Com. v. Reeves, J. ( 2022 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
JERRY REEVES :
:
Appellant : No. 1421 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 21, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-22-CR-0003869-2009
BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and KING, J.
MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.: FILED APRIL 20, 2022
Appellant, Jerry Reeves, appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered in the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas, following his jury
trial convictions for second-degree murder, robbery, and firearms not to be
carried without a license.1 We affirm.
In its opinion, the trial court sets forth the relevant facts of this case
as follows:
Trooper Curtis Salak…was on patrol on the night of May
25, 2006, at around 1:15 a.m., when he observed a white
male trying to get his attention in front of City Gas and
Diesel. The white male, Michael Roberts…, had stopped by
City Gas and Diesel to get a pack of cigarettes and some
cash from the ATM. Roberts pulled into the parking lot,
got out, walked in the door, went to the ATM, withdrew
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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2502(b), 3701(a)(ii), and 6106(a)(i), respectively.
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funds, and then walked back to the counter to get a pack
[of] cigarettes. When he got to the counter, he observed a
gentleman, Hitender Thakur, laying on the floor with a
wound in his chest, bleeding profusely. Roberts then ran
outside to call 911. He ended the call when he saw a
police officer, Trooper [Salak], driving down the road. He
flagged down the police officer and brought him to the
scene.
Trooper Salak entered the store and observed a male
laying on his back behind the counter. He attempted to
aid the victim,…but he was unsuccessful. Other than
Roberts, Trooper Salak observed another male, Sanjay
Thakur…at the store. [Sanjay] Thakur, a friend and
roommate of Hitender Thakur, was returning to City Gas
and Diesel to return the victim’s borrowed cell phone.
When he arrived at the convenience store, he observed
Roberts running around outside of the store while on the
phone with police. Roberts told [Sanjay] Thakur about the
victim and [Sanjay] Thakur then ran inside of the store.
Investigator Brandon Kunkel arrived on scene at around
2:20 a.m. After receiving a briefing from Officer Kimmick,
he began to take photographs of the scene. Investigator
Kunkel watched the store’s surveillance video and used
that to process the scene for fingerprints. Most of the
areas were high traffic areas for the presence of
fingerprints. A total of seven print cards were collected
from the scene. No DNA evidence was collected from the
scene. All evidence was forwarded to the Pennsylvania
State Police laboratory.
Detective Christopher Krokos arrived on scene at around
2:30 a.m. Investigator Kunkel walked Detective Krokos
through the crime scene and gave him preliminary
information. Detective Krokos observed Hitender Thakur
laying on the floor behind the counter.
Dr. Wayne Ross performed the autopsy on Hitender Thakur
on May 25, 2006. Dr. Ross determined that the gunshot
went through his chest, his heart, his aorta, and travelled
into his belly region. The cause of death is a gunshot
wound to the chest. Dr. Ross further testified that
[Phencyclidine,] PCP[,] can affect memory and cause
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amnesia. Dr. Jonathan Arden also testified regarding the
effects of PCP. Dr. Arden reviewed the report from Dr.
Ross and testified that he is not aware that memory loss is
one of the recognized effects or complications of the use of
PCP. However, he did testify that PCP causes mind-
altering effects.
Investigator Karen Lyda…attended the autopsy of Hitender
Thakur. Investigator Lyda collected the bullet from the
autopsy and submitted it to Pennsylvania State Police.
Investigator Lyda helped the lead investigator of this case
with the processing of some latent fingerprints. Any prints
that had sufficient details were run through [the
Automated Fingerprint Identification System,] AFIS. One
palm print came back to Tavon Shaw.
[Sergeant] David Krumbine, qualified as a ballistics expert
during trial, received the bullet submitted in this case.
Sergeant Krumbine determined that it was a discharged
and mutilated metal jacketed bullet of the .25 caliber class
that was discharged from a firearm having rifling with
eight lands and grooves and a right twist.
On May 28, 2006, being interviewed for an unrelated
incident, Appellant provided information about Hitender
Thakur’s murder to Officer Fenton in hopes that he could
be released for a family holiday cookout to avoid charges.
Detective Krokos went to Appellant’s home and took him
back to Harrisburg Police Department for an interview.
Appellant told Detective Krokos that he was sitting across
the street from City Gas and Diesel on a porch. He saw a
male who he knew as Jermaine Taylor exit a vehicle, go
into the store, rob the store, and then get into the vehicle
again to drive away. He then told Detective Krokos that
he lied, and Jermaine Taylor did not exist. He stated that
he lied because he wanted to be present at his family’s
cookout for the holiday. Appellant eventually stated to
Detective Krokos that he did not have information about
the murder. Detective Krokos considered Appellant part of
the case, but not a suspect until 2009.
Nishant Rana, roommate and childhood friend of Hitender
Thakur, was interviewed. Rana also worked at City Gas
and Diesel with Hitender Thakur. Rana’s usual shift was
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midnight to 6 a.m. and the victim’s usual shift was 7 p.m.
to midnight. Hitender Thakur switched shifts with Rana
because Hitender Thakur was taking summer classes.
