Adorno, R. v. Ortiz, J. ( 2023 )

J-A17044-23
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
RICARDO ADORNO : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
v. :
:
JARED ORTIZ AND JENNIFER AGUILA :
:
Appellee : No. 2572 EDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment Entered September 14, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County
Civil Division at No(s): 2020-0507
BEFORE: KING, J., SULLIVAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 20, 2023
Appellant, Ricardo Adorno, appeals from the judgment entered in the
Lehigh County Court of Common Pleas, following a jury verdict in favor of
Appellees, Jared Ortiz and Jennifer Aguila, in this negligence action.1 We
affirm.
The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows. In
February 2020, Appellant filed a civil complaint against Appellees alleging that
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 Appellant purported to appeal from the trial court’s order denying his post-
trial motion. However, in a civil case, an appeal “can only lie from judgments
entered subsequent to the trial court’s disposition of any post-verdict motions,
not from the order denying post-trial motions.” Cozza v. Jekogian, 297 A.3d
744, 744 n.1 (Pa.Super. 2023) (citation omitted). Because the trial court
entered judgment following its denial of Appellant’s post-trial motion, we have
amended the caption accordingly.
J-A17044-23
while he was a guest at Appellees’ home, Appellees’ dog attacked him, bit him
on the right hand and left testicle, and caused serious and permanent injuries.
In responsive pleadings, Appellees insisted that their dog did not bite
Appellant, and that Appellant was bitten by a stray dog while he was at a car
wash.
On December 6, 2021, Appellant filed a motion in limine to preclude
admission of a notation made in his hospital medical record which stated:
“patient states he was bit by an unknown dog while washing his car.”
(Appellant’s Motion in Limine to Preclude Inadmissible Hearsay Contained
Within Appellant’s Medical Records, 12/6/21, at 2). At the December 17, 2021
pre-trial conference, the court considered this motion as well as a concern
raised by the parties concerning the admissibility of certain veterinary records.
The court continued the conference for the parties to brief their respective
issues. During the April 26, 2022 continuation of the pre-trial conference, the
trial court denied Appellant’s motion in limine to preclude admission of the
notation in his medical record.
The court continued the discussion of the veterinary records during an
on-the-record phone conference on May 20, 2022. During the conference, the
court orally ruled that it would admit veterinary records of two injuries that
Appellees’ dogs had received from each other prior to the alleged incident.
However, the court orally ruled that it would not permit admission of
veterinary records from after the incident because they were not relevant and
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too prejudicial. (N.T. Hearing, 5/20/22, at 20). The court did not issue a
written order concerning this ruling.
The case proceeded to a three-day jury trial after which the jury
returned a verdict in favor of Appellees, finding them not negligent, on May
25, 2022. On June 3, 2022, Appellant timely filed a motion for post-trial relief.
The court heard argument on the post-trial motion on September 9, 2022. On
September 14, 2022, the court denied Appellant’s post-trial motion and
entered judgment in favor of Appellees. Appellant timely filed a notice of
appeal on October 11, 2022. The trial court subsequently ordered Appellant
to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal per Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b), and Appellant complied with the court’s order.2
Appellant raises the following two issues on appeal:
1. Whether the Trial Court erred in concluding that the
hearsay statements contained within [Appellant’s] medical
records was admissible.
2. Whether the Trial Court erred in excluding evidence of
the subject dogs’ vicious propensities and impeachment
evidence at trial.
(Appellant’s Brief at 4).
Our standard of review concerning a trial court’s ruling on a motion in
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2 We note that in its Rule 1925(a) statement, the trial court suggested that
Appellant waived all claims on appeal because his concise statement (which is
three pages and raises 23 allegations of error) was unclear and not concise.
However, because the court addressed the issues raised by Appellant in the
court’s order denying Appellant’s post-trial motion, we decline to find waiver.
