Vacula, J. v. Chapman, R. ( 2020 )

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2020 PA Super 50JUDITH A. VACULA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
ROBERT F. CHAPMAN : No. 775 MDA 2019
Appeal from the Order Dated April 18, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Schuylkill County Civil Division at
No(s): S-1515-2018
BEFORE: BOWES, J., STABILE, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
OPINION BY BOWES, J.: FILED: MARCH 5, 2020
Judith A. Vacula appeals from the order that sustained the preliminary
objections of Robert F. Chapman and dismissed her complaint with prejudice.
We reverse the order and remand for further proceedings.
We glean the following underlying facts from Ms. Vacula’s second
amended complaint.1 Ms. Vacula and Mr. Chapman began a romantic
relationship in 2012. In January 2017, they reached an oral agreement to
purchase a home in which to reside together. The parties agreed that they
would jointly own the real estate, but that only Mr. Chapman would be named
as the grantee on the deed. In reliance upon the agreement, Ms. Vacula gave
Mr. Chapman $4,630 towards costs for a home inspection, a deposit, a down
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1In this context, a court “must accept as true all well-pleaded material facts
set forth in the complaint and all inferences fairly deducible from those facts.”
Yocca v. Pittsburgh Steelers Sports, Inc., 854 A.2d 425, 436 (Pa. 2004).
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payment, and closing costs on the property. In April 2017, both Ms. Vacula
and Mr. Chapman attended the closing on the transaction, and they began
residing in the home with Ms. Vacula’s minor children. In August 2017, the
family grew with the addition of two kittens.
The parties also had an oral agreement as to the family’s living
expenses. Specifically, Ms. Vacula was to be responsible for paying the
electric and internet utilities as well as purchasing all groceries. Mr. Chapman
was to pay the mortgage and the cable bill. The remaining utility expenses
were to be shared equally.
The arrangement proceeded as planned for approximately six months.
During this time, in addition to expending funds pursuant to the parties’ oral
agreement, Ms. Vacula also contributed towards maintenance and repairs to
the property, as well as improvements such as painting.
The parties’ relationship began to deteriorate in September 2017.
Arguments between them resulted in Mr. Chapman’s leaving for days or weeks
at a time. After several months of this, Mr. Chapman filed a landlord-tenant
complaint against Ms. Vacula in the magisterial district court, which ultimately
resulted in an award of possession to Mr. Chapman. During Mr. Chapman’s
absences and the litigation of the landlord-tenant action, Ms. Vacula alone
bore all of the household expenses and maintenance costs, including utilities
and mortgage payments that Mr. Chapman had agreed to pay.
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Mr. Chapman executed his order for possession on February 7, 2018.
As a result, Ms. Vacula had to find new housing for herself, her children, and
the kittens, “at extraordinary personal expense.” Second Amended
Complaint, 2/19/19, at ¶ 22. Mr. Chapman also refused to allow Ms. Vacula
to recover her personal property from the residence.
Ms. Vacula filed a pro se complaint of her own against Mr. Chapman in
the magisterial district court for monetary damages, and received an award
exceeding $12,000. Ms. Vacula appealed to the trial court. Following Mr.
Chapman’s praecipe for a rule to file a complaint, several complaints and
rounds of preliminary objections were filed, culminating in the counselled
second amended complaint at issue in this appeal. Therein, Ms. Vacula sought
$24,000 in damages, plus interest, under theories of breach of contract and
unjust enrichment.
Mr. Chapman filed preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer as
to both counts based upon the statute of frauds. Mr. Chapman also averred
that Ms. Vacula’s claims were barred by res judicata and collateral estoppel,
and were stated with insufficient specificity. Ms. Vacula filed a memorandum
of law in opposition.2 By order of April 18, 2019, the trial court sustained the
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2 Although Ms. Vacula’s memorandum is docketed and discussed by the trial
court in its opinion, it is not included in the certified record. However, we
gather from the documents properly before us that Ms. Vacula’s only stated
basis of opposition was Mr. Chapman’s failure to include a notice to defend
and/or endorsement to plead with the preliminary objections.
