Com. v. Thompkins, K. ( 2021 )

J-A06013-21
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
KEVIN DAVID THOMPKINS :
:
Appellant : No. 706 WDA 2020
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 25, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Blair County Criminal Division at No(s):
CP-07-CR-0002180-2018
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., and McCAFFERY, J.
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED: JUNE 3, 2021
Kevin David Thompkins (“Appellant”) appeals from the judgment of
sentence of an aggregate term of 23 to 46 years’ imprisonment, imposed after
he was convicted of rape by forcible compulsion, involuntary deviate sexual
intercourse by forcible compulsion, aggravated assault, strangulation, criminal
trespass, terroristic threats, unlawful restraint, false imprisonment, simple
assault, recklessly endangering another person, and indecent assault by
forceful compulsion.1 Appellant alleges the verdict is against the weight of the
evidence and challenges the trial court’s denial of his request for a mistrial.
Appellant also asserts that his sentence is manifestly excessive and an abuse
of the trial court’s discretion. After careful review, we affirm.
____________________________________________
1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3121(a)(1), 3123(a)(1), 2702(a)(1), 2718(a)(1), 3503(a)(1),
2706(a)(1), 2902(a)(1), 2903(a), 2701(a)(1), 2705, and 2126(a)(2),
respectively.
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The trial court did not provide a summary of the facts adduced at
Appellant’s jury trial in either of its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinions issued in this
matter. Thus, we reproduce the Commonwealth’s factual summary of the
events that led to Appellant’s convictions.
On November 1, 2018, Ann Myers, 46 years old, stayed at a motel.
The same day, she went to a bar. Between 5 p[.]m[.] and 9
p[.]m[.] in the evening of the same day, she was contacted by
[Appellant], an individual known to her, who requested to
accompany her to another bar. She refused, which angered
[Appellant] and established [his] motive to retaliate. As Ms. Myers
was heading back from the bar towards her motel room, she
stopped her vehicle at [a] red light, at which time, her vehicle got
hit by [Appellant’s] car.
Ms. Myers attempted to drive an alternate route to evade
[Appellant and] to return to her motel. However, as [she] was
attempting to close the door of her motel room, [Appellant]
appeared behind her and put his foot in the doorway and then
grabbed [a]hold of her and pushed her on the bed inside the room.
In an attempt to subdue [her], [Appellant hit her in the face with]
a taser (not the electric part) …. While hitting [her], [Appellant]
kept repeating, “Do you want this? Do you want this?” After
securing a hold of the victim with physical violence and a threat
of employing a taser, [Appellant] started strangling [her]. [Ms.
Myers] testified to being unable to breathe to the point that she
had to start hitting her bed to obtain access to air. Believing that
her life [was] at risk, [she] pretended to lose consciousness in
hopes that [Appellant] would stop the crime. However, that only
incited the nefarious … and vicious ill will of [Appellant] and
formed in [Appellant’s] mind the motive to obtain a carnal
knowledge of the victim by involuntarily inserting his penis into
the vagina of the victim. [Ms. Myers] described the strangulation
simultaneously occurring with her rape as an act “of squeezing
[her] life … out of [her].” [Appellant] then proceeded to penetrate
the victim’s anal cavity with a finger splint, as well as inserted
[sic] his penis in the victim’s mouth about 2 to 3 times while
exclaiming, “do what daddy says.” The victim also testified to
knowing that [Appellant] had a pocket knife on him. At the
conclusion of the act, [Appellant] removed [Ms. Myers’s] keys and
her phone[,] as well as used physical force[,] to keep [her] from
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escaping and from reporting to [the] police. [Ms. Myers] testified
that she urinated on herself due to the inability to stand up from
the bed caused by [Appellant]. [She] testified that while being
raped, strangled[,] and assaulted[,] she kept praying to God that
her kids would not end up receiving a call that their mother [was]
found dead in a [m]otel.