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limine is well settled: “Admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of
the trial court and a trial court’s rulings on the admission of evidence will not
be overturned absent an abuse of discretion or misapplication of law.” Carlini
v. Glenn O. Hawbaker, Inc., 219 A.3d 629, 639 (Pa.Super. 2019) (citation
omitted). “To constitute reversible error, a ruling on evidence must be shown
not only to have been erroneous but harmful to the party complaining.” Id.(citation omitted). Moreover, harmless error is defined as an error that does
not affect the verdict. Yacoub v. Lehigh Valley Medical Associates, P.C.,
805 A.2d 579, 590 (Pa.Super. 2002), appeal denied, 573 Pa. 692, 825 A.2d
639 (2003).
In his first issue, Appellant claims the trial court erred when it admitted
statements in Appellant’s medical record that constituted hearsay.
Specifically, Appellant claims the court improperly admitted: 1) an Emergency
Department Pre-Triage Form which states that Appellant was “bit by a stray
dog”; 2) a history taken at the hospital which states that “patient states he
was bitten by an unknown dog while washing his car”; and 3) a medical record
from July 17, 2018 which states: “[p]atient was seen on 7/10 at SLB after he
was bit by a dog in the left side of his scrotum and right hand. Patient states
he was washing his car when a dog bit him.” (Appellant’s Brief at 19-20).
Appellant acknowledges that hospital records generally fall under the business
records exception to the rule against hearsay. Appellant insists, however, that
only the fact of hospitalization, treatment prescribed, and symptoms given are
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admissible as evidence. Appellant claims the only portion of these statements
that would be admissible is Appellant’s statement that he was bitten by a dog.
Appellant contends the extra details contained within the statements—that the
dog was a stray, and that Appellant was washing his car when bitten—are
irrelevant to medical treatment and should have been excluded. Appellant
further argues that Appellees did not prove that he made the statements, and
the admission of these statements was prejudicial to him at trial. Appellant
concludes the court’s evidentiary ruling was improper, and this Court must
grant relief. We disagree.
“‘[H]earsay’ is defined as an out-of-court statement, which is offered in
evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Adams v. Rising Sun
Med. Ctr., 257 A.3d 26, 35 (Pa.Super. 2020), appeal denied, ___ Pa. ___,
263 A.3d 246 (2021) (citation omitted). “Generally, hearsay is inadmissible
because it is deemed untrustworthy since it was not given under oath and
subject to cross-examination.” Id. (citation omitted).
Our Rules of Evidence provide an exception to the rule against hearsay
regarding statements made for medical diagnosis or treatment, as follows:
Rule 803. Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay—
Regardless of Whether the Declarant Is Available as a
Witness
The following are not excluded by the rule against hearsay,
regardless of whether the declarant is available as a
witness:
* * *
(4) Statement Made for Medical Diagnosis or
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Treatment. A statement that:
(A) is made for—and is reasonably pertinent to—
medical treatment or diagnosis in contemplation of
treatment; and
(B) describes medical history, past or present
symptoms, pain, or sensations, or the inception or
general character of the cause or external source
thereof, insofar as reasonably pertinent to treatment,
or diagnosis in contemplation of treatment.
Pa.R.E. 803(4). The Comment to this rule explains that “[s]tatements as to
causation may be admissible, but statements as to fault or identification of
the person inflicting harm have been held to be inadmissible.” Pa.R.E. 803(4),
Cmt. (case citation omitted).3 See also Adams, supra at 37 (providing:
“statements as to causation, e.g. how the person sustained the injury, may
be admissible”).
There are two requirements for a hearsay statement to come within this
exception: “First, the declarant must make the statement for the purpose of
receiving medical treatment, and second, the statement must be necessary
and proper for diagnosis and treatment.” Id. at 36 (citing Phillips v. Lock,
86 A.3d 906, 923 (Pa.Super. 2014)).
Instantly, in its order denying Appellant’s post-trial motion, the trial
court explained that the statements attributed to Appellant, which were
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3 In Commonwealth v. Smith, 545 Pa. 487, 494, 681 A.2d 1288, 1292
(1996), cited in the Comment to Rule 803(4), our Supreme Court explained
that parts of statements that are “inconsequential and irrelevant to medical
treatment” are not admissible under the medical treatment exception.