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preliminary objections based upon the statute of frauds and dismissed Ms.
Vacula’s second amended complaint with prejudice. Ms. Vacula filed a timely
notice of appeal. The trial court did not order Ms. Vacula to file a Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) statement of errors complained of on appeal, and none was filed.
However, the trial court authored an opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).
Ms. Vacula presents the following issues for this Court’s consideration:
A. Whether the trial court committed an error of law, abused
its discretion or otherwise ruled improperly in sustaining Mr.
Chapman’s preliminary objections to Ms. Vacula’s second
amended complaint.
1. Whether the trial court committed an error of law,
abused its discretion or otherwise ruled improperly in
disregarding Mr. Chapman’s failure to include a notice
to defend or to endorse his preliminary objections with
a notice to plead.
2. Whether the trial court committed an error of law,
abused its discretion or otherwise ruled improperly in
dismissing both Ms. Vacula’s breach of contract and
unjust enrichment claims in her second amended
complaint on the basis of the statute of frauds.
3. Whether the trial court committed an error of law,
abused its discretion or otherwise ruled improperly in
disregarding the authority of Hostetter v. Hoover,
547 A.2D 1247 (Pa.Super. 1988).
B. Whether the trial court committed an error of law, abused
its discretion or otherwise ruled improperly in dismissing Ms.
Vacula’s second amended complaint w[i]th prejudice,
instead of permitting her to file a further amended pleading
within twenty (20) days.
Ms. Vacula’s brief at 10-11 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).
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Ms. Vacula first argues that the trial court should not have sustained
Mr. Chapman’s preliminary objections because Mr. Chapman did not include
therein a notice to defend or notice to plead. Ms. Vacula’s brief at 24-26. This
argument is unavailing.
Under our Rules of Civil Procedure, the requirement of a notice to defend
attaches only to complaints. See Pa.R.C.P. 1018.1(a). Mr. Chapman filed no
complaint in this action. Rather, Mr. Chapman stated preliminary objections
pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1028. That rule contains a note expressly addressing
the requirement, or lack thereof, for endorsement with a notice to plead
depending on the type of objection raised:
Note: Preliminary objections raising an issue under subdivision
(a)(1), (5), (6), (7) or (8) cannot be determined from facts of
record. In such a case, the preliminary objections must be
endorsed with a notice to plead or no response will be required
under Rule 1029(d).
However, preliminary objections raising an issue under
subdivision (a)(2), (3) or (4) may be determined from facts of
record so that further evidence is not required.
Pa.R.C.P. 1028.
Mr. Chapman’s preliminary objections were pursuant to subdivisions
(a)(2) (failure of pleading to conform to law), (a)(3) (insufficient specificity),
and (a)(4) (demurrer). Accordingly, no endorsement with a notice to plead
was necessary, no responsive pleading from Ms. Vacula was required, and the
averments in Mr. Chapman’s pleading were deemed to be denied pursuant to
Pa.R.C.P. 1029(d).
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The trial court properly noted the above, but determined that Mr.
Chapman had demonstrated that Ms. Vacula’s complaint was legally
insufficient based upon the statute of frauds. See Trial Court Opinion,
5/14/19, at 4. Therefore, we turn to Ms. Vacula’s arguments that the Statute
of Frauds does not render her complaint legally insufficient.3
We begin with the pertinent legal principles.
Preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer test the legal
sufficiency of the plaintiff’s complaint. The question presented by
the demurrer is whether, on the facts averred, the law says with
certainty that no recovery is possible. Thus, our scope of review
is plenary and our standard of review mirrors that of the trial
court. Accepting all material averments as true, we must
determine whether the complaint adequately states a claim for
relief under any theory of law.
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3 Mr. Chapman contends that Ms. Vacula waived her substantive arguments
by not raising them in the lower court. See Mr. Chapman’s brief at 3-7 (citing,
inter alia, Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not raised in the lower court are waived
and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”)). In this instance, Mr.
