Com. v. Forman, C. ( 2020 )

J-A21003-20
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
CHRISTOPHER FORMAN :
:
Appellant : No. 3389 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 6, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-51-CR-0006295-2014
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., DUBOW, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.
MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED OCTOBER 27, 2020
Christopher Forman, a/k/a Christopher Coker (Forman), appeals from
the judgment of sentence, entered in the Court of Common Pleas of
Philadelphia County, after a jury convicted him of burglary, 1 criminal
trespass,2 criminal conspiracy,3 and two counts of recklessly endangering
another person.4 Upon careful review, we affirm.
On February 10, 2014, at approximately 7:15 pm, the victims, Eliezer
Colon and Moraima Alicea, were returning home with their two children5 when
____________________________________________
1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a)(1).
2 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3503.
3 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903.
4 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2705.
5Colon and Alicea testified that they left the house with their children that day
around 7:30 in the morning. N.T. Jury Trial, 1/10/17, at 4, 80.
J-A21003-20
they discovered that Forman and an unidentified male were inside their home.
N.T. Jury Trial, 1/10/17, at 4. Colon first observed, from his vehicle, that the
“upstairs light was on” in the house, and asked Alicea whether she forgot to
turn it off; when she said no, he assumed that she was mistaken. Id. at 8.
As the family tried to enter their home, Alicea noted that she could not unlock
the front door. At this point, Colon “realized that somebody was in there”
because the deadbolt, which prevented their entry, could only be locked from
the inside. Id. at 8-9. He then noticed a crack in the window blind and
instructed his family to get back in the car. Id. at 9. Once inside the vehicle,
Alicea called 911 to report a burglary. Id. at 75-76, 80.
Meanwhile, Colon drove around to the back of the house and spotted a
black Ford F-150 pickup truck idling by the back door, with Forman and
another male attempting to carry a large, several-hundred-pound gun safe
out of the house.6 Id. at 6-10, 34-37. Upon seeing the homeowners return,
the burglars left the safe and fled the scene separately; the unidentified male
escaped on foot while Forman drove away in the pickup truck. Id. at 13-14.
With his family still in the vehicle, Colon pursued Forman in a high-speed chase
down Roosevelt Boulevard. Eventually, Forman spotted a police vehicle
parked ahead of him, made a sudden U-turn down the same lane he was
traveling, crashed into the victims’ vehicle, continued driving away, lost
____________________________________________
6 Colon explained that “The back door leads directly into the house. There’s
no gate or nothing [sic]. It’s just the back of the house[;] a little driveway
section and then the back door. [On the other side of that back door is t]he
basement.” N.T. Jury Trial, 1/10/17, at 12.
-2-
J-A21003-20
control of his truck,7 and crashed into a tree. Id. at 16-18. Forman proceeded
to flee on foot, with Colon still in pursuit, before eventually turning to engage
Colon. Colon was able to “hold[] Forman down” until police arrived. Id. at
20-21.
Upon returning home, Colon and Alicea discovered that the house had
been ransacked; “[e]verything was out [of] the drawers, [the burglars ate]
food out [of their] refrigerator,” and the following items were stolen: one
fifty-five-inch television, two Sony PlayStations, fifty PlayStation videogames,
one iPhone, various pieces of jewelry, and twelve bottles of Cîroc vodka. Id.
at 21, 47.
Following trial, a jury convicted Forman of the abovementioned crimes.
Sentencing was deferred pending a pre-sentence investigation and mental
health evaluation. Prior to sentencing, the Commonwealth notified Forman
that it was pursuing a mandatory minimum sentence pursuant to
Pennsylvania’s “second strike” rule. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9714 (relating to
second and subsequent crimes of violence). Forman stipulated that he had
been previously convicted of voluntary manslaughter, a crime of violence
under section 9714, but challenged whether the instant conviction for first-
degree burglary qualified as a crime of violence as defined under that section.
See N.T. Sentencing, 4/6/17, at 7-9, 17-18; see also 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9714(g)
(only burglary under section 3502(a)(1) constitutes crime of violence). He
____________________________________________
7Colon testified that the road “was kind of icy because it was winter time.”
N.T. Trial, 1/10/17, at 18.