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recorded in the medical records, qualified as statements made for medical
diagnosis and treatment, and therefore were properly admitted into evidence
at trial. (See Trial Court Opinion, filed 9/14/22, at 12). With respect to the
first statement: that Appellant “was bit by a stray dog,” the court reasoned:
That [Appellant] may have been bitten by a stray dog as
compared to a pet dog assists the medical providers in
determining the proper course of treatment and necessity
for rabies vaccinations because the veterinary history of the
stray dog is unknown to [Appellant]. The status of the dog
as a stray rather than a pet is reasonably pertinent to
[Appellant’s] treatment plan. Accordingly, the quoted
statement is not excluded by the rule against hearsay
because all criteria of the medical diagnosis or treatment
exception are satisfied.
(Id. at 12-13). Concerning the second statement: “patient states he was
bitten…by an unknown dog while washing his car,” the trial court explained
that “the quoted statement attributed to [Appellant] was made in furtherance
of medical treatment, while [Appellant] was in the emergency department.”
(Id. at 14). The court reiterated that the fact that the dog was unknown was
relevant to determining the proper treatment plan for Appellant, and the court
noted that Appellant was actually treated with a series of rabies vaccinations
after his injury. (Id. at 15). Finally, with respect to the third statement:
“Patient was seen on 7/10 at SLB after he was bit by a dog in the left side of
his scrotum and right hand. Patient states he was washing his car when a dog
bit him,” the trial court again concluded the statement was made in
furtherance of medical treatment. The court found that the statement
identified the inception or general character of Appellant’s injuries and was
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admissible. (Id. at 17).
In addition, the trial court explained that it did not matter whether
Appellant made the statements, or whether Appellant’s cousin (who was with
Appellant at the time of the attack) made the statements. The court stated:
Regardless of whether the quoted statement was made by
[Appellant] or by his cousin, Jonathan Adorno, it was made
for medical diagnosis and treatment while [Appellant] was
in the emergency department. It is undisputed that
Jonathan Adorno was with [Appellant] at the time of his
injury, and drove [Appellant] to the emergency department.
Both men have first-hand knowledge of the incident. …
(Id. at 16).
The record supports the trial court’s determination. The three
statements contained within Appellant’s medical records were made in the
furtherance of medical treatment and were necessary for proper treatment.
See Adams, supra. Further, the portion of each statement describing the
bite as having come from a stray dog was neither inconsequential nor
irrelevant to medical treatment; rather, the dog’s status as a stray informed
the physicians’ decision to treat Appellant for rabies. See Smith, supra.Therefore, they were admissible under the medical records exception to the
rule against hearsay and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting
them. See Carlini, supra.
Appellant’s second question presented raises two distinct issues, which
we address separately. Initially, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in
excluding a statement made by Appellee, Jared Ortiz, which Appellant argues
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was a prior inconsistent statement and should have been admissible to
impeach Mr. Ortiz’s credibility pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 613.4
Specifically, Appellant argues that he should have been permitted to impeach
Mr. Ortiz’s deposition testimony, that he was not fearful of his dogs being
around his daughter, with a statement that Mr. Ortiz made to his veterinarian
(after the alleged incident, but prior to the deposition), that one of the dogs
was aggressive and he was concerned having the dog in the house with his
daughter. (Appellant’s Brief at 32-33). Appellant claims that the
inconsistency between these two statements is relevant to Mr. Ortiz’s
credibility and should have been admitted for impeachment purposes.
Therefore, Appellant concludes that the trial court abused its discretion when
it precluded this statement. We disagree.
Rule of Evidence 613 provides, inter alia:
Rule 613. Witness’s Prior Inconsistent Statement to
Impeach; Witness’s Prior Consistent Statement to
Rehabilitate
(a) Witness’s Prior Inconsistent Statement to
Impeach. A witness may be examined concerning a prior
inconsistent statement made by the witness to impeach the
witness’s credibility. The statement need not be shown or
its contents disclosed to the witness at that time, but on
request, the statement or contents must be shown or
disclosed to an adverse party’s attorney.
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4 Although Appellant mentions that the statement was also admissible under
Rule of Evidence 803(25), he does not develop this claim in his brief, so we
give it no further attention.
