Com. v. Garvey, D. ( 2020 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DAKOTA GARVEY :
:
Appellant : No. 218 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 26, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-06-CR-0001750-2019
BEFORE: BOWES, J., DUBOW, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED AUGUST 25, 2020
Dakota Garvey appeals from judgment of sentence of a one-dollar fine
and related restitution, which was imposed following his conviction for criminal
mischief graded as a summary offense. We affirm.
The trial court summarized the facts as follows:
On Friday, March 22, 2019, [Appellant] arrived at his mother's
home, where she lived with her paramour Steven Fabrick. The
home was a rental property. At trial, Mr. Fabrick testified that
[Appellant] was banging and kicking the front door of his
residence. Ultimately[,] a window pane of glass was shattered
and there was some damage to the door. Mr. Fabrick testified
that [Appellant] was unwelcome at the home and that he
communicated this to [Appellant] while he was attempting to gain
(unsuccessful) entry. Mr. Fabrick testified the value of the
damage to the door, based on his experience in home repair, was
about $600 depending on who fixes it. The door was not fixed.
Trial Court Opinion, 3/6/20, at 2.
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Appellant was charged with one count of criminal trespass and two
counts of criminal mischief under 18 Pa.C.S. § 3304(a)(5): one a summary
offense, and the other a second-degree misdemeanor. The criminal trespass
charge was dismissed at the preliminary hearing; the two counts of criminal
mischief were held over for court. Prior to trial, the Commonwealth withdrew
the summary criminal mischief charge.
At the close of the Commonwealth’s case, Appellant moved for judgment
of acquittal on the sole charge of second-degree misdemeanor criminal
mischief. See N.T. Trial, 9/26/19, at 94. Appellant argued that the amount
of the loss was an element of second-degree misdemeanor criminal mischief,
the only charge in the criminal information, and that the Commonwealth had
failed to establish a loss exceeding $1,000. Id. at 95-96. The Commonwealth
conceded that the evidence was insufficient for a second-degree misdemeanor
grading of the offense, but maintained that it was sufficient for a third-degree
misdemeanor grading. The trial court granted the motion for judgment of
acquittal as to criminal mischief graded as a second-degree misdemeanor, but
denied the motion as to the lesser-graded offenses of third-degree
misdemeanor and summary criminal mischief.
The case proceeded to verdict, and the jury found Appellant guilty of
criminal mischief. The jury then determined that the damages amounted to
$500 or less, consistent with the summary offense of criminal mischief.
Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion for judgment of acquittal, which
the court denied on January 6, 2020. Appellant timely appealed, and the trial
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court ordered him to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors
complained of on appeal within twenty-one days, or suffer waiver. Appellant,
represented by counsel, filed an untimely Rule 1925(b) concise statement,
and contemporaneously filed a motion seeking leave to file his concise
statement nunc pro tunc. Although there was no ruling on the latter motion,
the trial court addressed Appellant’s issue in its Rule 1925(a) opinion.
Appellant presents one issue for our review: “Whether the trial court
erred in denying Appellant’s motion for judgment of acquittal and post
sentence motion as the proof of damages, which is an element of the crime of
criminal mischief when graded as a misdemeanor of the second degree, and
the Commonwealth failed to amend the criminal information?” Appellant’s
brief at 5 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).
Preliminarily, we must address whether Appellant has waived his sole
issue on appeal by failing to file a timely Rule 1925(b) concise statement of
errors complained of on appeal. As the trial court noted, compliance with Rule
1925(b) is a bright-line rule, and waiver is automatic even if the
Commonwealth does not assert waiver, or the trial court addresses the issues
in its opinion. Commonwealth v. Butler, 812 A.2d 631 (Pa. 2002); see
also Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii). However, the trial court relied upon
Commonwealth v. Burton, 973 A.2d 428 (Pa.Super. 2009), for the
proposition that failure by counsel to file a timely Rule 1925(b) concise
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statement constitutes ineffectiveness per se, and since it could address the
issue identified in the untimely concise statement, it did so.
The trial court’s treatment of the untimely-filed Rule 1925(b) concise
statement of errors was proper. We have held that counsel’s failure to file a
Rule 1925(b) concise statement is presumptively prejudicial and clear
ineffectiveness, as it deprives an appellant of meaningful appellate review.
See Commonwealth v. McBride, 957 A.2d 752, 756 (Pa.Super. 2008). In
that situation, the usual remedy is to remand for the filing of Rule 1925(b)
statement nunc pro tunc and for the trial court’s preparation of a Rule 1925(a)
opinion. See Commonwealth v. Scott, 952 A.2d 1190, 1192 (Pa.Super.
