year history of noncompliance with
the terms of his probation, including multiple violations of the internet-
restriction condition, as well as a failure to remain in-state and reside with
(Footnote Continued) _______________________
more comprehensive Gagnon II hearing wherein trial court determines
whether to revoke probationer’s probation).
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his mother, and two failed programs. Id. at 5-11. As the trial court
explained in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the “continued lack of compliance on
the part of Appellant made it clear to [the trial] court that Appellant had not
benefited from sex offender supervision, including but not limited to
specialized mental health treatment, and was either unable or unwilling to
act in a manner that would not place the community in danger.” Trial Court
Opinion, 7/19/2019, at 5.
Essentially, what Appellant is asking this Court to do is to override the
discretion of the trial court to re-impose a sentence with a condition of
probation that mirrors the one he originally agreed to abide by in exchange
for a guilty plea. Because his original sentence was negotiated through his
guilty plea, Appellant could not have challenged the discretionary aspects of
his sentence at the outset. Commonwealth v. Dalberto, 648 A.2d 16, 21
(Pa. Super. 1994). Now, after failing to abide by it repeatedly, Appellant is
challenging the trial court’s discretion to impose it. Like a defendant who
seeks to challenge an agreed-upon sentence as part of the original direct
appeal, challenging the discretion of the trial court to re-impose the same
condition as part of a probation revocation proceeding would permit a
defendant another bite at the proverbial apple after the defendant failed to
hold up his or her end of the bargain. Accord id. (“[I]n a ‘negotiated’ plea
agreement, where a sentence of specific duration has been made part of a
plea bargain, it would clearly make a sham of the negotiated plea process
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for courts to allow defendants to [] challenge their sentence [later]; this
would, in effect, give defendants a second bite at the sentencing process.”).
In arguing that the internet restriction does not have a nexus to his
crimes and was imposed without regard to his individual rehabilitative
needs, Appellant relies heavily upon Houtz. In that case, Houtz engaged in
oral intercourse with a fifteen-year-old child, and was convicted of corruption
of a minor and indecent assault. 982 A.2d at 537-38. Despite the lack of
evidence that the sexual offense “was facilitated by or incorporated the use
of a computer/[i]nternet,” as a condition of her probation, Houtz was not
permitted to possess or have access to a computer, or “use or have access
to use of the internet.” Id. at 538, 540.
The restrictions on internet use in this case, while broad, are less so
than the restrictions in Houtz. Houtz was not permitted to own or access a
computer or use the internet at all. Appellant, on the other hand, was
permitted to use a computer as long as it did not allow a connection to the
internet. Unlike the complete ban in Houtz, Appellant was permitted to
access a computer or the internet, provided that he first obtained the written
approval of his probation officer.
Moreover, at this juncture, Appellant’s situation is different from
Houtz. Houtz appealed directly from her original sentence, with no
evidence in the record that a complete ban on accessing a computer or using
the internet would serve her particular rehabilitative needs. Appellant, on
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the other hand, is appealing from his sentence imposed after his probation
for sex crimes was revoked for, inter alia, using the internet for a sexual
purpose. While Appellant contends that his original crimes standing alone
did not have a connection to internet use and the Commonwealth did not
introduce evidence to support an internet ban, he did not challenge the
restriction on his internet use at that time. In fact, he entered into a
negotiated guilty plea whereupon he agreed to serve 10 years’ probation
with terms that included the specific internet-restriction condition at issue.
That sentence has long since been final, and the question of whether
the trial court abused its discretion by imposing an internet restriction as a
condition of probation solely based on the crimes of unlawful contact and
statutory sexual assault is not before us. What is before us is whether the
trial court abused its discretion by imposing an internet restriction as a
condition of probation after Appellant violated his probation. In other
words, unlike Houtz, the trial court did not impose the internet restriction
on the trial record alone.
The record reveals that while Appellant was on probation for sex-
related crimes, Appellant repeatedly obtained smartphones and other
internet-accessing devices, used them to pursue his sexual interests, and
then tried to hide or made excuses for his actions. Appellant’s probation
was revoked by the Honorable Jill Rangos, the same trial judge who imposed
Appellant’s original sentence, and who reviewed Appellant’s case periodically
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over the course of the two years following his release from incarceration.