Chapman is incorrect. As we have explained:
Although under Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 302(a)
issues not raised below are waived, our Supreme Court has held
that there is no requirement in the Rules of Civil Procedure that
the non-moving party respond to a preliminary objection, nor
must that party defend claims asserted in the complaint. Failure
to respond does not sustain the moving party’s objections by
default, nor does it waive or abandon the claim. Instead, as long
as a plaintiff asserts in a complaint a cause of action, the
plaintiff may assert any legal basis on appeal why
sustaining preliminary objections in the nature of a
demurrer was improper.
Dixon v. Northwestern Mutual, 146 A.3d 780, 783-84 (Pa.Super. 2016)
(cleaned up, emphasis added).
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Keller v. Bank of New York Mellon, 212 A.3d 52, 56 (Pa.Super. 2019)
(cleaned up).
The Statute of Frauds “prevent[s] the enforcement of unfounded
fraudulent claims by requiring that contracts pertaining to interests in real
estate be supported by written evidence.” Strausser v. PRAMCO, III, 944
A.2d 761, 765 (Pa.Super. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). In other
words, a contract for the sale or transfer of real estate generally will not be
enforced to recognize or award an interest in the property in a buyer/grantee
unless that contract is supported by a writing signed by the seller/grantor.
See, e.g., Hostetter v. Hoover, 547 A.2d 1247, 1250 (Pa.Super. 1988).
However, “[t]he Statute of Frauds does not void those oral contracts
relating to land which fail to comply with the Statute’s formal requirements.”
Fannin v. Cratty, 480 A.2d 1056, 1059 (Pa.Super. 1984). “Pennsylvania
courts have emphasized that the Statute is not designed to prevent the
performance or enforcement of oral contracts that in fact were made.” Zuk
v. Zuk, 55 A.3d 102, 107 (Pa.Super. 2012) (emphasis in original, internal
quotation marks omitted).
Recovery of monetary damages for nonperformance of an agreement to
create or transfer an interest in land is available, “the measure of such
damages being the money that was paid on account of the purchase and the
expenses incurred on the faith of the contract.” Polka v. May, 118 A.2d 154,
156 (Pa. 1955). Additionally, even specific performance may be ordered upon
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the appropriate showing of part performance of the oral contract. See
Hostetter, supra at 1251 (“[S]pecific performance of an oral contract for the
sale of real estate may be ordered where it appears that continuous and
exclusive possession of the subject property was taken under the oral contract
and improvements were made by the buyer which are not readily compensable
in money.”).
The trial court in the case sub judice held that Ms. Vacula’s complaint
stated no viable claim because “the statute of frauds has clearly made any
oral agreement in support of breach of contract and unjust enrichment
unenforceable.” Trial Court Opinion, 5/14/19, at 3 (unnecessary capitalization
omitted). The trial court’s ruling is legally incorrect.
First, Ms. Vacula’s claim for breach of contract sought not specific
performance of the alleged oral agreement between the parties to become
joint owners of the real estate in question, but rather monetary damages to
compensate her for “money that was paid on account of the purchase and the
expenses incurred on the faith of the contract.” Polka, supra at 156.
Specifically, Ms. Vacula sought to recover money she gave to Mr. Chapman
towards the home inspection, deposit, down payment, and closing costs on
the property. See Second Amended Complaint, 2/19/19, at ¶¶ 9-11, 28. She
further seeks to recover mortgage and utility payments she made on Mr.
Chapman’s behalf that he had agreed to pay, and the expenses she incurred
as a result of his evicting her from the house. See id. at ¶¶ 27-29. The
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Statute of Frauds is not an impediment to her recovery of such damages. See
Polka, supra at 156.
Second, the Statute of Frauds has no relevance to Ms. Vacula’s unjust
enrichment claim. As discussed, the Statute pertains to the enforceability of
contracts. An unjust enrichment claim is not based upon the existence of
contract, but instead is an alternative to a contract claim. As this Court has
explained:
A claim for unjust enrichment arises from a quasi-contract. A
quasi-contract imposes a duty, not as a result of any agreement,
whether express or implied, but in spite of the absence of an
agreement, when one party receives unjust enrichment at the
expense of another.