Rana knew Appellant because he came into the store
around three to four times a week for approximately six or
seven months. Appellant would sweep for Rana in
exchange for free cigars. Rana began working at the store
in the daytime after the victim’s murder. He never saw
Appellant in the store again after the murder.
After reviewing the surveillance video, Detective Krokos
was able to identify two males as Derrick Small and Xavier
Henry. Both Derrick Small and Xavier Henry were
interviewed. Through the interview with Derrick Small, a
suspect profile was created indicating that the suspect was
shorter in stature and weight, male, and light skinned,
either Hispanic or black. This suspect profile was used to
rule out subsequent suspects and leads.
On May 25, 2006, Billy Grier…was interviewed and
determined to have been near the store, but he was ruled
out because he did not match the description. Grier was
about five feet seven inches and weighed two hundred and
twenty-five pounds. Grier stated that he saw someone go
into the store who he thought committed the crime. This
person was identified by Grier as “G-Dawg,” but he was
unable to identify this person in the provided photographs.
Grier then went back to his original story that he did not
know anything about the incident.
Detective Krokos then learned that Kai Anderson and
Michael Holmes escaped from the Work Release Center the
night of the incident. Kai Anderson was interviewed on
May 31, 2006[,] and he denied any involvement in the
incident. Michael Holmes is six feet three inches tall and
weighed two hundred pounds at the time he was
interviewed. Isaiah Richmond was interviewed in
connection with the incident and he also denied any
involvement. Isaiah Richmond is five feet ten inches tall,
weighed one hundred and fifty pounds, and has medium to
dark skin tone.
On July 29, 2009, Detective Krokos saw that Appellant was
in custody for an unrelated incident. Appellant agreed to
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speak with Detective Krokos about Hitender Thakur’s
murder. Detective Krokos asked Detective Donald Heffner
to help him interview Appellant. Detective Heffner then
asked Detective Hector Baez to help in the interview as
well. Detective Heffner verbally Mirandized[2] Appellant
before taking him upstairs to his office. Appellant told the
detectives that he was across the street at the time of the
incident and gave them three names. Appellant stated
that he was across the street when he saw his cousins,
Ferred and Chase, and a third black male, Joseph Baldwin,
at the store. He stated that Chase and Joseph Baldwin
went into the store. Appellant heard a gunshot and then
saw Chase and Joseph Baldwin get into a vehicle.
Appellant then stated that the murder was an accident and
that it was not intentional. The detectives told Appellant
that his story did not make sense. Appellant then changed
his story to say that he was in front of the store with the
three men instead of on his porch. Appellant stated that
Ferred went into the store and Appellant took off running
when he heard a gunshot. Detectives again told Appellant
that his story did not make sense and that Appellant
needed to tell the truth. Appellant began to get emotional
and stated that it was an accident and that he just needed
money. He told the detectives that he burned his clothing
at the Reservoir Park after the incident. He also stated
that he got the gun in Baltimore. Appellant stated that he
was under the influence of PCP at the time of the robbery
and murder.
(Trial Court Opinion, 1/4/21, at 2-7) (internal record citations and footnotes
omitted).
In 2010, prior to Appellant’s first trial, counsel moved to suppress
Appellant’s confession, claiming the confession was given without a knowing
and voluntary waiver of Appellant’s constitutional rights. The trial court
conducted a suppression hearing where it heard testimony from Detectives
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2 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).
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Heffner and Krokos, and subsequently denied the motion.
Thereafter, the court conducted a three-day jury trial. As part of its
case-in-chief, the Commonwealth introduced Appellant’s confession.
Appellant testified in his defense. On June 23, 2010, the jury found
Appellant guilty of second-degree murder, robbery, and firearms not to be
carried without a license. The court sentenced Appellant to life
imprisonment for murder and imposed a concurrent five to ten years’
imprisonment on the robbery count, and a concurrent one to two years’
imprisonment on the firearms count. On July 1, 2011, this Court affirmed
the judgment of sentence. See Commonwealth v. Reeves, 32 A.3d 256(Pa.Super. 2011) (unpublished memorandum). Appellant did not seek
further direct review.
On July 30, 2012, Appellant filed a timely petition pursuant to the Post
Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”) at 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546, arguing that
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present evidence of another
suspect. The PCRA court issued notice of intent to dismiss the PCRA petition
per Pa.R.Crim.P. 907 on October 10, 2012. Appellant filed objections on
October 29, 2012. On November 26, 2012, the PCRA court denied relief,
concluding that trial counsel’s failure to present evidence of an alternate
suspect did not prejudice Appellant based on Appellant’s confession and the
store surveillance video which corroborated the confession. On November 7,
2013, this Court affirmed the denial of PCRA relief, and our Supreme Court
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denied allowance of appeal on March 25, 2014. See Commonwealth v.
Reeves, 91 A.3d 1276 (Pa.Super. 2013) (unpublished memorandum),
appeal denied, 624 Pa. 696, 87 A.3d 815 (2014).
On July 31, 2014, Appellant filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus,
asserting, inter alia, ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to present
evidence that two other suspects had committed the robbery. The
Magistrate Judge to whom the petition was referred denied an evidentiary
hearing and recommended that the District Court dismiss Appellant’s petition
as untimely because it was filed four months late. The United States District
Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania adopted the Magistrate Judge’s
report and recommendation.
