Com. v. Shivers, P. ( 2023 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
PHILLIP SHIVERS :
:
Appellant : No. 538 EDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 27, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0005546-2019
BEFORE: KING, J., SULLIVAN, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 7, 2023
Phillip Shivers (“Shivers”) appeals from the judgment of sentence
imposed following the denial of his motion to suppress and his conviction for
violations of the Uniform Firearms Act (“VUFA”), resisting arrest, and
furnishing false identification to law enforcement.1 We affirm.
The trial court summarized the evidence at the suppression hearing, its
ruling, and its trial verdict as follows:
[Shivers] was arrested in the City [of Philadelphia]’s 35th district
where Officer [Michael] Sidebotham had been assigned for the
entirety of his eleven . . . year career as a police officer. Officer
Sidebotham conducts “gang intelligence” in the area and attempts
to associate people with certain groups or gangs in the
district”. . .. He testified that he is familiar with the specific
location of [Shivers’s] arrest, that the area is mostly residential
but contains a gas station and a 7-eleven store, that he conducted
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6105, 6106, 6108, 5104, 4914.
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numerous narcotics investigations in the area, that the area has
high narcotics and gun activity, that a gang called the “Ozone
Gang” operates in the immediate area and “sells narcotics,” that
the Ozone Gang is known for drug activity and gun violence, and
that the Ozone Gang “feud[s]” with another gang in the area. . ..
Around 7:30 p.m. on July 18, 2019, Officer Sidebotham and
two fellow officers, Officers Del Ricci and Officer Lutz,[2] were on
routine patrol wearing police uniforms and traveling in an
unmarked patrol car. The [o]fficers went to the gas station at
5945 Front Street because they “know a lot of the guys that are
over there.” Upon pulling into the parking lot, Officer Sidebotham
saw [Shivers] at the front of the store to the right of several other
males, two of whom Officer Sidebotham recognized as “Ozone
Gang members.” [Shivers] was “right in front of the door” to the
gas station, blocking the entranceway to the store. . . .
As the [o]fficers exited the patrol car, [Shivers] started
“backing away.” When the [o]officers walked closer, [Shivers]
“ran through the parking lot and then he ran southbound on Front
Street.” Officer Sidebotham testified that [Shivers] ran with his
hands in front of him, in a manner consistent with people “holding
onto a firearm or holding their pants up.” Officers Sidebotham
and Lutz chased [Shivers] on foot, and Officer Lutz tackled him.
While [Shivers] was on the ground, Officer Sidebotham saw the
outline of a firearm in [Shivers’s] right pants pocket. Officer
Sidebotham testified that he had recovered firearms from
“hundreds” of suspects and discerned immediately, based on his
experience, that the object in [Shivers’s] pocket was a firearm.
Reaching inside [Shivers’s] pants pocket, Officer Sidebotham
recovered a .32 caliber handgun. . . .
Based on the above testimony, as well as the body[-]worn
camera footage, this [c]ourt denied [Shivers’s] suppression
motion and ruled that his “unprovoked flight in a high crime area
gave the officers reasonable suspicion to pursue and stop him.”
This [c]ourt further held that “Officer Sidebotham lawfully
recovered a firearm from inside the front pocket of [Shivers’s]
pants.” . . .
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2 The officers’ first names cannot be determined from the record.
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At trial, the Commonwealth again presented the body[-]
worn camera footage and testimony of Officer Sidebotham, which
mirrored his testimony from the hearing on [Shivers’s]
suppression motion. At the conclusion of trial, this [c]ourt found
[Shivers] guilty of violating Sections 6105, 6106, and 6108 of the
Uniform Firearms Act, resisting arrest, and providing false
information to a law enforcement officer.
Trial Court Opinion, 4/14/22, at 2-4 (internal citations omitted). The trial
court imposed a sentence of three years of probation. See N.T., 1/27/22, 9.
Shivers appealed from the judgment of sentence, and he and the trial
court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
On appeal, Shivers presents the following issues for our review:
1. Was there not a lack of reasonable suspicion to justify a seizure
under article 1, section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution and the
Fourth Amendment based solely on the flight in this case in a high
crime area?
2. Was not the tackling of [Shivers] in this case violative of federal
and state law because it was an intrusion that amounted to an
arrest and required probable cause?