The elements of unjust enrichment are benefits conferred on
defendant by plaintiff, appreciation of such benefits by defendant,
and acceptance and retention of such benefits under such
circumstances that it would be inequitable for defendant to retain
the benefit without payment of value. Whether the doctrine
applies depends on the unique factual circumstances of each case.
In determining if the doctrine applies, we focus not on the
intention of the parties, but rather on whether the defendant has
been unjustly enriched.
Stoeckinger v. Presidential Fin. Corp. of Delaware Valley, 948 A.2d 828,
833 (Pa.Super. 2008) (cleaned up, emphasis added).
Hence, the Statute of Frauds does not render Ms. Vacula’s unjust
enrichment claim legally deficient. The second amended complaint alleges
that Mr. Chapman realized benefits in the form of Ms. Vacula’s financial
contributions to the purchase, maintenance, and improvement of the
property, as well as her personalty which remained in the house, and that it
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would be unjust to allow him to retain those benefits without paying her for
their value. See Second Amended Complaint, 2/19/19, at ¶¶ 31-34. These
allegations are sufficient to state a prima facie case of unjust enrichment.4
For the above reasons, we conclude that Ms. Vacula’s complaint
adequately states claims for relief under theories of breach of contract and
unjust enrichment. Consequently, we hold that the trial court erred in
sustaining Mr. Chapmans’ preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer
and dismissing Ms. Vacula’s second amended complaint on that basis.
The trial court did not address Mr. Chapman’s additional preliminary
objections regarding res judicata, collateral estoppel, or insufficient specificity.
Mr. Chapman does not argue on appeal that any of those objections serves
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4 The trial court also opined that Ms. Vacula’s claims relating to the value of
household services she provided were not recoverable under Mitchell v.
Moore, 729 A.2d 1200, 1202 (Pa.Super. 1999). See Trial Court Opinion,
5/14/19, at 3. In that case, this Court reversed a verdict in favor of the
plaintiff on the basis that the record did not show that services performed by
her during the course of her relationship with the defendant were “of the type
for which one would normally expect to be paid, nor did they confer upon the
defendant a benefit that is unconscionable for him to retain without making
restitution to the plaintiff.” Mitchell, supra at 1206. However, this Court
made it clear that it was not holding that “the services rendered in all
unmarried couple’s relationships [are] gratuitous.” Id. Rather, there is a
merely a rebuttable presumption that labors performed for each other in such
circumstances are not subject to restitution through quasi-contract. See id.As such, Mitchell does not mandate that Ms. Vacula is incapable of recovering
under any legal theory such that sustaining a preliminary objection in the
nature of a demurrer was appropriate. Rather, it may establish the
appropriate evidentiary burden for a small fraction of the damages alleged by
Ms. Vacula.
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as an alternative basis to affirm the dismissal of Ms. Vacula’s action.
Nonetheless, we note that the applicability of res judicata and/or collateral
estoppel is not apparent from the four corners of the second amended
complaint, and thus cannot serve as basis to validate the dismissal. See,
e.g., Weinar v. Lex, 176 A.3d 907, 926 (Pa.Super. 2017) (“[R]es judicata
and collateral estoppel are affirmative defenses that must be raised in New
Matter, not in preliminary objections . . . unless the complaint sets forth in
detail, either directly or by reference, the facts and issues pleaded by the prior
suit.”) (cleaned up)).5 Further, it is clear from our discussion above, and Mr.
Chapman’s filings in the court below, that her allegations were sufficiently
specific and comprehended by him.
As we discern no valid legal basis for the trial court’s dismissal of the
second amended complaint, we reverse the trial court’s April 18, 2019 order,
and remand for litigation of Ms. Vacula’s claims.
Order reversed. Case remanded for further proceedings. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
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5 Ms. Vacula waived the procedural irregularity of Mr. Chapman’s pleading
affirmative defenses as preliminary objections, rather than as new matter, by
not filing preliminary objections to Mr. Chapman’s preliminary objections. See
Duquesne Slag Products Co. v. Lench, 415 A.2d 53, 54 (Pa. 1980) (holding
plaintiff’s claim that defendant improperly raised res judicata by preliminary
objection was waived by plaintiff’s failure to file an objection to the objection).
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 03/05/2020
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