By opinion entered July 23, 2018 (as amended July 25, 2018), the
Third Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the order dismissing Appellant’s
habeas corpus petition as untimely. In doing so, the Court held that, as a
matter of first impression, when a state prisoner asserts ineffective
assistance of counsel based on counsel’s failure to discover or present to the
fact-finder exculpatory evidence that demonstrates his actual innocence,
such evidence constitutes “new” evidence for purposes of the actual
innocence miscarriage of justice gateway to excusing procedural default of
the habeas claim. Thus, the Court characterized the proffered alternate
suspect evidence as “new,” and remanded for the District Court to consider
whether such evidence was reliable, and whether Appellant could show that
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it was more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted
him based on that evidence. If Appellant is able to make such a showing
upon remand, then the Third Circuit directed the District Court to review
Appellant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim on the merits. See
Reeves v. Fayette SCI, 897 F.3d 154 (3d Cir. 2018), cert. denied, ___
U.S. ___, 139 S.Ct. 2713, 204 L.Ed.2d 1123 (2019).
Upon remand, the District Court granted Appellant’s petition for
habeas corpus relief, and ordered the Commonwealth to release or retry
Appellant within 120 days. See Reeves v. Coleman, No. 3:14-cv-01500-
SES, Doc. No. 78 (M.D.Pa. filed Nov. 13, 2019). The Commonwealth
subsequently gave its notice of intent to retry Appellant.
On August 20, 2020, Appellant filed a pre-trial motion to suppress his
confession. On August 27, 2020, Appellant filed notice of his intent to
introduce expert testimony from Daniel A. Martell, Ph.D., and Jacqueline
Evans, Ph.D. Following a hearing on September 22, 2020, the trial court
denied Appellant’s motion to suppress the confession, relying on the law of
the case doctrine. The court also precluded the testimony of Appellant’s two
proffered expert witnesses. On that same day, Appellant filed a motion in
limine to preclude expert testimony from Dr. Wayne Ross regarding the
effects of PCP, which the court denied on September 30, 2020.
The court commenced a retrial of Appellant on October 19, 2020. The
Commonwealth introduced Appellant’s confession during its presentation of
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evidence. The Commonwealth also read into the record Appellant’s
testimony from his first trial. (See N.T. Trial, 10/20/20, at 435-472). At the
conclusion of trial, on October 21, 2020, the jury convicted Appellant of
second-degree murder, robbery, and firearms not to be carried without a
license. The court sentenced Appellant that same day to life without parole
for the murder conviction and imposed concurrent sentences of five to ten
years’ incarceration for robbery and one to two years’ incarceration for
firearms not to be carried without a license.
Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal on November 5, 2020. On
November 10, 2020, the court ordered Appellant to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, and Appellant timely
complied.
Appellant raises the following issues for our review:
Whether the trial court erred in denying [Appellant]’s
motion to suppress his July 29, 2009, statement because
the law-of-the-case doctrine should not apply in a retrial,
particularly where the legal issues and record are different
than those in the previous suppression proceeding?
Whether the trial court erred in holding that testimony
from [Appellant]’s expert witnesses on the phenomenon of
false confessions and on [Appellant]’s mental-health
history and psychological assessments of [Appellant] was
inadmissible at both the suppression and trial stages?
Whether the trial court erred in permitting [Appellant]’s
testimony from his previous trial, where he was
represented by constitutionally-ineffective counsel, to be
read to the jury?
Whether the trial court erred in sustaining the
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Commonwealth’s hearsay objections to testimony related
to alternative suspects and the course of the police
investigation, particularly where the federal courts held
prior counsel was ineffective for failing to present this
precise evidence?
(Appellant’s Brief at 4-5).
In his first issue, Appellant argues that the court erred in applying the
law of the case doctrine to deny his 2020 motion to suppress his July 29,
2009 statement because both the law and facts changed since the filing of
his initial suppression motion. Appellant asserts that the bases for his 2020
motion seeking to suppress his confession were that the confession was
given involuntarily and because admission of the confession was more
prejudicial than probative under Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 403.3 (Id. at
41-42). Appellant contends that under Rule 403, the trial court should have
considered “whether [his] confession was so unreliable that the prejudicial
effect of admitting it would outweigh any probative value.” (Id. at 41).
Further, Appellant maintains that application of the law of the case
doctrine was inappropriate because there was a substantial change in the
evidence which would be introduced at a new suppression hearing.
Specifically, Appellant claims that he would now testify on his own behalf at
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3 We note that Appellant does not argue the merits of whether his
suppression motion should have been granted on the grounds alleged
concerning involuntariness and under Rule 403. Rather, Appellant’s sole
complaint in this issue is whether the court misapplied the law of the case
doctrine in deciding to deny Appellant’s 2020 suppression motion.
