Com. v. Lopez, J. ( 2020 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JONATHAN LOPEZ :
:
Appellant : No. 525 MDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered March 7, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-22-CR-0002371-2017
BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., KING, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED JUNE 23, 2020
Jonathan Lopez appeals from the judgment of sentence following his
convictions for strangulation and simple assault1 claiming that the court
denied his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation by admitting hearsay
evidence and that the evidence was insufficient to sustain these convictions.
Upon review, we affirm.
On March 15, 2017, Deborah Brown and Lopez, her boyfriend, got into
a fight; Brown called the police. After the police arrived, Brown gave a
statement to the police, which stated:
He sent text messages to me about [f---ing] me up when I came
home. I came home and we argued. He fell asleep on the couch.
I don't know what woke him up but I was beginning to enter the
bathroom and I saw him coming behind me so I crouched down
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2718(a)(1) and 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2701(a)(1).
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because I didn't want to get hit in the face. As I was crouched he
began choking me from behind. I couldn't breathe and I was
shaky. I had my phone in my pocket and when he finally let up I
struggled to dial 911 in between trying to fight him for the phone.
I could barely dial because I was shaky and everything became
fuzzy. I can't even describe properly how it felt when he finally let
up. It's a feeling I had never felt before. He is referred to as
Jonathan Lopez.
When Officer Rodney Zwigart arrived on the scene, he immediately noticed red
marks on Brown’s neck, which started to turn blue. Brown was visibly shaken
and upset. See Trial Court Opinion, 05/7/19, 2-3. Lopez was arrested and
charged.
At Lopez’s jury trial, the Commonwealth introduced several phone calls
recorded between Lopez and Brown while Lopez was in jail. During one of
those calls, Brown told Lopez that she was subpoenaed to go to court. Lopez
told Brown that you “don’t even have to go though.” Lopez also told her “[s]o,
when you go you’re going to say that you lied?” Lopez also told Brown all she
had to do was put reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury, and he told her
how to testify. Notably, the Commonwealth introduced this evidence through
Officer Zwigart, who testified the day after Brown, when Brown was not in
court. Lopez objected to the admission of this evidence on the grounds that
it was hearsay and violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront the witness,
but the trial court overruled his objection.
The jury convicted Lopez of strangulation and simple assault. The trial
court sentenced him to 24 to 48 months’ incarceration on the strangulation
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conviction and 12 to 24 months’ incarceration on the simple assault conviction,
to run concurrently. No post-sentence motion was filed.
Lopez filed this timely appeal. The trial court and Lopez complied with
Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925.
On appeal, Lopez raises the following two issues:
I. Did the [trial court] abuse its discretion by failing to sustain
Lopez’ objection to the admission of prison phone calls
purportedly between the defendant and a Commonwealth
witness, thus denying the defendant his Constitutional right
to confront his accuser in violation of the Confrontation
Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution?
II. The evidence presented at trial was insufficient for a jury
to return verdicts of guilt on Count 1, Strangulation, and
Count 2, Simple Assault.
Lopez’s Brief at 6.
In his first issue, Lopez argues that the trial court erred in admitting the
prison telephone recordings between him and Brown over his objection that
they constituted hearsay and violated his Sixth Amendment right to
confrontation. Lopez’s Brief at 12-14. Because the Commonwealth introduced
the recordings through Officer Zwigart, who testified when Brown was not in
court, Lopez argues he was unable to cross-examine her regarding their
conversations. Id. at 11.
An appellate court's standard of review of a trial court's evidentiary
rulings, which include rulings on the admission of hearsay, is abuse of
discretion. Commonwealth v. Walter, 93 A.3d 442, 449 (Pa. 2014) (citing
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Commonwealth v. Delbridge, 855 A.2d 27, 34 n.8 (Pa. 2003)). However,
whether a defendant has been denied his right to confront a witness under
the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution is a question of law, for which our standard of review is de novo
and our scope of review is plenary. Commonwealth v. Yohe, 79 A.3d 520,
530–31 (Pa. 2013) (citing Commonwealth v. Cannon, 22 A.3d 210 (Pa.
2011)).
The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment, applicable to the
states through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, provides
that in “all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to be
confronted with the witnesses against him.” Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805,
813, 110 S.Ct. 3139, 3145, 111 L.Ed.2d 638 (1990) (citing U.S. CONST.
amend. VI). The right is a procedural one intended to ensure the reliability of
evidence through cross-examination. Yohe, 79 A.3d at 530-31;
Commonwealth v. Bozyk, 987 A.2d 753, 756 (Pa. Super. 2009). Where the
declarant is unavailable for trial, the introduction of hearsay evidence may
violate a defendant’s right under the Confrontation Clause. Crawford v.
Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004) (holding
that testimonial, out-of-court statements of an unavailable witness cannot be
used as evidence against a defendant if the defendant had no prior opportunity
to cross-examine the witness, notwithstanding an exception to the hearsay
doctrine).
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We conclude, contrary to Lopez’s argument, that the circumstances at
his trial did not present a Confrontation Clause concern. First, we note that
Lopez’s accuser was available for trial. Undisputedly, the recorded
conversations at issue here were between Lopez and Brown. Brown was
present at trial and testified. Although Brown testified before the introduction
of the recordings through Officer Zwigart the next day, Brown had been
subpoenaed for trial and was available for examination. Lopez even
acknowledged that he could have examined her. Lopez Brief at 14.
Nonetheless, he chose not to question her about the recordings.
