Crawford's Auto Ins. v. State Farm Mutual ( 2023 )

J-S33033-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
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STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1197 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2020-09139-CT
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1198 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07843-CT
J-S33033-22
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1199 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07844-CT
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1200 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07848-CT
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1201 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07862-CT
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J-S33033-22
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1202 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07863-CT
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1203 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07869-CT
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1204 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07870-CT
-3-
J-S33033-22
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1205 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07871-CT
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1206 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07872-CT
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1207 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07873-CT
-4-
J-S33033-22
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1208 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07875-CT
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1209 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07876-CT
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1210 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07877-CT
-5-
J-S33033-22
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1211 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07878-CT
CRAWFORD'S AUTO CENTER, INC. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE : No. 1212 EDA 2022
INSURANCE COMPANIES :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 18, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Civil Division at No(s): 2021-07879-CT
BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., KING, J., and SULLIVAN, J.
MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.: FILED JUNE 20, 2023
Crawford’s Auto Center, Inc. (“Crawford’s”) appeals from the orders
granting judgment on the pleadings in favor of State Farm Mutual Automobile
Insurance Company (“State Farm”) in these sixteen consolidated cases.1
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1On June 28, 2022, this Court granted Crawford’s motion to consolidate these
cases.
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Additionally, Crawford’s claims that the trial court erred in sustaining State
Farm’s preliminary objections and requiring Crawford’s to file separate
complaints.2 We affirm.
Crawford’s initiated a single breach of contract action against State Farm
asserting that twenty State Farm insureds had assigned their rights under
their auto insurance policies to Crawford’s, and State Farm owed Crawford’s
payment for repairs it made to the insureds’ vehicles. See Complaint,
12/10/20, at 2-3 (unnumbered).3 After State Farm filed preliminary
objections to the complaint, Crawford’s filed a first amended complaint. State
Farm filed preliminary objections to the first amended complaint asserting
improper joinder of the twenty cases and the insufficient specificity of
Crawford’s pleading. See State Farm’s Preliminary Objections to Complaint,
7/19/21, see also Pa.R.Civ.P. 1028(a)(3), (5). The trial court sustained State
Farm’s preliminary objections and gave Crawford’s twenty days to refile its
claims as separate actions. See Order, 9/10/21 at 2 n.1.
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2 Although the order sustaining State Farm’s preliminary objections is not a
final order that disposed of all claims and of all parties, see Pa.R.A.P. 341(b),
(c), Crawford’s claim concerning the September 10, 2021 order is reviewable
because the court has entered final orders dismissing Crawford’s complaints.
See K.H. v. J.R., 826 A.2d 863, 870-71 (Pa. 2003).
3 At the time of the final order from which it appeals, Crawford’s was pursuing
claims relating to sixteen of those insureds. See Crawford’s Brief at 6 n. 1.
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Crawford’s then filed sixteen individual complaints against State Farm,
attaching to each a sample State Farm policy (“the policy”) and documents
relating to the costs of its repairs and the assignments of rights from the
insureds. See Second Amended Complaints, 10/6/21.4 State Farm filed
preliminary objections asserting that the one-year suit limitation provision in
the policy barred Crawford’s breach of contract claims. See State Farm’s
Preliminary Objections to Amended Complaints, 11/18/21, at 2.5 Crawford’s
opposed the preliminary objections, asserting that State Farm prematurely
raised an affirmative defense; Crawford’s also claimed that the suit limitation
provision could be “subject to the defenses of waiver and estoppel” and that
its enforcement would be “unconscionable.” See Crawford’s Briefs in Support
of Opposition to Preliminary Objections, 12/6/21, at 4-9 (unnumbered). The
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4 Crawford’s chose not to file reproduced records in all sixteen cases, but
states that the language in all sixteen policies is the same. See Crawford’s
Brief at 7 n.2.