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the suppression hearing. In doing so, Appellant insists that he would
provide a substantially different factual record than that considered in 2010
because the trial court could hear Appellant’s personal explanation of the
circumstances surrounding his interrogation as well as his physical and
mental health. (Id. at 43). In addition, Appellant maintains that he would
introduce the testimony of Dr. Martell regarding Appellant’s psychological
assessment and how Appellant was vulnerable to making a false confession,
and the testimony of Dr. Evans regarding the phenomenon of false
confessions in general. Appellant concludes that this Court should vacate his
convictions and judgment of sentence and remand this matter for an entirely
new suppression hearing. We disagree.
“Whether the [l]aw of the [c]ase [d]octrine precludes review in a given
situation is a pure question of law. Therefore, our standard of review is de
novo.” Commonwealth v. Lancit, 139 A.3d 204, 206 (Pa.Super. 2016),
appeal denied, 640 Pa. 543, 164 A.3d 465 (2016) (citations omitted).
The law of the case doctrine “refers to a family of rules which embody
the concept that a court involved in the later phases of a litigated matter
should not reopen questions decided by another judge of that same court or
by a higher court in the earlier phases of the matter.” Commonwealth v.
Starr, 541 Pa. 564, 574, 664 A.2d 1326, 1331 (1995). This Court has
explained the law of the case doctrine as follows:
Among the related but distinct rules which make up the
law of the case doctrine are that: (1) upon remand for
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further proceedings, a trial court may not alter the
resolution of a legal question previously decided by the
appellate court in the matter; (2) upon a second appeal,
an appellate court may not alter the resolution of a legal
question previously decided by the same appellate court;
and (3) upon transfer of a matter between trial judges of
coordinate jurisdiction, the transferee trial court may not
alter the resolution of a legal question previously decided
by the transferrer trial court.
Commonwealth v. Viglione, 842 A.2d 454, 461-62 (Pa.Super. 2004)
(citation omitted).
The various rules which make up the law of the case
doctrine serve not only to promote the goal of judicial
economy…but also operate (1) to protect the settled
expectations of the parties; (2) to insure uniformity of
decisions; (3) to maintain consistency during the course of
a single case; (4) to effectuate the proper and streamlined
administration of justice; and (5) to bring litigation to an
end.
Commonwealth v. McCandless, 880 A.2d 1262, 1267 (Pa.Super. 2005),
appeal dismissed as improvidently granted, 593 Pa. 657, 933 A.2d 650(2007).
Departure from the law of the case doctrine is allowed in exceptional
circumstances such as: (1) where there has been an intervening change in
the controlling law, (2) a substantial change in the facts or evidence giving
rise to the dispute in the matter, or (3) where the prior holding was clearly
erroneous and would create a manifest injustice if followed. Viglione,
supra.Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 403 limits the admission of relevant
evidence, stating: “The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative
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value is outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair
prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting
time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Pa.R.E. 403.
Instantly, the court explained that it denied Appellant’s 2020 motion to
suppress based on the law of the case doctrine:
In this case, the issues contained in Appellant’s
suppression motion were previously litigated before the
Honorable Judge John Cherry on June 21, 2010. We
concluded that these issues were barred from being
litigated again for Appellant’s 2020 trial under the law of
the case doctrine. The controlling law has not changed in
this matter nor have the facts or evidence giving rise to
the dispute. We find no reason to disturb the decision
made by Judge Cherry in the suppression hearing held
before Appellant’s first trial. Additionally, the Superior
Court of Pennsylvania found that Appellant’s confession
was voluntary on appeal and, therefore, found Judge
Cherry’s decision to be supported by the relevant facts and
law.
(Trial Court Opinion at 9) (internal footnote and citation omitted).
Our review of the record confirms that Appellant challenged the
voluntariness of his confession in the 2010 suppression motion and attacked
the denial of that motion on direct appeal. This Court affirmed on direct
appeal, concluding that Appellant’s confession was not involuntary. See
Commonwealth v. Reeves, 32 A.3d 256 (Pa.Super. 2011) (unpublished
memorandum) (affirming denial of Appellant’s suppression motion where
Appellant appeared coherent, alert, and physically sound during interview;
no threats or promises were made to induce Appellant’s confession; police
gave Appellant Miranda warnings at two points during interview, during
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which Appellant voluntarily waived his rights and confessed; although
interview was custodial in nature, it was not so manipulative or coercive as
to deprive Appellant of his ability to make free and unconstrained choice).
We agree with the trial court that the law of the case doctrine applies under
these circumstances. See Viglione, supra.Additionally, we agree with the trial court that Appellant has not
demonstrated that he is entitled to an exception to the law of the case
doctrine based on Appellant’s proffered “new” evidence. The fact that
Appellant now wants to testify at a suppression hearing is nothing “new.”
Appellant knew all the facts concerning his confession at the time of his
2010 suppression hearing and chose at the time not to testify concerning the
voluntariness of his confession.4 Appellant is not entitled to the proverbial
“second bite of the apple” by construing his intent to testify at a second
hearing as a change in the facts. See id.Likewise, Appellant’s proffered introduction of testimony from Drs.