The Confrontation Clause does not apply where the out-of-court
declarant is available for cross-examination in court. Commonwealth v.
Barnett, 50 A.3d 176, 189 n.6 (Pa. Super. 2012). Because Brown, the
declarant in question, was available for cross-examination at trial, Lopez’s
alleged Confrontation Clause claim fails.
Moreover, the statements at issue here were not testimonial in nature
and therefore did not trigger Confrontation Clause concerns. “[T]hey were
not made under circumstances which would “lead an objective witness
reasonably to believe that the statements would be available for use at a later
trial[.]” Crawford, 541 U.S. at 52, 124 S.Ct. 1354. Also, the primary purpose
of the conversations was not “to establish or prove past events potentially
relevant to later criminal prosecutions.” Commonwealth v. Abrue, 11 A.3d
484, 492 (Pa. Super. 2010). Instead, the statements at issue here arose out
of casual conversations between Lopez and Brown. Such “‘out-of-court non-
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testimonial statements . . . are subject only to a state's hearsay rules and are
exempted . . . from Confrontation Clause scrutiny.’” Id. at 488 (quoting
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. at 68, 124 S.Ct. 1354)).2
In his second issue, Lopez challenges the sufficiency of evidence to
sustain his two convictions. When analyzing whether the evidence was
sufficient to support a conviction, this Court must “view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner in order to
determine whether the jury could have found every element of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Thomas, 215 A.3d 36, 40
(Pa. 2019). “The evidence established at trial need not preclude every
possibility of innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or none
of the evidence presented.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 52 A.3d 320, 323
(Pa. Super. 2012). “Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be resolved
by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a
matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined
circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Vargas, 108 A.3d 858, 867 (Pa. Super.
2014) (en banc). Additionally, this Court cannot “re-weigh the evidence and
substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder.” Id. A challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence presents a pure question of law and, as such, our
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2 In his statement of issues, Lopez does not challenge the admissibility of
these statements as hearsay. Such challenge would have failed in any event.
First, as the trial court concluded, the statements were not hearsay because
they were not offered for the truth. Second, even if offered for the truth, the
statements fell within an exception to the hearsay rule because they were
statements of a party opponent. Pa.R.Evid. 803(25).
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standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.
Commonwealth v. Jacoby, 170 A.3d 1065, 1076 (Pa. 2017).
Lopez first argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his
conviction for strangulation. Specifically, Lopez contends that the
Commonwealth failed to show that he actually strangled Brown; during trial,
Brown never testified that Lopez strangled her. Instead, Brown testified she
did not remember what happened that day, was intoxicated at the time, had
been angry at Lopez over a prior incident between them, and did not have any
injuries. Lopez’ Brief at 16.
To convict Lopez of strangulation, the Commonwealth had to prove that
he, “knowingly or intentionally impeded the breathing or circulation of the
blood of another person by either (1) applying pressure to the throat or neck;
or (2) blocking the nose and mouth of the person.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2718(a).
Notably, “[i]nfliction of a physical injury to a victim shall not be an element of
the offense. The lack of physical injury to a victim shall not be a defense in a
prosecution” of this offense. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2718(b).
Based upon our review of the record, we conclude that the
Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to demonstrate that Lopez
strangled Brown. The trial court aptly summarized this evidence:
In the matter at hand, there was evidence presented to show that
the Defendant knowingly or intentionally impeded the breathing
of the victim by applying pressure. Despite being a hostile witness,
through the victim, the Commonwealth introduced a statement
that the victim wrote immediately after the attack. Here, the
victim stated that the Defendant “began choking me from behind"
and that she "couldn't breath[e] and was shaky.” The victim
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further indicated that everything became fuzzy and that it was a
feeling that she never had before. The Commonwealth also
introduced photographs of the injury the victim sustained. These
photographs show[ed] redness around [Brown’s] neck and throat
area. Finally, Officer Zwigart testified that he could see red marks
on the victim's neck and that they started to turn blue.
Trial Court Opinion, 5/7/19, at 6-7. Although Brown did not remember what
transpired that day and therefore did not testify at trial that Lopez strangled
her, the trial court observed that the transcripts from the phone calls showed
that Brown intended to feign a lack of memory as a result of Lopez’s coaxing.
Trial Court Opinion, 5/7/19, at 7. Furthermore, as the trial court observed,
this statute specifically provides that the Commonwealth need not show that
Brown sustained any injury and that lack of a physical injury is not a defense.
Id.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth
as the verdict winner, we conclude that the Commonwealth presented
sufficient evidence to sustain Lopez’s conviction for strangulation.
Finally, Lopez argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his
conviction for simple assault. Again, Lopez contends that Brown did not testify
at trial that he strangled her. Lopez’s Brief at 17.
To convict Lopez of simple assault, the Commonwealth had to prove that
he attempted to cause or intentionally, knowingly or recklessly caused bodily
injury to another. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2701(a)(1).
For the reasons discussed above, we similarly conclude that the
Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to prove that Lopez assaulted
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Brown. The evidence showed that after the incident, Brown reported to police
that Lopez put his hands around her throat. Brown had red marks on her
neck, which started to turn blue. It is clear that Lopez’s actions caused
bruising on Brown’s neck. This evidence was sufficient to establish that Lopez
intentionally, knowingly or recklessly caused bodily injury to another.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth
as the verdict winner, we conclude that the Commonwealth presented
sufficient evidence to sustain Lopez’ conviction for simple assault.
Based upon the foregoing, Lopez’ sufficiency claims fail.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 06/23/2020
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