5 Specifically, Crawford’s relied on the following provision in the policy:
13. Legal action may not be brought against us until there has
been full compliance with all provisions of this policy. In addition,
legal action may only be brought against us regarding:
****
c. Physical Damage Coverages if the legal action relating to
these coverages is brought against us within one year
immediately following the date of the accident or loss.
Exhibit A to Amended Complaints, 10/6/21, at 42-43 (emphasis in original).
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court overruled State Farm’s preliminary objections, holding that the suit
limitation provision could only be properly pled as new matter in responsive
pleadings. See Orders, 12/14/21, at 2 n.1 (unnumbered). State Farm then
filed answers and new matter in each case raising its defense based on the
one-year suit limitation provision. See State Farm’s Answers and New Matter
to Amended Complaints, 1/3/22, at 9-12.
Crawford’s replied to the new matter. Crawford’s admitted that the
asserted losses occurred outside of the one-year suit limitation provision but
claimed that the applicability of the provision stated a conclusion of law. See
Crawford’s Replies to New Matter, 1/25/22, at 2 (unnumbered). State Farm
filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings in each of the cases asserting
that the suit limitation provision in the policy barred the claims. See State
Farm’s Motions for Judgment on the Pleadings, 2/10/22, at 2-6. Crawford’s
filed a brief in opposition in which it conceded that “the date of loss occurred
over one-year prior to bringing this action,” but asserted both the existence
of unknown and disputed facts as to the unconscionability of the suit limitation
provision and waiver and estoppel affirmative defenses to the enforcement of
that provision. Crawford’s Briefs in Opposition to State Farm’s Motions for
Judgment on the Pleadings, 3/1/22 at 6 (unnumbered). On March 18, 2022,
the trial court entered the orders granting State Farm’s motions for judgment
on the pleadings. Crawford’s timely appealed, and it and the trial court
complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
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On appeal, Crawford’s presents the following issues for our review:
1. Did the trial court commit error of law and/or abuse of
discretion in issuing the . . . Order, granting . . . [State Farm’s]
Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings related to . . . [Crawford’s,]
finding that the Suit Limitation Provisions contained in the subject
policies are valid and conscionable without allowing [Crawford’s]
the benefit of discovery?
2. Did the trial court commit error of law and/or abuse of
discretion in issuing the . . . Order . . . granting [State Farm’s]
Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings related to [Crawford’s]
arguments related to Waiver and Estoppel of the Suit Limitation
Provisions?
3. Did the trial court commit error of law and/or abuse of
discretion in granting [State Farm’s] Preliminary Objections and
issuing the September 10, 2021 Order, requiring [Crawford’s] to
refile its original claims into separate actions?
Crawford’s Brief at 5.
In its brief, Crawford’s combines its discussion of its first and second
questions presented. Crawford’s argues in its first and second questions
presented that the court erred by granting judgment on the pleadings because
although the insureds’ policy with State Farm had a one-year suit limitation
provision, the court denied Crawford’s the opportunity to take discovery to
explore four potential affirmative defenses to the enforcement of that
provision. Crawford’s combined issues assert that the trial court erred in
granting judgment on the pleadings because questions of facts existed about
the affirmative defenses of the unconscionability and ambiguity of the
provision, and further asserts that State Farm’s conduct may have implicated
the affirmative defenses of waiver and equitable estoppel. For purposes of
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clarity, we separately address each of the four affirmative defenses Crawford’s
combined first two issues assert as a basis to reverse the trial court’s grant of
judgment on the pleadings.
Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1034 governs motions for
judgments on the pleadings which are in the nature of a demurrer; any party
may move for judgment on the pleadings within such time as not to
unreasonably delay the trial. See Pa.R.Civ.P. 1034(a); Consolidated Coal
v. White, 875 A.2d 318, 325 (Pa. Super. 2005). This Court has recently
stated that judgments on the pleadings:
may be entered when there are no disputed issues of fact and the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. This
Court’s scope and standard of review of an appeal from the grant
of judgment on the pleadings is plenary, and we must determine
whether the action of the court below was based on clear error of
law or whether there were facts disclosed by the pleadings which
should properly go to the jury. Our review, therefore, is limited
to determining whether the trial court abused its discretion or
committed an error of law.