Evans and Martell does not afford him relief where the trial court decided
that the testimony of these experts would have been inadmissible at both a
suppression hearing and at trial. Specifically, the court explained that “[t]he
proposed testimony would have included discussion on specific investigatory
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4 Although the Commonwealth bears the burden of producing evidence and
of establishing that the challenged evidence was not obtained in violation of
the defendant’s rights, the defendant may also testify at a suppression
hearing. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(H).
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techniques” and was therefore inadmissible “because the ultimate issue is
one of credibility and is best left to the jury.” (Trial Court Opinion at 10)
(relying on Commonwealth v. Alicia, 625 Pa. 429, 92 A.3d 753 (2014),
holding that expert testimony on phenomenon of false confessions would
impermissibly invade jury’s exclusive role as arbiter of credibility).
We agree with the trial court’s rationale. Although Alicia was
rendered in the context of expert testimony concerning false confessions at
trial, the Court did not specifically limit its holding to trials. Additionally,
Appellant has not introduced any authority to support the proposition that
Alicia should not apply to suppression hearings. Consequently, Appellant
has failed to demonstrate an exception to applying the law of the case
doctrine based on his proffered expert testimony. See Viglione, supra.Finally, Appellant’s reliance on Rule 403 is also unavailing. In
Appellant’s 2020 suppression motion he argued that his confession should be
suppressed under Rule 403 because the “circumstances attendant to his
interrogation render the confession unreliable.” (Omnibus Pretrial Motion,
8/3/20, at 37). The circumstances detailed include an alleged failure to read
Appellant his Miranda rights, the duration of his detention and
interrogation, and his physical and mental state. (Id. at 37-38). This
argument is essentially no different from Appellant’s claim that his
confession should be suppressed as involuntary. We reiterate that this Court
has already upheld the voluntariness of Appellant’s confession on direct
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appeal.
In any event, Appellant’s reliance on Rule 403 is misplaced. Rule 403
is a rule of evidence pertaining to whether certain evidence may come in at
trial—the Rule is generally not appliable at the suppression stage, which
focuses on whether the Commonwealth violated a defendant’s constitutional
rights. Whether evidence should be suppressed because it was obtained in
violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights is a different question than
whether evidence should come in at trial based on its potential for prejudice.
See generally Commonwealth v. Hicks, 625 Pa. 90, 91 A.3d 47 (2014)
(explaining that Rule 403 is “trial-oriented rule”; balancing inquiry under
Rule 403 is fact and context specific and normally dependent on evidence
presented at trial; as such, Rule 403 rulings are generally deferred to trial).
Thus, we disagree with Appellant’s contention that the court was obligated to
conduct a Rule 403 balancing test at the suppression stage of the
proceedings.5
Under these circumstances, we conclude that the trial court
appropriately applied the law of the case doctrine when it decided not to
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5 To the extent Appellant complains that the court should have conducted a
Rule 403 balancing test before admitting Appellant’s confession at the
retrial, we emphasize that “[e]vidence will not be prohibited merely because
it is harmful to the defendant.” Commonwealth v. Dillon, 592 Pa. 351,
366, 925 A.2d 131, 141 (2007). A confession will almost always be harmful
to a defendant, but, where a court has concluded that the confession was
made voluntarily, we cannot say that the probative value of the confession is
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
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conduct a second suppression hearing concerning the voluntariness of
Appellant’s confession. See Lancit, supra. Therefore, Appellant’s first
issue does not merit relief.
In his second issue, Appellant concedes that our Supreme Court’s
holding in Alicia barred him from presenting Dr. Evans’ testimony about the
general phenomenon of false confessions at trial. Nevertheless, Appellant
argues that the testimony of Dr. Martell should have been admitted because
it “does not fall within the scope of the general expert testimony on false
confessions prohibited by Alicia and is admissible expert testimony under
Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 702.” (Appellant’s Brief at 53-54). Appellant
contends Dr. Martell’s testimony was important to show Appellant’s mental
state at the time he made his confession. Appellant concludes the trial court
erred by precluding Dr. Martell’s testimony at the retrial, and this Court
must grant relief. We disagree.
When reviewing the admission or exclusion of evidence, our standard
of review is well established and very narrow:
The admission of evidence is solely within the discretion of
the trial court, and a trial court’s evidentiary rulings will be
reversed on appeal only upon an abuse of that discretion.
An abuse of discretion will not be found based on a mere
error of judgment, but rather occurs where the court has
reached a conclusion that overrides or misapplies the law,
or where the judgment exercised is manifestly
unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or
ill-will.
Commonwealth v. Woodard, 634 Pa. 162, 186, 129 A.3d 480, 494
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(2015), cert. denied, 137 S.Ct. 92, 196 L.Ed.2d 79 (2016) (internal citations
and quotation marks omitted). “We must also be mindful that a
discretionary ruling cannot be overturned simply because a reviewing court
disagrees with the trial court’s conclusion.” Commonwealth v. O'Brien,
836 A.2d 966, 968 (Pa.Super. 2003), appeal denied, 577 Pa. 695, 845 A.2d
817 (2004).
When a [trial] court comes to a conclusion through the
exercise of its discretion, there is a heavy burden [on the
appellant] to show that this discretion has been abused.