2008). However, as we recognized in Burton, supra, counsel’s untimely filing
of a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement on behalf of a defendant seeking to appeal
is the equivalent of a complete failure to file because it results in waiver of all
issues on appeal without any reasonable basis. Thus, where a statement has
been filed, albeit late, but the trial court has issued an opinion addressing the
issues raised, remand would not serve any purpose. Thus, we held in Burton
that, in such circumstances, this Court may decide the appeal on the merits.
Such is the case herein. The issue presented in Appellant’s untimely-
filed Rule 1925(b) concise statement was addressed by the trial court in its
Rule 1925(a) opinion. Hence, remand for the filing of a statement and opinion
is unnecessary, and we may proceed to review Appellant’s claim.
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Appellant complains on appeal that the trial court erred in denying his
motion for judgment of acquittal. Our standard of review of such a claim is
as follows: “A motion for judgment of acquittal challenges the sufficiency of
the evidence to sustain a conviction on a particular charge, and is granted
only in cases in which the Commonwealth has failed to carry its burden
regarding that charge.” Commonwealth v. Emanuel, 86 A.3d 892, 894
(Pa.Super. 2014). Appellant claims that the Commonwealth’s evidence was
insufficient to prove the crime charged, i.e., criminal mischief, a misdemeanor
of the second degree. See Commonwealth v. Stahl, 175 A.3d 301, 302
(Pa.Super. 2017). When we review a sufficiency challenge,
The standard we apply . . . is whether viewing all the evidence
admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner,
there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying the
above test, we may not weigh the evidence and substitute our
judgment for the fact-finder. In addition, we note that the facts
and circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not
preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a
defendant’s guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the
evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no
probability of fact may be drawn from the combined
circumstances. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of
proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by
means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying
the above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the trier
of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and the
weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part or none
of the evidence.
Commonwealth v. Edwards, ___A.3d___. 2020 PA Super 37, 2020 WL
702571, at *5 (Pa.Super. Feb. 12, 2020) (citation omitted).
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Appellant contends that the amount of the pecuniary loss is an element
of the offense of criminal mischief. In support of that position, he directs our
attention to Commonwealth v. Kearney, 225 A.3d 590(Pa.Super. 2019),
where this Court vacated the conviction of criminal mischief graded as a third-
degree misdemeanor as the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of
damages in excess of $500. He also relies upon Commonwealth v. Battiato,
619 A.2d 359 (Pa.Super. 1993) (abrogated on unrelated grounds) (citing In
re Gillen, 344 A.2d 706, 708 (Pa.Super. 1975)), for the proposition that when
criminal mischief is charged as a felony or misdemeanor, the monetary value
of the damage caused by the defendant is an essential element of the offense.
Appellant maintains that since he was charged in the criminal information with
criminal mischief in the second degree, requiring proof of property damage of
$1000 or more, and the Commonwealth did not offer such proof or amend the
criminal information, judgment of acquittal should have been granted.
The Commonwealth counters that the summary offense of criminal
mischief is a lesser-included offense of second-degree misdemeanor criminal
mischief, and that it did not need to be charged in the information. See
Commonwealth’s brief at 7. It directs our attention to our decision in
Commonwealth v. Houck, 102 A.3d 443 (Pa.Super. 2014), which relied
upon the Supreme Court’s earlier decision in Commonwealth v. Sims, 919
A.2d 931 (Pa. 2007). In Sims, the Court reaffirmed that a defendant can be
convicted of a crime that was not actually charged when the uncharged
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offense is a lesser-included offense of the charged crime. The rationale for
the rule is that “the defendant does not need separate notice to defend against
[a lesser-included offense . . . ] because the defense that he prepares against
the offenses charged will necessarily attempt to refute the Commonwealth's
evidence of the lesser offenses.” Id. at 941-42. See also Commonwealth
v. Pemberth, 489 A.2d 235, 237 (Pa.Super. 1985) (holding that notice can
be “achieved in one of two ways: either the Commonwealth will give an
accused express notice by charging him with the less culpable offense or it
will give him implicit notice through the information where the proven, but
uncharged crime is a lesser-included offense of the charged, but unproven,
offense”).
The trial court applied a slightly different analysis. It reasoned that the
difference between misdemeanor criminal mischief and summary criminal
mischief lies not in the elements of the crime, but in the gradation of the
offense proven, which is determined by the pecuniary amount of damages.
See Trial Court Opinion, 3/9/20, at 3. With respect to criminal mischief, the
trial court noted that, “[n]one of the factual scenarios listed in 18 Pa.C.S.A.
§3304(a)(1) through (a)(6) contains the element of valuation of the damage
or loss.” Id. at 4. It analogized that statute to theft offenses, where the
grade of the offense is determined by the value of the items stolen.