Notwithstanding the fact that the conditions are imposed as part of special
conditions applicable to all defendants sentenced to probation in SOC, after
reviewing the record, we conclude that Judge Rangos imposed the condition
as part of an individualized assessment that it would best serve the aims of
rehabilitation and deterring criminal activity in Appellant’s specific case for
the restriction to be in effect following another stint of incarceration. Thus,
we discern no abuse of discretion.
Challenge to Constitutionality of Sentence
In his third issue, Appellant argues that the internet-restriction
probation condition is a constitutionally overbroad blanket internet ban in
violation of Appellant’s rights under the First Amendment of the United
States Constitution and Article 1, Section 7 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.
Appellant’s Brief at 15-20. He relies upon Packingham v. North Carolina,
___ U.S. ___, 137 S.Ct. 1730 (2017), which declared unconstitutional a
North Carolina statute that banned registered sex offenders from accessing
commercial social networking websites because it imposed an
unprecedented and overly broad burden on free speech, and states may not
enact a complete bar to the exercise of First Amendment rights. Id.Appellant argues that based upon Packingham, the probation condition is
unconstitutional. Id.- 15 -
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Appellant raises this claim for the first time on appeal. Therefore,
before we may examine the substance of Appellant’s claim, we must
determine whether his claim that the condition of probation infringes upon
his free speech rights is a challenge to the legality of the sentence, or the
discretionary aspects of his sentence. This distinction matters because a
challenge to the legality of the sentence cannot be waived, but a challenge
to the discretionary aspects can. Commonwealth v. Archer, 722 A.2d
203, 209 (Pa. Super. 1998) (en banc). The Commonwealth argues that
Appellant’s third issue involves the discretionary aspects of a sentence, and
Appellant waived such a challenge by failing to preserve the issue in his
post-sentence motion or at sentencing. Commonwealth Brief, at 4-6. In his
reply brief, Appellant responds that his challenge was preserved in spirit by
Appellant’s post-sentence motion, and even if it were not, it constitutes a
non-waivable legality of sentence issue. Appellant’s Reply Brief at 1-3.
We agree with the Commonwealth that the argument presented in the
post-sentence motion did not invoke a constitutional challenge; there was no
reference to the United States or Pennsylvania constitutions, or freedom of
speech even in a general way. See generally Post-Sentence Motion,
1/22/2018. Therefore, for us to be able to address it here, Appellant’s claim
has to go to the legality of the sentence, as any discretionary-aspects-of-
sentencing claim was waived by not presenting it in the post-sentence
motion or at sentencing. Pa.R.Crim.P. 720; Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not
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raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time
on appeal.”).
A sentence is illegal for issue preservation purposes if the trial court
exceeds its statutory authority in imposing it. Archer, 722 A.2d at 209.
Without the requisite authority, the trial court does not have jurisdiction to
impose the sentence, resulting in an illegal sentence. Id. The legality of a
sentence is distinct from a legal question about a sentence or a statute;
whether a trial court erred poses a legal question, but not every error
renders a sentence illegal. Id.There is no bright line rule establishing whether a
challenge to a sentence, constitutional or otherwise, implicates
the legal or discretionary aspects of that sentence. See
Commonwealth v. Spruill, [] 80 A.3d 453, 460-461 ([Pa.]
2013) (noting the Supreme Court’s “experience with claims
allegedly implicating sentence legality has not always been
smooth” and noting the complexities involved in the issue).
However, this Court has stated that “the term ‘illegal sentence’ is
a term of art that our courts apply narrowly, to a relatively small
class of cases.” Commonwealth v. Robinson, 931 A.2d 15, 21
(Pa. Super. 2007) [(en banc)].
“Legality of sentence issues occur generally either: (1)
when a trial court’s traditional authority to use discretion in the
act of sentencing is somehow affected and/or (2) when the
sentence imposed is patently inconsistent with the sentencing
parameter set forth by the General Assembly.”