An appellant cannot meet this burden by simply
persuading an appellate court that it may have reached a
different conclusion than that reached by the trial court;
rather, to overcome this heavy burden, the appellant must
demonstrate that the trial court actually abused its
discretionary power.
Commonwealth v. Gill, 651 Pa. 520, 533, 206 A.3d 459, 466 (2019)
(citations and quotation marks omitted).
Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 702 provides:
Rule 702. Testimony by Expert Witnesses
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education may testify in the form
of an opinion or otherwise if:
(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge is beyond that possessed by the average
layperson;
(b) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the
evidence or to determine a fact in issue; and
(c) the expert’s methodology is generally accepted in the
relevant field.
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Pa.R.E. 702.
“There has been a long-standing policy in this Commonwealth of
protecting the jury’s prerogative to determine credibility from the undue
influence that accompanies expert testimony on the subject of credibility of
witnesses.” Commonwealth v. Pugh, 101 A.3d 820, 822 (Pa.Super. 2014)
(en banc), appeal denied, 632 Pa. 670, 117 A.3d 296 (2015).
In Alicia, our Supreme Court held that “expert testimony [regarding
false confessions] constitutes an impermissible invasion of the jury’s role as
the exclusive arbiter of credibility.” Alicia, supra at 446, 92 A.3d at 764.
The Court further stated: “[T]he matter of whether [the defendant’s]
confession is false is best left to the jury’s common sense and life
experience, after proper development of relevant issues related to, inter alia,
the particular circumstances surrounding the elicitation of his confession,
using the traditional and time-honored techniques of cross-examination and
argument.” Id. at 447, 92 A.3d at 764.
Instantly, in evaluating Appellant’s issue, the court explained:
In this case, Appellant wished to introduce the testimony
of two experts, Dr. Jacqueline Evans and Dr. Dan Martell,
regarding false confessions. The proposed testimony
would have included discussion on specific investigatory
techniques. This [c]ourt determined that, under Alicia,
this testimony is inadmissible at both a hearing and trial
because the ultimate issue is one of credibility and is best
left to the jury. Therefore, we find this claim lacks merit.
(Trial Court Opinion at 10).
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Under Alicia, the trial court correctly determined that testimony
regarding false confessions was inadmissible at trial. See Alicia, supra;Pugh, supra. Specifically, Appellant sought to introduce Dr. Martell’s
testimony that based on Appellant’s psychological vulnerabilities, he would
have been more susceptible to making a false confession under interrogative
pressure. Thus, we see no reason to disturb the court’s preclusion of Dr.
Martell’s proffered testimony concerning Appellant’s mental state, where Dr.
Martell’s testimony would have improperly opined on Appellant’s credibility.
See id. See also Woodard, supra. Accordingly, Appellant’s second issue
merits no relief.
In Appellant’s third issue, he argues that the court abused its
discretion by permitting the Commonwealth to read Appellant’s testimony
from his first trial to the jury in his retrial. Appellant acknowledges that
testimony from a first trial is generally admissible at a retrial even when the
defendant does not testify at the second trial. (Appellant’s Brief at 56).
Nevertheless, Appellant claims that this general rule should not apply where
the prior testimony was “impelled by a constitutional defect—here, the
ineffective assistance of trial counsel.” (Id.) Appellant insists that trial
counsel’s ineffectiveness induced him to testify at the first trial to explain
why Appellant made the confession to police, particularly where trial court
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had failed to introduce alternative suspects to the jury. (Id. at 57).6
Appellant concludes admission of his testimony at the retrial was improper,
and this Court must grant appropriate relief. We disagree.
Our Supreme Court has stated:
[A] defendant in a criminal case who takes the stand in his
own behalf and testifies without asserting his privilege
against self-incrimination thereby waives the privilege as
to the testimony given so that it may be[ ]used against
him in a subsequent trial of the same case. The fact that
the defendant does not take the stand at the second trial
does not prevent the use of his testimony given at the
former trial, if it would otherwise be admissible.
Commonwealth v. Boyle, 498 Pa. 486, 498, 447 A.2d 250, 256 (1982)
(footnote and citations omitted). In Boyle, our Supreme Court concluded
that “[t]he fact that Boyle exercised his right of silence during the second
trial did not insulate him from the consequences of his earlier testimony.”
Id. The Court reasoned that “[i]t has long been recognized that testimony
from an earlier trial may be introduced in the prosecution’s case against a
defendant regardless of whether that defendant takes the stand or not in the
second proceeding.” Id. (citations omitted).
____________________________________________
6 Appellant observes that our Supreme Court granted review of a similar
issue in Commonwealth v. Dougherty, No. 512 EAL 2020, 2021 WL
1097731 (Pa. Mar. 23, 2021) (per curiam) (granting allowance of appeal
limited to following issue: “Where [petitioner’s] testimony at his first trial
was induced by the ineffective assistance of counsel, did the trial court
commit reversible error by admitting that testimony at his third trial?”).
Nevertheless, the Court subsequently dismissed the appeal based on the
appellant’s death. See Commonwealth v. Dougherty, ___ Pa. ___, 263
A.3d 1143 (2021) (per curiam).