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Pa.R.E. 613(a).
“A party may impeach the credibility of an adverse witness
by introducing evidence that the witness has made one or
more statements inconsistent with his trial testimony.”
Commonwealth v. Bailey, 469 A.2d 604, 611 (Pa.Super.
1983). “Mere dissimilarities or omissions in prior
statements ... do not suffice as impeaching evidence; the
dissimilarities or omissions must be substantial enough to
cast doubt on a witness’ testimony to be admissible as prior
inconsistent statements.” Id.McManamon v. Washko, 906 A.2d 1259, 1268 (Pa.Super. 2006), appeal
denied, 591 Pa. 736, 921 A.2d 497 (2007) (citation formatting provided).
Nevertheless, as with all relevant or admissible evidence, the trial court
may exclude the statement “if its probative value is outweighed by a danger
of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues,
misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting
cumulative evidence.” Pa.R.E. 403.
Instantly, we note that the trial court did not address this issue in its
opinion denying Appellant’s post-trial motion because at the time of the post-
trial motion, Appellant had not requested the transcript of the May 20, 2022
telephone conference. However, a review of the transcript of the telephone
conference reveals the trial court’s rationale for excluding the evidence. First,
the trial court explained that the statements were not admissible to prove that
the dogs had a dangerous propensity because they were made after the
alleged incident. With respect to the statement’s admissibility as
impeachment evidence, the court acknowledged the issue of credibility and
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“having the fair opportunity to bring to the jury’s attention the inconsistency
in this fellow’s statements,” but the court explained that the statement “is just
too close to the issue of what the case is about.” (N.T. Hearing, 5/20/22, at
27). The court stated that it was excluding this evidence because of the
prejudice and the inability of the jurors to distinguish between the evidence
to show the dogs’ dangerous propensities and the evidence to impeach Mr.
Ortiz’s credibility. On this record, we cannot say that the court’s ruling
constituted an abuse of discretion. See Pa.R.E. 403; Carlini, supra.
In Appellant’s second sub-issue of this question presented, he argues
that the trial court erred in barring admission of evidence that Appellees’ dogs
were in four fights after the date of the incident. Citing Crance v. Sohanic,
496 A.2d 1230 (Pa.Super. 1985), Appellant insists that evidence of
subsequent bites was probative of the issue of the dogs’ violent nature and
should have been admissible at trial. Appellant concludes the court’s
evidentiary ruling was erroneous, and he is entitled to a new trial. We
disagree.
In Crance, supra, this Court held that evidence of a dog’s subsequent
bite was properly admissible. Specifically, this Court held that evidence that
the dog bit others was probative on the issue of the dog’s nature, even though
the bites occurred after the incident in question. See id. at 1233. Therefore,
we agree with Appellant that evidence of Appellees’ dogs’ subsequent fights
could have been admitted as evidence of Appellees’ knowledge of the dogs’
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nature. Nevertheless, we conclude that any error was harmless in this case.
Here, the central question before the jury was not whether Appellees
were aware of their dogs’ dangerous propensities. Rather, the jury’s main
issue was whether Appellant had been bitten by Appellees’ dogs or whether,
as Appellees insisted and the jury accepted, Appellant had been bitten by a
stray dog at a car wash. At trial, Appellant’s cousin Jonathan, who was with
Appellant during the attack and accompanied him to the hospital emergency
room for medical services, confirmed that the incident took place at a car wash
(not at Appellees’ residence), and that a stray dog (not Appellees’ dogs), was
responsible for the injuries. The jury accepted the testimony of Jonathan,
which was corroborated by hospital records, and rendered a verdict in favor
of Appellees. Thus, the jury rejected Appellant’s allegation that Appellees’
dogs bit him. Because Appellant cannot show that evidence concerning
Appellees’ dogs’ dangerous nature would have affected the verdict, any error
in precluding admission of Appellees’ dogs’ subsequent fights was harmless.
See Yacoub, supra; Carlini, supra. Accordingly, we affirm.
Judgment affirmed.
Date: 11/20/2023
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