Monroe v. CBH20, LP, 286 A.3d 785, 796 (Pa. Super. 2022) (en banc)
(internal citations, quotations, and indentation omitted). This Court reviews
the non-moving party’s well-pled allegations as true. Only those facts
specifically admitted by the non-moving party may be considered against it.
See Sejpal v. Corson, Mitchell, Tomhave & McKinley, M.D.’s, Inc., 665
A.2d 1198, 1199 (Pa. Super. 1995) (internal citation omitted). The Court will
affirm the grant of a motion for judgments on the pleadings “when the moving
party’s right to succeed is certain and the case is so free from doubt that trial
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would clearly be a fruitless exercise.” Jones v. Erie Insurance Exchange,
282 A.3d 1139, 1143 (Pa. Super. 2022) (internal citation omitted).
Regarding its first two affirmative defenses, Crawford’s asserts the trial
court abused its discretion by granting judgment on the pleadings because a
court could find the one-year suit limitation provision in the policy
unconscionable, and because Crawford’s was “not privy to all communications
between [State Farm] and its insured,” and thus could only conditionally
assert possible unconscionability. See Crawford’s Brief at 14-16.
The court found that the policy included a one-year suit limitation
provision whose interpretation raised a question of law and Crawford’s failed
to support its unconscionability claim with any legal authority. The court also
stated that clear and unambiguous contractual terms must be given effect.
See Trial Court Opinion, 5/12/22, at 5-6.
We discern neither a clear error of law nor the existence of facts that
must be decided by a jury. Crawford’s does not provide any authority for the
proposition that a one-year suit limitation provision is unconscionable. The
case law is to the contrary and generally holds that such provisions are valid
and sustainable. See Prime Medica Associates v. Valley Forge Ins. Co.,
970 A.2d 1149, 1158 (Pa. Super. 2009); see also Fennell v. National
Mutual Ins. Co., 603 A.2d 1064, 1068 (Pa. Super. 1992) (acknowledging an
“unbroken line of authorities” upholding the validity and enforceability of such
provisions). Given that clear line of cases, we cannot find error based on
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Crawford’s speculation that there might have been conversations between
State Farm and the insureds that would have rendered the policy
unconscionable.
Crawford’s second, third, and fourth affirmative defenses assert,
respectively, the ambiguity of the suit limitation provision, State Farm’s waiver
of the application of that provision, and equitable estoppel relating to that
provision. Before reaching a review of those issues, we must determine
whether Crawford’s preserved them for our review. Issues not raised in the
lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. See
Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). Additionally, claims not raised in a statement of errors
complained of on appeal, Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), or a statement of questions
presented, see Pa.R.A.P. 2116, are waived.
Crawford’s did not assert the alleged ambiguities in the suit limitation
provision in its pleadings or responses to State Farm at the trial court level,
its Rule 1925(b) statement, or its statement of questions presented. Thus,
Crawford’s waived that claim, first raised on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a);
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii) (stating that “issues not included in the [1925(b)]
Statement . . . are waived”); Pa.R.A.P. 2116 (providing that “[n]o question
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will be considered unless it is stated in the statement of questions involved or
is fairly suggested thereby”).6
Crawford’s next asserts the existence of issues of fact concerning its
assertions of waiver and estoppel; as to both affirmative defenses it
acknowledges its failure to provide “concrete factual allegations” to support
the claims but says that it could not do so because it was not privy to the
discussions between State Farm and its insureds relating to the underlying
claims. See Crawford’s Brief at 22-23. These claims too are unreviewable.