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Instantly, the trial court explained:
In this case, Appellant voluntarily testified during his first
trial. This testimony was read during his retrial. Appellant
argued, prior to trial, that it would be prejudicial to
introduce the prior testimony when his previous trial
counsel was found to be ineffective. We do not find this
argument to be persuasive. Appellant’s prior trial counsel
was deemed ineffective because he failed to investigate an
alternate suspect or to argue such at trial. This
ineffectiveness has nothing to do with Appellant’s decision
to testify at his previous trial. Therefore, under the facts
and circumstances in this case and taking into
consideration the decision in Boyle, this [c]ourt concluded
that Appellant’s prior testimony is admissible. Thus, we
find this claim lacks merit.
(Trial Court Opinion at 12-13) (record citation omitted).
We see no reason to disturb the trial court’s analysis. Prior to
testifying in his first trial, Appellant acknowledged his right to remain silent
and indicated his intent to waive that right so he could testify on his own
behalf. (N.T. Trial, 6/21-23/10, at 154-157). We are not persuaded by
Appellant’s argument that this waiver was tainted by the ineffective
assistance of counsel. The Third Circuit held that Appellant’s initial trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and argue that a third-party
alternate suspect was guilty of the crimes charged. We agree with the trial
court that Appellant’s decision to testify was not caused by counsel’s
ineffectiveness. As such, the court did not abuse its discretion when it
permitted Appellant’s prior testimony to be introduced at his retrial. See
Woodard, supra. See also Boyle, supra.In his fourth issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by
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consistently sustaining the Commonwealth’s objections to the introduction of
evidence of alternate suspects and the course of the police investigation.
(Appellant’s Brief at 58). Appellant asserts that this is “precisely the
evidence the federal courts held [Appellant’s] first counsel was ineffective for
not presenting.” (Id.) Appellant claims that testimony regarding alternate
suspects was not hearsay and should have been allowed to show the course
of conduct of the police investigation. (Id. at 59). Relying on our Supreme
Court’s recent decision in Commonwealth v. Yale, 9 MAP 2020, 2021 WL
1681926, at *1 (Pa. filed Apr. 29, 2021), Appellant claims that precluding
the introduction of this evidence violated his right to present a complete
defense. (Appellant’s Brief at 58). We disagree.
It is well-settled that:
Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the
declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in
evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.
Hearsay testimony is per se inadmissible in this
Commonwealth, except as provided in the Pennsylvania
Rules of Evidence, by other rules prescribed by the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court, or by statute. On the other
hand, evidence that would constitute inadmissible hearsay
if offered…for one purpose may be admitted for another
purpose….
Commonwealth v. Dent, 837 A.2d 571, 577 (Pa.Super. 2003), appeal
denied, 581 Pa. 671, 863 A.2d 1143 (2004) (citations and internal quotation
marks omitted).
It is, of course, well established that certain out-of-court
statements offered to explain a course of police conduct
are admissible. Such statements do not constitute hearsay
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since they are not offered for the truth of the matters
asserted; rather, they are offered merely to show the
information upon which police acted.
Nevertheless, it cannot be said that every out-of-court
statement having bearing upon subsequent police conduct
is to be admitted, for there is great risk that, despite
cautionary jury instructions, certain types of statements
will be considered by the jury as substantive evidence of
guilt. Further, the police conduct rule does not open the
door to unbounded admission of testimony, for such would
nullify an accused’s right to cross-examine and confront
the witnesses against him.
Id. at 579 (quoting Commonwealth v. Palsa, 521 Pa. 113, 555 A.2d 808(1989)) (internal citations and emphasis omitted).
Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 804 concerns exceptions to hearsay
when the declarant of the statement is unavailable as a witness. Subsection
804(a) sets forth the criteria for unavailability:
Rule 804. Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay—
When the Declarant is Unavailable as a Witness
(a) Criteria for Being Unavailable. A declarant is
considered to be unavailable as a witness if the declarant:
(1) is exempted from testifying about the subject
matter of the declarant’s statement because the
court rules that a privilege applies;
(2) refuses to testify about the subject matter
despite a court order to do so;
(3) testifies to not remembering the subject matter,
except as provided in Rule 803.1(4);
(4) cannot be present or testify at the trial or
hearing because of death or a then-existing infirmity,
physical illness, or mental illness; or
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(5) is absent from the trial or hearing and the
statement’s proponent has not been able, by process
or other reasonable means, to procure:
(A) the declarant’s attendance, in the case of a
hearsay exception under Rule 804(b)(1) or
(6); or
(B) the declarant’s attendance or testimony, in
the case of a hearsay exception under Rule
804(b)(2), (3), or (4).
Pa.R.E. 804(a). Subsection 804(b) lists the specific exceptions—statements
that are not excluded by the rule against hearsay if the declarant is
unavailable as a witness. Id. at 804(b).
In its opinion, the trial court thoroughly explains the relevant
statements objected to at trial, and its rationale for sustaining the
Commonwealth’s objections:
In this case, the Commonwealth objected several times to
the testimony regarding statements made to Detective
Krokos by unavailable witnesses. (N.T. Trial, 10/20/20, at
357, 361, 366, 372, 377, 383, 387).
