Com. v. Asbury, S. ( 2023 )

J-S17005-23
2023 PA Super 123COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
SHIHEIM N. ASBURY :
:
Appellant : No. 907 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 2, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Crawford County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-20-CR-0001113-2019
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., OLSON, J., and KING, J.
OPINION BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED: July 12, 2023
Shiheim N. Asbury appeals from the judgment of sentence entered in
the Court of Common Pleas of Crawford County. After our review, we affirm.
On October 11, 2019, Meadville City Police Department charged Asbury
with two counts of rape by forcible compulsion.1 Asbury was sixteen years old
when he committed the offenses, which occurred on June 17, 2018, and July
7-8, 2018. With respect to the June 2018 offense, Asbury used a firearm and,
therefore, it could not be considered a delinquent act under the Juvenile Act.2
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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3121(a)(1).
2 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6301, et seq. Section 6302 of the Judicial Code defines a
“delinquent act,” as follows:
(1) The term means an act designated a crime under the law of
this Commonwealth, or of another state if the act occurred in that
state, or under Federal law, or an act which constitutes indirect
criminal contempt under Chapter 62A (relating to protection of
victims of sexual violence or intimidation) with respect to sexual
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Accordingly, the charge was filed directly in criminal court. With respect to
the July 2018 offense, the 71-year-old victim, who suffered from medical
conditions and required the use of a walker, was unable to physically resist
the assault. That case was originally filed in juvenile court and later certified
to criminal court.
On June 10, 2021, Asbury entered a guilty plea to two counts of rape
by forcible compulsion. In that agreement, Asbury and the Commonwealth
stipulated that the court would determine whether Asbury was required to
register as a sex offender pursuant to the Sex Offender Registration and
Notification Act (SORNA).3 The Commonwealth later withdrew its request that
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violence or 23 Pa.C.S. Ch. 61 (relating to protection from abuse)
or the failure of a child to comply with a lawful sentence imposed
for a summary offense, in which event notice of the fact shall be
certified to the court.
(2) The term shall not include:
(i) The crime of murder.
(ii) Any of the following prohibited conduct where the
child was 15 years of age or older at the time of the
alleged conduct and a deadly weapon as defined in 18
Pa.C.S. § 2301 (relating to definitions) was used
during the commission of the offense which, if
committed by an adult, would be classified as:
(A) Rape as defined in 18 Pa.C.S. § 3121 (relating
to rape).
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6302(1), (2)(ii)(A) (emphasis added).
3See 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9799.10–9799.41. SORNA was amended by Act of Feb.
21, 2018, P.L. 27, No. 10, §§ 1-20, effective Feb. 21, 2018 (Act 10 of 2018),
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Asbury be required to register with respect to the July 2018 offense, which
had initially been charged as a delinquent act and, thereafter, certified to
criminal court.4
Prior to sentencing, the trial court ordered the parties to brief the issue
of whether Asbury, who was under the age of 18 at the time he committed
these offenses, must register as a sex offender. Additionally, the court
ordered the Sexual Offenders Assessment Board (SOAB)5 to conduct an
assessment of Asbury to determine if he met the criteria for classification as
a sexually violent predator (SVP) under Pennsylvania law. The SOAB
conducted an assessment on August 12, 2021, and concluded Asbury met the
criteria to be classified as an SVP. The court entered an order in conformity
with that assessment. See SVP Order, 9/2/21.
On September 21, 2021, the court sentenced Asbury, pursuant to the
plea agreement, to 60 to 120 months’ imprisonment. The court also notified
Asbury of his lifetime reporting requirements as an SVP under SORNA II.
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and again, reenacted and amended on June 12, 2018, P.L. 140, No. 29, §§ 1-
23, effective June 12, 2018 (Act 29 of 2018). Act 10 and Act 29 are collectively
referred to as SORNA II. Based on Asbury’s offense date, June of 2018,
SORNA II, specifically Subchapter H, is applicable here.
4 See Commonwealth’s Supplemental Memorandum, 7/2/21, at 7 n.4.
5The SOAB is “composed of psychiatrists, psychologists[,] and criminal justice
experts, each of whom is an expert in the field of the behavior and treatment
of sexual offenders.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.35(a).
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Asbury filed this timely appeal. Both Asbury and the trial court have complied
with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Asbury raises one issue for our review: “Whether the trial court imposed
an illegal sentence of SORNA lifetime registration where Asbury was convicted
as an adult of acts committed when Asbury was a juvenile?” Appellant’s Brief,
at 4. Specifically, the issue here is whether a juvenile, who is charged and
convicted of an offense that is statutorily excluded from the definition of
“delinquent act,” and that is filed directly in criminal court, is exempt from sex
offender registration.6
Challenges to the legality of a sentence present pure questions of law.
Our standard of review, therefore, is de novo and our scope of review is
plenary. Commonwealth v. Rodriquez, 174 A.3d 1130, 1147 (Pa. Super.