Shivers’s Brief at 3 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).
Shivers’s issues implicate the denial of his suppression motion. Our
standard of review of a challenge to a trial court’s denial of a suppression
motion is limited to determining whether the court’s findings of fact are
supported by the record and the legal conclusions drawn from those facts are
correct. See Commonwealth v. Thomas, 273 A.3d 1190, 1195 (Pa. Super.
2022). This Court may only consider the evidence of the prosecution and so
much of the defense evidence as remains uncontradicted when read in the
context of the record. It is the suppression court’s sole province as fact-finder
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to pass on the credibility of witnesses and the weight to give their testimony.
See id. When the record supports the suppression court’s factual findings,
we are bound by those facts and may reverse only if the court erred in
reaching its legal conclusions from those facts. See Commonwealth v.
Williams, 941 A.2d 14, 27 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc).
Our scope of review is limited to the evidentiary record at the hearing
on the pre-trial suppression motion. See Commonwealth v. Smith, --- A.3d
---, ---, 1278 WDA 2022 (Pa. Super., August 7, 2023, slip op. at 6). Where
an appellant asserts legal error in a suppression court’s ruling, it is the Court’s
duty to determine if the suppression court properly applied the law to the
facts. See id. at 7.
The law recognizes three distinct levels of interaction between police
officers and citizens: (1) a mere encounter, (2) an investigative detention;
and (3) a custodial detention. See Commonwealth v. Barnes, 296 A.3d 52,
56 (Pa. Super. 2023). A court examines the totality of the circumstances in
considering an interaction between officers and citizens and assesses whether
a reasonable person would have felt free to leave or otherwise terminate the
encounter. See Commonwealth v. Lyles, 97 A.3d 298, 302-03 (Pa. 2014).
The totality of the circumstances test centers on whether the suspect has in
some way been restrained by the show of physical force or coercive authority;
a seizure does not occur when police merely approach a person in public. See
id. at 302.
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Unprovoked flight in a high crime area is sufficient to create a reasonable
suspicion to justify a Terry3 stop under the federal constitution. See Illinois
v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124-25. The same is true under Article I, Section
8 of the Pennsylvania constitution. See In re D.M., 781 A.2d 1161, 1163
(Pa. 2011); Barnes, 296 A.3d at 58 (also stating that “[w]hile additional facts
may negate reasonable suspicion, Wardlow requires no additional facts to
establish reasonable suspicion”). The pertinent factors in assessing
reasonable suspicion include “nervous, evasive behavior. . . [and] [h]eadlong
flight—wherever it occurs—is the consummate act of evasion. . . .” See D.M.,
781 A.2d at 1164 (quoting Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 124).
Shivers asserts that: (1) the police provoked his flight by pursuing him
as he walked away, (2) even if Wardlow controls, this Court should reach a
contrary conclusion under the Pennsylvania constitution, (3) a high crime area
should not be a factor in a reasonable suspicion analysis, (4) Wardlow is
inconsistent with other United States Supreme Court cases, (5) other courts
assessing reasonable suspicion have given flight very little weight, and (6) the
police lacked reasonable suspicion to seize him.
The trial court credited the evidence that Shivers engaged in
unprovoked flight after seeing Officer Sidebotham in a high crime area, which
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3 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
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established reasonable suspicion and supported Shivers’s detention. See Trial
Court Opinion, 4/14/22, at 5-9.
Viewing the Commonwealth’s evidence and the uncontradicted defense
evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the testimony
established Officer Sidebotham’s approach of Shivers constituted a mere
encounter. See Lyles, 97 A.3d at 302. Shivers’s unprovoked flight upon
seeing Officer Sidebotham in a high crime area established reasonable
suspicion to stop and frisk him under Pennsylvania law, which is coterminous
with federal law. See D.M., 781 A.2d at 1163; Barnes, 296 A.3d at 58.4
We are not free, as Shivers requests, to reach a contrary conclusion
under the Pennsylvania law. This Court is bound to follow the D.M. majority’s
clear adoption of Wardlow for state constitutional purposes. See
Commonwealth v. Jefferson, 853 A.2d 404, 407 (Pa. Super. 2004). See
also Commonwealth v. Martin, 205 A.3d 1247, 1252 (Pa. Super. 2019)
(stating that Superior Court is bound by existing precedent under the doctrine
of stare decisis and follows controlling precedent). Shivers’s contention that
Wardlow is inconsistent with other United States Supreme Court precedent
does not free this Court from its obligation to follow Pennsylvania Supreme
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4 The record does not support Shivers’s assertion that he walked away from
the officers; the trial court found that he ran away, a finding supported by the
video evidence introduced at the suppression hearing. See N.T., 11/16/20,
9; Exhibit C-1 at 00:30-38.