[Commonwealth v.] Schutzues, 54 A.3d [86,] 92 [(Pa. Super.
2012)] (quoting Commonwealth v. Foster, [] 17 A.3d 332,
342 ([Pa.] 2011)). Most other challenges implicate the
discretionary aspects of a sentence, “even though the claim may
involve a legal question, a patently obvious mathematical error,
or an issue of constitutional dimension.” Robinson, 931 A.2d at
21 [].
Commonwealth v. Succi, 173 A.3d 269, 284-85 (Pa. Super. 2017).
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Generally, this Court has held that a challenge to the way that a trial
court fashions a condition of probation involves a matter under the trial
court’s jurisdiction under the Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 9754(b), and
generally constitutes a challenge to the discretionary aspects of a sentence
rather than to its legality. See Houtz, 982 A.2d at 538 (stating issue
regarding court’s imposition of internet restriction as condition of probation
“challenges the discretionary aspects of sentencing, not the legality of the
sentence imposed”); Commonwealth v. Yockey, 158 A.3d 1246 (Pa.
Super. 2017) (holding Yockey’s claim that imposition of probation condition
prohibiting him from accessing the internet did not relate to his rehabilitation
was a challenge to the discretionary aspects of his sentence, not the legality
of the sentence). Conversely, where the challenge involves a question of
whether a trial court exceeded its legal authority under a statute to order a
probation condition, our Supreme Court has classified the challenge as a
legality of sentence issue. Commonwealth v. Wilson, 11 A.3d 519, 524-
25 (en banc) (OAJC) (holding claim that trial court did not have legal
authority to order probation condition subjecting probationer to random
warrantless residence searches because 61 P.S. § 331.27(b)(7) requires
probation officers to have reasonable suspicion is a non-waivable legality of
sentence issue), vacated in part on other grounds, 67 A.3d 736, 743 n.8
(Pa. 2013) (declining to offer a view on legality of sentence versus
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discretionary aspects issue because Commonwealth did not renew argument
before the Supreme Court).
Here, Appellant is arguing that the trial court, in ordering a probation
condition pursuant to section 9754, fashioned a condition that infringes upon
his constitutional right to free speech. While this issue involves a legal
question of whether the trial court abused its discretion in fashioning an
overbroad condition that runs afoul of constitutional rights, it does not
present a legality-of-sentence issue involving the trial court’s imposition of a
sentence that exceeds its statutory authority. It was not mandatorily
imposed pursuant to a statute; instead, it was imposed at the trial court’s
discretion. Therefore, this issue involves a discretionary-aspects-of-
sentencing issue that has been waived by Appellant’s failure to preserve it.6
We recognize that the restriction imposed in this case significantly
affects Appellant’s ability to participate in modern society. However, for the
reasons discussed supra, we discern no abuse of discretion in the trial
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6 Even if Appellant were to have preserved the claim, his sole reliance on
Packingham would not necessarily warrant him relief. The statute at issue
in Packingham constituted an automatic and effectively complete
restriction of internet access that applied to all convicted sex offenders, even
if they had completed serving their sentence. This differs from Appellant’s
situation, insomuch as he is subject to probation supervision that is reviewed
regularly in the SOC, and he could obtain the permission of his probation
officer to access the internet. See Commonwealth v. Sperber, 177 A.3d
212, 220-21 (Pa. Super. 2017) (Bowes, J., concurring) (suggesting that
Packingham may not apply to a condition of probation restricting internet
access).
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court’s imposition of the condition upon Appellant’s probation revocation,
and Appellant has failed to preserve a constitutional challenge to the
condition.7 Accordingly, we affirm his judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/23/2020
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7 In his fourth issue, Appellant argues that because the trial court erred by
imposing a sentence containing the internet restriction that was illegal and
an abuse of discretion, his entire sentence should be vacated. Appellant’s
Brief at 17. As Appellant’s fourth issue is derivative of his other issues,
based on our disposition, we do not reach this issue.
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