-3-
J-A21003-20
argued that because Colon and his family were locked out of their home at
the time of the burglary, no one was “present” during its commission;
therefore, it was not a second or subsequent crime of violence as defined by
section 9714. N.T. Sentencing, 4/6/17, at 7-9, 17-18. The sentencing court
disagreed, explaining to Forman that:
[T]he Commonwealth has met the requirements under [s]ection
9714. This conviction does qualify as a second strike as it relates
to the burglary charge.
Sir, those people came home. It was their house, and when they
tried to enter, they were stopped because of you and your cohorts.
* * *
[T]his matter does qualify under the statute . . . based upon the
facts that this [c]ourt heard with respect to the [complainants’]
attempted reentry [in]to their own home[,] and the response of
the defendant thereafter, when they went around the back[] and
the high speed chase [then] ensued.
Id. at 31-33.
The court applied the mandatory minimum “second strike” provision and
sentenced Forman to an aggregate term of incarceration of 15½ to 44 years’
incarceration. N.T. Sentencing, 4/17/17, at 6-18. A post-sentence motion
was filed, which the court subsequently denied.8 On November 19, 2019, the
____________________________________________
8 Thereafter,
[Forman] filed a [n]otice of [a]ppeal on May 10, 2017. A
Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal pursuant to
Pa.R.A.P. [] 1925(b) was ordered [] on May 24, 2017. The
statement was filed on June 14, 2017 requesting an extension of
time to file a supplemental statement of errors upon receipt of the
-4-
J-A21003-20
trial court entered an order on the docket denying Forman’s timely post-
sentence motion. Forman timely appealed that order on November 23, 2019;
both he and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. Forman raises the
following issues for our review:
1. Was [Forman] illegally sentenced pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. §
9714 insofar as the Commonwealth did not sufficiently
establish that [Forman] committed a crime of violence with
respect to the charge of burglary in the matter sub judice as
no person was present in the residence at the time of the
burglary?
2. Should the mandatory minimum sentence imposed by the trial
court under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9714 be vacated, and this matter
remanded for a new sentencing hearing, due to the fact that
[section] 9714 is unconstitutional as drafted insofar as it
violates [Forman]’s rights under the Fifth and/or Sixth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (made applicable in this
matter by the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution)
and Article I, § 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution?
____________________________________________
notes of testimony. [The court granted the extension.] After
receiving [them], that statement was filed on July 28, 2017.
On July 30, 2018, th[e c]ourt filed its 1925(a) [o]pinion
addressing [Forman]’s issues. On April 10, 2019, the Superior
Court reversed and remanded the case for the trial court to
determine who filed the post-sentence motion in this case[,
Forman] or prior counsel, Mary Maran, Esquire. Attorney Maran
informed [the trial] court that she had filed the post-sentence
motion on behalf of [Forman]. On August 6, 2019, the Superior
Court quashed the appeal due to the fact that [Forman]’s post-
sentence “motion was still pending at the time [Forman] filed his
counseled notice of appeal on May 10, 2017, and it was never
formally disposed of by order docketed of record.” [See
Commonwealth v. Forman a/k/a Coker, No. 1504 EDA 2017
(Pa. Super. filed Aug. 6, 2019) (unpublished memorandum)].
Trial Court Opinion, 1/13/20, at 3.
-5-
J-A21003-20
Brief of Appellant, at 4-5.
First, Forman argues that the evidence presented at trial is legally
insufficient to sustain his conviction for burglary under 18 Pa.C.S.A. §
3502(a)(1), and that accordingly, his conviction and the mandatory minimum
sentence imposed on that count pursuant to section 9714 are illegal and must
be vacated. Brief of Appellant, at 22.
Whether sufficient evidence exists to support a verdict is a question of
law; our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.
Commonwealth v. Tejada, 107 A.3d 788, 792 (Pa. Super. 2015). We
review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as
verdict winner to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to allow the
fact-finder to find every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.Additionally, “[w]hen reviewing the legality of a sentence, our standard of
review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v.
Brown, 159 A.3d 531, 532 (Pa. Super. 2017).
Section 3502 of the Crimes Code defines burglary, in relevant part, as
follows:
§ 3502. Burglary.