The Commonwealth objected to Detective Krokos testifying
to what Billy Grier stated during his interview. (Id. at
357). [The trial court] initially sustained the objection.
(Id.) However, after a sidebar conversation with both
attorneys, Detective Krokos was permitted to testify about
what Billy Grier told him. (Id. at 360). Detective Krokos
testified that Billy Grier stated that he saw somebody go
into the store that []he thought committed the crime. (Id.
at 361).
The Commonwealth next objected to further testimony
regarding Billy Grier’s statements to Detective Krokos.
(Id.) [The trial court] permitted the testimony but
reminded the jury that the testimony is being offered as
part of the investigation in the case in general. (Id. at
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366). Detective Krokos went on to testify about what Billy
Grier told him. (Id. at 369).
The Commonwealth next objected to testimony by
Detective Krokos regarding information from Danielle
Igazzitto. (Id. at 372). Again, [the trial court] allowed
the testimony. (Id.)
Next, the Commonwealth objected to the introduction of a
statement from Isaiah Richmond to Kai Anderson. (Id. at
377). [The trial court] sustained the objection initially.
(Id.) Detective Krokos was not permitted to testify about
what the statement was, but he was permitted to testify to
his course of conduct, including how the information or
statement affected his investigation. (Id. at 378).
Next, the Commonwealth objected to the introduction of a
statement allegedly made by Kai Anderson to Kenny
Marlow and then to Detective Krokos. (Id. at 383-84).
[The trial court] sustained the objection as this alleged
statement is double hearsay. (Id. at 384). Again,
Detective Krokos was permitted to testify about how this
information affected his course of conduct, but he was not
permitted to testify to what the alleged statement was.
(Id. at 384-85).
Finally, the Commonwealth objected to the introduction of
a statement allegedly made by Kai Anderson to Jonathan
Johnston and relayed by Jonathan Johnston to detectives
in an interview. (Id. at 387-88). [The trial court]
sustained the objection at sidebar. (Id. at 390). Without
disclosing the actual statements, Detective Krokos was,
again, permitted to testify to how his course of conduct
was affected by the information. (Id. at 391-92).
[The trial court], at sidebar, then informed the attorneys
that it had rescinded its earlier order regarding the
Commonwealth’s objections to the introduction of
statements made by Kai Anderson. (Id. at 404). [The
trial court] stated that it would make a determination
regarding the admissibility after the availability of Kai
Anderson was determined. (Id.) Through testimony
taken outside the presence of the jury by Charles Perkins,
it was ultimately determined by [the trial court] that Kai
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Anderson was not an unavailable witness and that his
statements would not be admissible. (Id. at 502).
“A declarant is considered to be unavailable as a witness if
the declarant refuses to testify about the subject matter
despite a court order to do so.” Pa.R.E. 804(a)(2). It is
within the trial court’s discretion to determine whether
there has been a good faith effort to locate a witness.
Commonwealth v. Lebo, 795 A.2d 987, 990 (Pa.Super.
2002).
In this case, Charles Perkins, a private investigator, was
asked by the defense to locate Kai Anderson on October
19, 2020, the evening after the first day of trial. (Id. at
490-91, 494). Perkins located the address on the
subpoena on October 20, 2020, the second day of trial.
(Id. at 495). However, Perkins was unable to physically
locate Kai Anderson or convince him to be served. (Id. at
491, 493). The defense waited until after trial had already
begun to ask a private investigator to locate Kai Anderson.
Thus, [the trial court] determined that the defense’s
actions did not constitute a good faith effort to locate Kai
Anderson and, as a result, did not allow Kai Anderson’s
statement to be admitted.
Ultimately, [the trial court] permitted testimony that
demonstrated the course of conduct in the investigation by
Detective Krokos without allowing specific statements
made by witnesses not under oath or available for cross-
examination. This decision allowed Detective Krokos to
explain his investigation and how any information given to
him affected said investigation. Therefore, we find this
claim also lacks merit.
(Trial Court Opinion at 13-15) (citation formatting provided).
Our review of the record supports the court’s analysis. Contrary to
Appellant’s assertions, the trial court admitted evidence suggesting the
possibility of alternate suspects in this case, to the extent that such evidence
was offered to demonstrate the police course of conduct. See Dent, supra.- 27 -
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On the other hand, the court properly excluded statements made directly by
the alleged alternate suspects where those statements constituted hearsay
subject to no hearsay exception. See id. We see no abuse of discretion in
the court’s evidentiary rulings. See Woodard, supra.
Regarding Appellant’s reliance on Yale, our Supreme Court explained
that “a defendant has the right to present evidence and that in defense,
evidence of a third person’s guilt is relevant.” Yale, supra at *8.
Nevertheless, the Yale Court made clear that “[t]hird person guilt evidence
is admissible if it is relevant, not otherwise excludable, and surmounts
the disqualifying considerations of Pa.R.E. 403.” Id. at *16 (emphasis
added). Here, the evidence that Appellant sought to admit was excludable
as hearsay and no exception to the rule against hearsay applied. Therefore,
Appellant’s citation to Yale does not afford him relief. Accordingly, we
affirm.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/20/2022
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