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Court precedent, nor does his contention that courts of other states and
commentors have asserted that flight should not be given significant weight.5
Shivers’s second issue asserts that a police officer tackling him
amounted to an arrest and required the existence of probable cause. 6 Every
Terry stop requires a detention during which a suspect is not free to leave
but subject to the control of the detaining officer. See Commonwealth v.
Guillespie, 745 A.2d 654, 660 (Pa. Super. 2000). In some instances, police
may handcuff a suspect during an investigative detention without that
detention being converted into an arrest. See Commonwealth v. Carter,
643 A.2d 61, 67 n.2 (Pa. 1994); Commonwealth v. Valentin, 748 A.2d 711,
714 (Pa. Super. 2000) (holding that physically grabbing a suspect does not
convert a detention into an arrest). The need to secure a suspect to permit
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5 Shivers also asserts that Commonwealth v. Barr, 266 A.3d 25 (Pa. 2021),
establishes that a high crime area is not a factor that should be assessed in
examining the legality of a stop. See Shivers’s Brief at 16. In Barr, the Court
held that a high crime area is irrelevant where officers saw nothing suspicious
before initiating a stop. See Barr, 266 A.3d at 44. Barr did not purport to
overturn D.M. Indeed, only two months before Barr, the Supreme Court
affirmed that a suspect’s presence in a high crime area may be considered in
assessing reasonable suspicion. See Interest of T.W., 261 A.3d 409, 424
n.5 (Pa. 2021).
6 Shivers does not argue probable cause was lacking in this case. To the
extent Shivers requests that this Court independently hold that there was a
violation of state law or the state constitution, see Shivers’s Brief at 38, we
decline to issue such a pronouncement. See Commonwealth v. Fuentes,
272 A.3d 511, 521 (Pa. Super. 2022) (stating that an intermediate appellate
court is obligated to follow Supreme Court precedent and does not have the
prerogative to enunciate new principles of law or expand existing legal
doctrines).
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an investigative detention may permit transportation of the suspect. See
Commonwealth v. Revere, 888 A.2d 696, 707-08 (Pa. 2005).
Shivers asserts police are required to use the least intrusive means to
conduct a Terry stop, tackling exceeds what Terry permitted, police were
required to yell to him before tackling him, and tackling constituted an arrest.
We discern no error of law in the trial court’s ruling, which implicitly
sanctions the tackling of Shivers for the purposes of an investigative
detention. The evidence shows that the pursuing officers first attempted to
grab Shivers, see N.T. 11/16/20, at 13; Exhibit C-2 at 00:00-01. An officer
only tackled Shivers after Shivers tore his own shirt trying to break from the
grasp of an officer who sought to detain him. See Exhibit C-2 at 00:01-02.
Shivers’s active resistance compelled stronger restraint to allow the police to
conduct the investigative detention the facts supported.7 Accordingly, the
tackling of Shivers did not constitute an arrest but an investigative detention.
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7 Shivers cites the United States Supreme Court’s statement in Florida v.
Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 500 (1983), that “the least intrusive means reasonably
available [should be employed] to verify or dispel the officer’s suspicion,” after
a suspect’s detention. See Shivers’s Brief at 36. However, Royer does not
address the means by which police detain a suspect but instead their conduct
after a seizure has occurred. See Royer, 460 U.S. at 500. Further, on the
facts of this case, where Shivers continued to flee after a uniformed officer
grabbed him in an attempt to detain him, it is unclear what lesser method
than tackling the police could have employed, nor is there any reason on this
record to believe, as Shivers asserts, that shouting “stop” would have resulted
in his compliance, where an attempt at lesser physical restraint had failed.
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See Revere, 888 A.2d at 707-08; Valentin, 748 A.2d at 714; Carter, 643
A.2d at 67.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/07/2023
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