The trial court rejected Appellant’s contention that proof of damages
became an element of the crime because the criminal information charged the
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criminal mischief as a misdemeanor of the second degree, and that by failing
to meet the threshold value, the defendant was entitled to an acquittal. The
court reasoned that Appellant was not prejudiced by facing criminal liability
for criminal mischief graded as a summary offense or a third-degree
misdemeanor, as any defense he had to the crime charged would have been
identical to any defense he would have had to the charge of the summary
offense, citing Commonwealth v. Farmer, 366 A.2d 748 (Pa.Super. 1976)
(holding crime of attempted theft of the contents of an automobile is a lesser-
included offense of the crime of attempted theft of an automobile). The
conduct and the intent element were the same. See Trial Court Opinion,
3/9/20, at 5. The only difference was the grading of the offense. Id.The criminal mischief statute provides in pertinent part:
(a) Offense defined. — A person is guilty of criminal mischief if
he:
....
(5) intentionally damages real or personal property of
another; or
....
(b) Grading. — Criminal mischief is a felony of the third degree
if the actor intentionally causes pecuniary loss in excess of
$5,000, or a substantial interruption or impairment of
public communication, transportation, supply of water, gas
or power, or other public service. It is a misdemeanor of
the second degree if the actor intentionally causes
pecuniary loss in excess of $1,000, or a misdemeanor of
the third degree if he intentionally or recklessly causes
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pecuniary loss in excess of $500 or causes a loss in excess
of $150 for a violation of subsection (a)(4). Otherwise
criminal mischief is a summary offense.
18 Pa.C.S. § 3304.
As the statutory language indicates, proof of pecuniary loss is not
required in order to support a conviction of criminal mischief graded as a
summary offense. One is guilty of the summary offense of criminal mischief
if one “intentionally damages real or personal property of another,” even
without proof of any pecuniary loss. The amount of the pecuniary loss
determines the grading of the offense.
Herein, the evidence of record supports Appellant’s conviction of
criminal mischief, a summary offense. Evidence was adduced from which the
jury could reasonably conclude that Appellant intentionally damaged the door
belonging to his mother’s landlord, but that the pecuniary loss did not exceed
$500. Such was not the case in Kearney, relied upon by Appellant. Although
Kearney was charged with third-degree felony criminal mischief, the court
found him guilty of third-degree misdemeanor criminal mischief. On appeal,
Kearney presented two alleged errors: first, that the court impermissibly
amended the charge at the end of trial; and, second, that the evidence did
not support a finding of damages of at least $500, which was required to
sustain the conviction as a third-degree misdemeanor.
In Kearney, this Court did not address the propriety of the trial court
sua sponte convicting Kearney of third-degree misdemeanor criminal mischief
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instead of the charged felony-graded offense. Rather, we vacated his
conviction of the misdemeanor criminal mischief because there was
insufficient evidence of damages in excess of $500 to support it. We found
that the Commonwealth did not present evidence proving beyond a reasonable
doubt windshield damage of at least $500. Thus, Kearney is inapposite as
the evidence in the instant case is legally sufficient to support Appellant’s
conviction of criminal mischief graded as a summary offense, and Appellant
does not argue to the contrary.
Appellant’s reliance upon Battiato is similarly misplaced. Therein, the
trial court did precisely what the trial court did herein: it reduced the grade of
offense of criminal mischief from a second-degree misdemeanor to a summary
offense in response to a defense demurrer that “the Commonwealth ha[d]
failed to prove that the damages were in excess of $ 1,000.” Battiato, supra
at 363. In contrast to the situation before us, Battiato did not challenge the
court’s action in this regard. Instead, she argued that the evidence was
insufficient to sustain her conviction because the Commonwealth had not
presented any competent evidence as to the value of the damages, which she
maintained was an essential element of the crime. This Court held that the
amount of damage to property was not an element of the summary offense of
criminal mischief of which the appellant was found guilty, and thus, her
sufficiency challenge failed.
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Appellant’s complaint here involves the issue we did not reach in
Kearney, and which was not before us in Battiato. He contends that the
trial court should have granted judgment of acquittal and dismissed the case
entirely when the Commonwealth’s proof of pecuniary loss fell short of that
required for the crime charged: criminal mischief graded as a second-degree
misdemeanor. He faults the trial court for ruling that the evidence adduced
was sufficient to support a conviction of the lesser-graded offenses of either
third-degree misdemeanor or summary criminal mischief, although the
Commonwealth did not seek to amend the information. Appellant contends
that he could not be convicted of summary criminal mischief when he was
charged with second-degree misdemeanor criminal mischief, absent
amendment of the information.