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6 Even were the claim reviewable, it would lack merit. The interpretation of
an insurance contract is a question of law. See Pennsylvania
Manufacturers Indemnity Company v. Pottstown Industrial Complex
LP, 215 A.3d 1010, 1014 (Pa. Super. 2019); see also Windows v. Erie
Insurance Exchange, 161 A.3d 953, 957 (Pa. Super. 2017) (stating that the
trial court determines as a question of law whether written contract terms are
clear or ambiguous). A contract is ambiguous “if it is reasonably susceptible
of different constructions and capable of being understood in more than one
sense. The ‘reasonably’ qualifier is important: there is no ambiguity if one of
the two proffered meanings is unreasonable.” See id. (citation omitted).
When a policy’s terms are clear and unambiguous, the court must give effect
to the policy’s language. See Pennsylvania Manufacturers Indemnity
Company, 215 A.3d at 1015.
It is not a reasonable reading of the phrase “Legal action may not be brought
against us until there has been full compliance with all provisions of this policy”
that the word “us” could refer to either the insured or State Farm as Crawford’s
claims. See Crawford’s Brief at 17-18. Similarly, it is not reasonable that the
reference to “full compliance” could refer to State Farm’s compliance. See
id. at 18-19. The policy language clearly contemplates that actions are to be
brought by the insureds against State Farm after the insureds have fully
complied with all the provisions of the policy. The policy provision is thus not
ambiguous.
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A party must preserve an affirmative defense of waiver in response to
new matter. See Pa.R.Civ.P. 1030(a), 1032(a); see also Wiley v. Brooks,
263 A.3d 671, 675 (Pa. Super. 2021) (stating that affirmative defense must
be raised in response to new mater so that the issues in the dispute may be
sharpened at an early stage). The court found that State Farm raised the suit
limitation provision as new matter, and Crawford’s did not assert waiver in
reply. See Trial Court Opinion, 5/2/22, at 5. See Trial Court Opinion,
5/12/22, at 4-5. Crawford’s thus failed to plead waiver in response to State
Farm’s new matter, and thus waived that affirmative defense. See Pa.R.Civ.P.
1032(a).7
As a fourth affirmative defense, Crawford’s asserts equitable estoppel.
As with the affirmative defense of waiver, a party must assert a claim of
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7 Even if reviewable, this claim would have no merit. Crawford’s cannot excuse
its duty to provide factual support for its waiver assertion by claiming that it
was not privy to possible conversations between State Farm and the insureds.
“It is the duty of a party asserting a cause of action to use all reasonable
diligence to properly inform himself of the facts and circumstances upon which
the right of recovery is based and to institute suit within the prescribed
period.” See Kelly v. Carman Corporation, 229 A.3d 634, 647 (Pa. Super.
2020) (citation omitted). Further, an assignee has no greater rights than the
assignor, see Crawford Cent. Sch. Dist. v. Commonwealth, 888 A.2d 616,
619-20 (Pa. 2005), but stands in the shoes of the assignor, see
Citimortgage, Inc. v. Barbezat, 131 A.3d 65, 69 (Pa. Super. 2016).
Crawford’s, therefore, had a duty to inform itself of the insured’s
conversations, if any, with State Farm. It cannot convert its failure to perform
its duty into a basis to overturn the grant of judgment on the pleadings. The
court found that Crawford’s failed to state a factual basis to support a waiver
defense, and that its assertions that State Farm’s conduct or communications
“may have” induced actions or inaction by the insureds did not satisfy its
pleading burden.
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estoppel in response to new matter. See Pa.R.Civ.P. 1032(a). See also
Devine v. Hutt, 863 A.2d 1160, 1169 (Pa. Super 2014) (stating that defenses
to statutes of limitation such as estoppel are waivable and must be raised in
reply to new matter that asserts the statute as an affirmative defense).
Crawford’s failed to assert estoppel in response to the suit limitation provision
and therefore waived its claim. See Pa.R.A.P. 1032(a). Moreover, Crawford’s
failed to exercise its duty of due diligence as an assignee to discover any
alleged conversations between State Farm and its insureds and cannot defeat
judgment on the pleadings by asserting that such conversations may have
occurred. Therefore, Crawford’s waived review of that claim as well. See
Pa.R.Civ.P. 1032(a), Devine, 863 A.2d at 1169.