(a) Offense defined.--A person commits the offense of
burglary if, with the intent to commit a crime therein, the
person:
(1) (i) enters a building or occupied structure, or
separately secured or occupied portion thereof, that is
adapted for overnight accommodations in which at the
time of the offense any person is present and the
-6-
J-A21003-20
person commits, attempts or threatens to commit a bodily
injury crime therein;
(ii) enters a building or occupied structure, or separately
secured or occupied portion thereof that is adapted for
overnight accommodations in which at the time of the
offense any person is present;
(2) enters a building or occupied structure, or separately
secured or occupied portion thereof that is adapted for
overnight accommodations in which at the time of the
offense no person is present;
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a) (emphasis added). Burglary is a felony of the first
degree; however, in cases involving structures not adapted for overnight
accommodations where no person is present, the offense constitutes second-
degree burglary. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a)(4), (c)(1)-(2)(i). “[T]he Crimes
Code treats first-degree burglary distinctly from second-degree burglary [in
that] first-degree burglary contemplates the potential for confrontation,
whereas second-degree burglary does not.”9 Commonwealth v. Chester,
101 A.3d 56, 64 (Pa. 2014). Pursuant to section 9714, only burglaries under
section 3502(a)(1)—burglaries of a structure adapted for overnight
accommodations at which time someone is present—constitute “crimes of
violence” triggering a mandatory minimum sentence. 42 Pa.C.S.A. 9714.
Forman argues that, given the unequivocal testimony from Colon and
Alicea that they were unable to enter their front door at the time of the
burglary, “there is no evidence of record that any person was present inside
____________________________________________
9 In Chester, our Supreme Court rejected the appellant’s contention that his
first-degree burglary conviction was not “violent behavior” because he did not
employ violence during the burglary. See id., supra.
-7-
J-A21003-20
the complainant’s home when [Forman] . . . entered [] or remained within.”
Brief of Appellant, at 24. Forman repeatedly asserts throughout his brief that,
because no person was present “inside the complainant’s home” during the
burglary, see id. at 24, 25, 28 (emphasis added), no person was “present” at
all for purposes of section 3502(a)(1); therefore, his conviction cannot be
sustained. He is entitled to no relief, as his victims, upon returning home and
finding themselves locked out, spotted Forman in their backyard before
chasing and apprehending him; thus, they were present during the burglary.
We recognized in Commonwealth v. Dickison, 483 A.2d 874 (Pa.
Super. 1984), that:
The different gravity score[] for burglaries . . . where persons are
present . . . is premised upon the likelihood of greater
mischief[.] . . . Even if no further crime is committed, the
presence of the victims and the potential for harm to them
suggest an offense possessing gravity greater than when no
person is present.
Id. We reiterated those concerns in Commonwealth v. Jackson, 585 A.2d
533 (Pa. Super. 1991), where we held that, when a homeowner is seated on
the back porch of her home at the time it is burglarized, the homeowner is
present “within the structure” for purposes of calculating the offense gravity
score under the sentencing guidelines. Specifically, in Jackson, we affirmed
the trial court’s holding that the defendant committed “a value seven (7)
[b]urglary,”—a “[b]urglary of a structure adapted for overnight
accommodations [when] any person is present,”—based on the victim being
seated on her back porch at the time of the offense. Id. at 534-35. There,
-8-
J-A21003-20
The victim was unaware of the crime until the police returned to
the scene and informed her that they witnessed the defendant exit
the front door of her house. We held that, even though the
victim was unaware of the defendant’s presence in her
home, this was a case where the likelihood of greater
mischief was present.
Commonwealth v. Stepp, 652 A.2d 922, 23 (Pa. Super. 1995) (discussing
Jackson, supra).In Stepp, supra, where the victim returned to his mobile home to find
a burglar exiting the back door, we concluded that “under 42 Pa.C.S.A. §
9721[,] burglary . . . ‘in which at the time of the offense any person is present’
includes burglaries where someone enters the structure while the perpetrator
is still inside[.]”. Id at 924.; see also Commonwealth v. Knowles, 891
A.2d 745 (Pa. Super. 2006) (holding “presence” requirement under section
9714 satisfied “where a person returns to the structure while a perpetrator is
still [there]”).
Forman submits that Stepp is inapposite because, unlike the matter sub
judice, the homeowner in Stepp actually entered his mobile home at the time
of the burglary. Brief of Appellant, at 30. We explained, however, that “[t]he
same rationale which is applied in Dickison and Jackson concerning ‘the
likelihood of greater mischief’ is applicable to a case such as the present one
where the victim returns home only to find the sanctity and security
of his home shattered by an intruder.” Stepp, supra at 924 (emphasis
added).