2017) (citations omitted). We are guided here by our Supreme Court’s
decision in In re J.B., 107 A.3d 1, 19-20 (Pa. 2014), and this Court’s decision
in Commonwealth v. Haines, 222 A.3d 756, 759 (Pa. Super. 2019).
In J.B., juvenile sexual offenders raised several constitutional
challenges to SORNA’s application, including a claim that it violated their due
process rights by utilizing an irrebuttable presumption that all juvenile
offenders “pose a high risk of committing additional sexual offenses.” J.B.,
107 A.3d at 15-16. The Court stated that the challenging party must
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6 The Commonwealth notes that it is aware of no authority concluding that
SORNA II registration is unconstitutional as applied to juveniles convicted of
strictly criminal offenses. See Commonwealth’s Brief, at 15. This Court, as
well, has found no case law directly on point.
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demonstrate: (1) an interest protected by the due process clause; (2)
utilization of a presumption that is not universally true; and (3) the existence
of a reasonable alternative means to ascertain the presumed fact. Id.
Applying this outline to the facts in J.B., the Court concluded that the
petitioners had “asserted a constitutionally protected interest in their
reputation that ha[d] been encroached by the use of [the] irrebuttable
presumption,” and that application of SORNA’s lifetime registration
requirements upon adjudication of specified offenses violates juvenile
offenders’ due process rights by “utilizing an irrebuttable presumption” of a
high likelihood of recidivism, even though that presumption is not “universally
true.” Id. at 17. See also id. at 17-19 (Court concluding scientific consensus
relating to adolescent development, as recognized through United States
Supreme Court’s jurisprudence, refuted legislative presumption that all
juvenile offenders were at high risk of recidivation). Finally, the Court
determined that there was a reasonable alternative for assessing risk of
reoffense, stating, “in fact, [it] is already in use in Pennsylvania[;] SORNA
provides for individualized assessment for all sexual offenders convicted of a
Tier I, II, or III offense by the SOAB for designation of sexually violent
predators.” Id. at 19. The Court concluded: “Given that juvenile offenders
have a protected right to reputation encroached by SORNA’S presumption of
recidivism, where the presumption is not universally true, and where there is
a reasonable alternative means for ascertaining the likelihood of recidivating,
we hold that the application of SORNA’s current lifetime registration
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requirements upon adjudication of specified offenses violates juvenile
offenders’ due process rights by utilizing an irrebuttable presumption.” Id.
(emphasis added).
Thereafter, in Haines, this Court determined that the J.B. Court’s
holding should apply with equal weight to juvenile adjudications as well as to
a defendant convicted as an adult for crimes committed as juveniles. Asbury
cites to Haines to support his argument that he should not be required to
register as a sex offender. In that case, between the years 2005 and 2006,
when Haines was between the ages of fourteen and fifteen, she sexually
assaulted a person under the age of thirteen. The victim did not disclose the
offenses, which were classified as delinquent acts under section 6302, until
2016, when Haines was over the age of twenty-one. Haines claimed that
requiring her to register as a sex offender for offenses she had committed as
a juvenile constituted cruel and unusual punishment and violated the Due
Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States
Constitution and Article I, Section 9, of the Pennsylvania Constitution. This
Court, relying on J.B., stated:
Clearly, under J.B., had [Haines] been adjudicated
delinquent at that time, no registration requirement would
apply to her. [Haines’] subsequent conviction of the sexual
offenses when she was an adult does not diminish the fact that
she was a juvenile at the time of their commission, and because
of that, she should not be held to an irrebuttable
presumption of reoffending at age 26. J.B. requires us to
analyze [Haines’] behavior at the time the offenses were
committed. For these reasons, we find that the J.B. [C]ourt’s
holding should apply with equal weight to juvenile
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adjudications as well as to defendants convicted as adults
for crimes committed as juveniles.
Haines, 222 A.3d at 759 (emphasis added). The Haines Court also noted
that our Supreme Court in J.B. referenced the United States Supreme Court’s
decision in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), to corroborate an
“inherent understanding of the fundamental differences between adults and
children[.]” Haines, 222 A.3d at 758 (citing Miller, 567 U.S. at 471).
Haines is instructive, but not on point. Even though, like Haines,
Asbury was a juvenile at the time of the commission of the June 2018 offense,
unlike in Haines, Asbury committed a criminal act, not a delinquent act, a
critical distinction here. See Commonwealth v. Ramos, 920 A.2d 1253,
1258 (Pa. 2007) (enumerated section 6302 crimes deemed so heinous that
they are not considered delinquent acts under statute and are appropriately
filed with criminal court where exclusive jurisdiction vests and is
presumptively proper). See also In the Int. of J.C., 286 A.3d 288, 295-96
(Pa. Super. 2022) (discussing difference between those "heinous" crimes
excluded from list of delinquent acts in section 6302 and inherent authority of
juvenile court to adjudicate individual delinquent of delinquent act). We agree
with the Commonwealth’s argument that the holding in Haines is premised
on a juvenile offender who committed delinquent acts at the time of
offending, not criminal acts, as Asbury committed here. See
Commonwealth v. Zeno, 232 A.3d 869 (Pa. Super. 2020) (where defendant
was alleged to have committed delinquent acts at ages 14 and 16, and cases
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were later transferred to criminal court, defendant was not required to register
under SORNA).7 Cf. Commonwealth v. Armolt, --- A.3d --- 2023 WL
3470889 (Pa. filed May 16, 2023) (defendant who committed involuntary
deviate sexual intercourse and related crimes as juvenile, but was not charged
until he was 42 years old, was not “child” under Juvenile Act and, thus, was
subject to criminal court’s jurisdiction).