In addition to its four affirmative defenses, Crawford’s additionally
claims that the court erred by dismissing its complaint without leave to amend.
See id. at 24. We note that the decision to grant or deny permission to amend
is within the trial court’s discretion. See Debbs v. Chrysler Corp., 810 A.2d
137, 148 (Pa. Super. 2002). Where it is clear that leave to amend would be
futile, dismissal is proper. See In re Estate of Luongo, 823 A.2d 942, 969
(Pa. Super. 2003). Additionally, although amendment of a complaint is to be
liberally allowed, a party must request the right to amend. See d’Happart
v. First Commonwealth Bank, 282 A.3d 704, 737-38 (Pa. Super. 2022)
(citing Werner v. Zazyczyny, 681 A.2d 1331, 1338 (Pa. 1996), for the
propositions that a plaintiff waives a request to amend by failing to raise it in
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the trial court, and that the trial court is not required, sua sponte, to order or
require a party to amend its pleading). Here, Crawford’s did not request leave
to amend its complaint. See d’Happart, 282 A.3d at 738.8
Crawford’s advances one final assertion regarding affirmative defenses
in its discussion of its first two questions presented. It argues that unknown
or disputed facts existed because the record does not contain the specific
policies State Farm had with the insureds. See Crawford’s Brief at 26-28.
Crawford’s did not raise this claim in its Rule 1925(b) statement or its
statement of questions presented and thus waived it. See Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b)(4)(vii); Pa.R.A.P. 2116.
Even if reviewable, the claim lacks merit. As the court stated, the
pleadings in the case included as to each claim the policy with the one-year
suit limitation provision, the date of loss, and the date Crawford’s commenced
the actions. See Trial Court Opinion, 5/12/22, at 4. Crawford’s itself states
that the language contained in all sixteen policies is the same, and that it
limited the reproduced record to the lead docket. See Crawford’s Brief at 7
n.2. Crawford’s cannot argue on appeal that the sixteen policies may have
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8 Even were the claim not waived, it would not merit relief. That Crawford’s
can only offer speculation when it has already filed multiple amended
complaints and had the opportunity to speak with the insureds sufficiently
demonstrates that amendment would be futile. The trial court did not abuse
its discretion by not sua sponte ordering Crawford’s to amend its complaint.
See d’Happart, 282 A.3d at 738.
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contained differing language. Crawford’s chose to attach the sample policy to
its amended complaints and did not assert harm from the absence of the
individual policies. Crawford’s thus cannot on appeal oppose judgment on the
pleadings on the basis that the individual insurance policies are not of record.9
Crawford’s third question presented asserts the court’s error in
sustaining State Farm’s September 2021 preliminary objections to its single
complaint pursuant to Pa.R.Civ.P. 1028(a)(5) and ordering Crawford’s to refile
its claims as sixteen separate actions, impairing judicial economy. See
Crawford’s Brief at 34. Given our disposition of Crawford’s affirmative
defenses to the grant of judgment on the pleadings, even if the court’s ruling
had been incorrect,10 Crawford’s has not demonstrated that the ruling had any
effect on the outcome; thus any error was harmless. See Vine v. Com.,
State Employees’ Retirement Bd., 9 A.3d 1150, 1164 (Pa. 2010) (stating
that an appellate court will not disturb a judgment, order, or decree for
harmless error).
Order affirmed.
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9 The court rejected this claim citing its September 2021 order and
accompanying footnote. See Trial Court Opinion, 5/12/21, at 3.
10 The trial court found that the inclusion of the then-twenty unrelated actions
in a single count in a single action was improper, because, inter alia, proof
that would establish the merits of any one claim would be distinct from the
evidence to establish the merits of any other claim. See Order, 9/10/21 at 2-
3 n.1.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/20/2023
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