This Court further explained in Stepp that “a technical application of the
definition of burglary misses the purpose and spirit which underlie the different
-9-
J-A21003-20
gravity offense scores. . . . A potentially violent encounter exists whenever
a person discovers an intruder inside his home.” Id. at 923. We recognized
that the “proper approach” considers that “‘the likelihood for greater mischief’
and violence is equally present both when a person returns to their
residence and discovers an intruder and when a person already within the
home discovers an intruder.” Id. (emphasis added).10
Here, the potential for greater mischief and violence was present and
was actually realized when Colon encountered Forman exiting his home and,
like the victim in Stepp, proceeded to chase him until police took over. As the
sentencing court explained to Forman:
This case, while it is a burglary, had aspects to it where you
endangered the lives of not [only] yourself, but the [] people in
the car whose home you broke into that [] interrupted you[,]
including a child.
You struck their vehicle. You ended up hitting a bloody tree . . .
and you still continued to fight.
N.T. Sentencing, 4/17/17, at 14-15.
____________________________________________
10 Moreover, we observed:
[I]t may be true that some burglars are more ‘professional’ than
others and plan their criminal activity so that the occupants are
most likely absent[,] . . . [but] it does not advance the interests
of justice to ‘reward’ the burglar . . . simply because he was lucky
at the moment he entered the then[-]unoccupied structure.
Stepp, supra at 924. Similarly, it does not advance the interests of justice
to reward Forman for using the deadbolt to prevent the victims’ entry during
the burglary.
- 10 -
J-A21003-20
Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to prove the victims’ presence
at their home at the time of the burglary, Stepp, supra; Jackson, supra;Dickison, supra, and sustain Forman’s conviction under section
3502(a)(1)(ii). Thus, the court did not err in imposing a mandatory minimum
“second strike” sentence on that count pursuant to section 9714 where
Forman stipulated to committing a prior “crime of violence” under section
9714(g).
Next, Forman argues that 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9714 is unconstitutional as
drafted in that it increases the minimum punishment for a crime based on a
fact not submitted to a jury and proven beyond a reasonable doubt;
specifically, a prior conviction for a crime of violence. Brief of Appellant, at
38-59. He is entitled to no relief.
The Supreme Court of the United States held that any fact—other than
a prior conviction—that increases a mandatory minimum sentence for an
offense must be submitted to the jury and proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Alleyne v. U.S., 570 U.S. 99 (2013). (emphasis added). This Court noted in
Commonwealth v. Reid, 117 A.3d 777 (Pa. Super. 2015), that Alleyne did
not overturn prior precedent holding that prior convictions are sentencing
factors and not elements of offenses. Id. at 784; see Almendarez–Torres
v. U.S., 523 U.S. 224 (1998) (recognizing narrow exception for prior
convictions to rule that any fact increasing punishment for defendant must be
submitted to jury and proven beyond reasonable doubt).
- 11 -
J-A21003-20
We specifically held in Reid that section 9714 is not rendered
unconstitutional by Alleyne, as it provides for mandatory minimum sentences
based on prior convictions—specifically, crimes of violence. Recently, our
Supreme Court, in a per curiam order, affirmed our decision in
Commonwealth v. Bragg reaching the same result. See 133 A.3d 328 (Pa.
Super. 2016) (challenge to mandatory minimum sentence for subsequent
crimes of violence pursuant to section 9714 has no merit), aff’d per curiam,
169 A.3d 1024 (Pa. 2017).
Here, Forman was previously convicted of voluntary manslaughter, a
crime of violence that qualifies as a first strike. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9714(g).
The Commonwealth timely filed notice of its intention to seek a second strike
mandatory minimum sentence for first-degree burglary. Accordingly, under
Reid and Bragg, the trial court’s imposition of the mandatory minimum
sentence for first-degree burglary in accordance with section 9714 was not
unconstitutional.11
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
____________________________________________
11 Forman dedicates a substantial portion of his appellate brief to arguing that
Almendarez-Torres was wrongly decided and is “due to be overruled.” Brief
of Appellant, at 52. This, however, we cannot do. Bosse v. Oklahoma, 137
S.Ct. 1, 2 (2016) (“It is this Court’s prerogative alone to overrule one of its
precedents.”). Forman further submits that Bragg “is [similarly] due to be
overturned,” and explains that these “good faith argument[s] for a change in
the existing law . . . [are] made to fully preserve [his appellate] rights.” Brief
of Appellant, at 39.
- 12 -
J-A21003-20
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/27/2020
- 13 -