The Haines Court stated that the holding in J.B. should apply with equal
weight to defendants convicted as adults for crimes committed as juveniles.
J.B.’s holding, however, stems from the premise that, as a matter of due
process, a juvenile should not be held to an irrebuttable presumption of
reoffending. See Haines, 222 A.3d at 759; see also In re J.B., 107 A.3d
at 14. The J.B. Court stated SORNA’s registration requirements violated due
process because they “improperly brand” juvenile offenders’ reputations “with
an indelible mark of a dangerous recidivist even though the irrebuttable
presumption linking adjudication of specified offenses with a high likelihood of
recidivating is not ‘universally true.’” Id. at 19.
The Commonwealth argues that Asbury’s own actions eliminated that
due process argument, as he reoffended within weeks of the June 2018 rape.
We are inclined to agree.
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7 As stated above, the Commonwealth withdrew its request that Asbury be
required to register with respect to the July offense, a delinquent act, which,
like in Zeno, originated as a delinquency charge in juvenile court and was
later certified to criminal court. See supra at 2-3.
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In J.B., the Court recognized the exception presented here, stating:
We note that the category of “individual convicted of a sexually
violent offense” in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9799.24(a) generally refers to
adults but will also include certain juveniles prosecuted in
criminal court. Specified juveniles are automatically
subject to criminal prosecution, rather than delinquency
adjudication, if they were at least fifteen years old when
they allegedly committed the relevant crimes of rape,
involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, or aggravated
indecent assault (or the related inchoate crimes) and the
crime was committed with a deadly weapon or if they have
previously been adjudicated delinquent of such offense, subject to
transfer to juvenile court if in the public interest. Id. [at] §§
6322(a) (“Transfer from criminal proceedings”); 6302(2) (listing
crimes not included in “delinquent acts”). Additionally, a juvenile
who is at least fourteen years old at the time of the relevant
conduct is subject to transfer from juvenile court if “there are
reasonable grounds to believe that the public interest is served by
the transfer of the case for criminal prosecution.” Id. [at] §
6355(a)(4)(iii). These provisions will exempt from the term
“juvenile offender” some of the more dangerous youths,
who will instead be subject to SORNA as individuals
convicted of sexual violent offenses. Id. [at] § 9799.13.
J.B., supra at 8 n.14 (emphasis added). See also Armolt, supra at *7 (“In
light of the stated purposes of the Juvenile Act to protect the community and
hold the offender accountable, it would be unreasonable to conclude the
General Assembly intended for the Act to subvert an offender’s accountability
in the name of rehabilitation. Rather, it is clear to us that the legislature
intended to equally balance the desire for rehabilitation with the need for
community protection and offender accountability, and did not intend for the
Act to be weaponized to preclude accountability[.]”). Thus, although the
Supreme Court’s holding in J.B. and this Court’s holding in Haines applies to
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juvenile offenders subject to lifetime registration, we are unable to find any
cases extending those holdings to the particular facts here, where Asbury
committed a criminal act, not a delinquent act, and the statutory provisions
exempted him from the term “juvenile offender,” and instead subjected him
to SORNA as [an] individual[] convicted of sexual violent offenses.” See J.B.,
supra at 8 n.14; see also In re Huff, 582 A.2d 1093, 1098 (Pa. Super. 1990)
(“Our legislature has created a separate legal system for the adjudication of
juvenile offenders.”).
Finally, we note that since J.B., our Supreme Court held in
Commonwealth v. Butler, 226 A.3d 972 (Pa. 2020) (“Butler II”), that the
registration requirements of Subchapter H applicable to SVPs do not
constitute punishment. Id. at 993 (emphasis added). Notably, in enacting
SORNA II, the General Assembly expressed its intention and declaration of
policy as “a means of assuring public protection and shall not be
construed as punitive.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.11(b)(2) (emphasis added).
Thus, Asbury’s argument that registration constitutes cruel and unusual
punishment is meritless. Cf. Commonwealth v. Cotto, 753 A.2d 217, 223
(Pa. 2000) (“[T]he special treatment provided to criminal offenders by the
Juvenile Act is not a constitutional requirement. It is a statutory creation.”).
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 7/12/2023
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