Appellant’s arguments herein mirror those of the appellant in Houck,
supra. Therein, the appellant was charged with one count of driving under
the influence (“DUI”) under § 3802(c), which required proof beyond a
reasonable doubt that the appellant had a blood alcohol concentration (“BAC”)
of .16% or higher. The jury found that his BAC was between 0.1% and
0.159%, which was inconsistent with a conviction under the charged section
of the DUI statute. As herein, the appellant complained that since the
Commonwealth did not move to amend the information to include the lower
BAC levels, the jury’s finding precluded conviction under § 3802(c) as a matter
of law, because the jury effectively convicted the appellant of § 3802(b) DUI,
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an offense not charged. Thus, the appellant argued that the jury’s factual
finding of a BAC of 0.10% to 0.159% obligated the court to enter a “not guilty”
verdict on the only charge in the information. Alternatively, the appellant
maintained that the jury specifically determined that the evidence did not
prove one of the necessary elements of § 3802(c) as charged, i.e., a BAC of
0.16% or higher, and thus, the verdict should have been set aside.
The Commonwealth in Houck articulated the same position it advances
herein. It argued that a guilty verdict on § 3802(b) DUI was permissible as a
conviction of a “lesser-included offense.” Under established Pennsylvania law,
the Commonwealth argued that a defendant can be convicted of a crime that
was not actually charged when the uncharged offense is a lesser-included
offense of the charged crime, as the defendant would have been put on notice
of the charges against him and could adequately prepare a defense. See
Sims, supra at 938.
In Houck, this Court determined that the DUI offense of which the
appellant was convicted was a lesser-included offense of the crime charged,
and that amendment of the criminal information was not required because the
appellant had fair notice and an opportunity to present an adequate defense.
We recently reaffirmed our reasoning in Houck in Commonwealth v.
Bickerstaff, 204 A.3d 988, 995 (Pa.Super. 2019) (holding Pa.R.Crim.P. 560
governing content of a criminal information only requires “a plain and concise
statement of the essential elements of the offense substantially the same as
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or cognate to the offense alleged in the complaint” and reaffirming that a
defendant can be convicted of an uncharged lesser-included offense if he had
“fair notice and an opportunity to present an adequate defense”).
After the Supreme Court decisions in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530
U.S. 466, 490 (2000) (holding that any “facts that increase the prescribed
range of penalties to which a criminal defendant is exposed” are elements of
the crime), and Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99 (2013) (“If a fact was
by law essential to the penalty, it was an element of the offense.”), we find
the distinction between elements of the offense, and facts essential to the
range of penalties to which a defendant is exposed, to be of little consequence.
Treating grading factors as elements of the crime, as Appellant urges us to
do, we utilize the three approaches approved in Sims, supra, for determining
whether the summary offense of criminal mischief is a lesser-included offense
of the charged second-degree misdemeanor criminal mischief.
Appellant committed the conduct constituting either offense: he
intentionally damaged the door belonging to another. If we use the statutory
elements approach to lesser-included offenses, it is not possible to commit the
second-degree misdemeanor criminal mischief without also committing the
summary offense. Under the cognates-pleading approach, the elements of
the misdemeanor include the elements of the summary offense. Finally, the
evidentiary approach examines the actual evidence at trial to assess the
relationship between the greater and lesser charges. As we reasoned in
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Houck, “[t]he lesser offense may have elements that are distinct from the
greater offense and still be considered a lesser-included offense, as long as
the evidence presented at trial to prove the greater offense actually
establishes the elements of the lesser offense.” Houck, supra at 450
(quoting Sims, supra at 938). Evidence of intentional damage to the
property of another resulting in a pecuniary loss exceeding $1,000, which was
the proof necessary to establish criminal mischief graded as a second-degree
misdemeanor, would also establish the lesser-included offenses of third-
degree misdemeanor criminal mischief (a pecuniary loss in excess of $500)
and the summary offense of criminal mischief.
Hence, the trial court did not err in denying judgment of acquittal. The
jury was properly permitted to consider the lesser-included offenses of
criminal mischief graded as third-degree misdemeanor and summary
offenses, without formal amendment of the criminal information. The trial
court instructed the jury on the elements of the pertinent section of the
criminal mischief statute charged in the information: “intentional conduct
causing damage to property of another.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 3304(5). After the jury
concluded Appellant was guilty of the conduct constituting the offense, it
determined that the pecuniary loss was $500 or less. Based on the jury’s
factual findings, the court properly graded the offense as a summary offense.
Since the evidence was sufficient to sustain the conviction of that lesser-
included offense, no relief is due.
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Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 08/25/2020
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