The … assault continued for hours through the night. [Appellant]
then demanded money from [Ms. Myers], which allowed [her] an
opportunity to get the keys to her car from [Appellant], and
pretend to go to her parked car outside to retrieve money from
her wallet, while [Appellant] watched her. When [she] felt she
could escape, she drove directly to a Sheetz store [that] she knew
would be open at 5 a.m., at which point she entered the store,
immediately approached the counter, and asked the cashiers to
call [the] police.
While at the Sheetz store, a store clerk observed Ms. Myers who
was very loudly and frantically asking for someone to call [the]
police[,] as she needed help; she appeared scared as if someone
was going to “come get her,” upset, distressed, and was
constantly moving.
[Ms. Myers] described the numerous injuries she sustained as a
result of [Appellant’s] conduct: bruising on [her] chin,
discoloration of [her] cheeks, [which she stated] turned into black
and blue colors, as well as injuries to her neck. [She] testified
that as a result of her injuries, she could not swallow without pain
for at least 2 to 3 weeks and wasn’t … able to catch her breath,
and [she] continues to experience severe anxieties. [She also]
testified to the severe psychological trauma, which she described
as devastating to her life. She further characterized that as a
result of [Appellant’s] crime, Ms. Myers now cannot form a loving
and caring relationship as her life has changed upside down. Ms.
Myers testified that she never agreed to have sex with [Appellant],
never asked for any sex, [and] never wanted to engage in a
relationship or intimate intercourse with [Appellant] that night.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 5-8 (unnecessary capitalization and citations to
record omitted).
At trial, Appellant presented a far different version of events.
Appellant’s Brief at xiii. He claimed to have met Ms. Myers in August of 2018.
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She was a long-haul truck driver, and he was in the process of obtaining his
CDL. Id. He claims that Ms. Myers told him she was an instructor for a driver
training program with the trucking company she worked for, and she offered
to take him on an upcoming trip. He stated that she even offered to pay him
$500 per week for his company and that he accepted. Id. After Ms. Myers’
obtaining authorization from her trucking company, Appellant asserts that he
accompanied her on two trips, during which they began a sexual relationship.
Id. Upon their return from the trips, he stated he discovered that “the
trucking company did not in fact have a training program and that Ms. Myers
had fabricated the entire thing.” Id. Appellant confronted her about the lie,
but stated that they remained friends, and that they would occasionally “meet
up for drinks and sex” when she was in town. Id.
Appellant’s version of the events that transpired on the night in question
was as follows:
On the night of November 1, 2018, [Appellant] stated that he
received multiple calls and texts from Ms. Myers stating that she
was in town and asking him to come meet her at the bar. She
claimed to have some money she still owed him from their earlier
trips that he had long since given up on. He eventually agreed to
meet her. By the time [Appellant] arrived at the bar, Ms. Myers
was already in her car. They had been speaking on the phone as
he drove from Gallitzin to Altoona. She told him to follow her back
to the Motel 6. While stopped at a traffic light, [Appellant] gently
bumped the back of [her] car, then pulled around in front of her
as they proceeded to the motel. They parked next to each other
and entered the motel room.
They sat at the small table, [Appellant] pulling up a cooler to sit
on as there was only one chair. Ms. Myers began drinking from a
bottle of fireball whiskey. Mr. Thompkins was not drinking due to
a serious table saw injury to his finger the previous day which
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required antibiotics and thick bandaging. They engaged in small
talk[,] and Ms. Myers suggested that [Appellant] come out on the
road with her again. He declined. After some time, [Appellant’s]
hand started throbbing[,] so he went over to the bed and laid
down. Soon thereafter, Ms. Myers asked if he wanted to have sex
and he agreed. She came over to the bed and began to perform
oral sex on him before transitioning to vaginal sex at her request.
After, they went to sleep for a short time. Around 4:30 the next
morning, [Appellant] woke up. Ms. Myers was just waking up as
well. She again asked [him] to go out on the road with her. He
refused, reminding her that she still owed him money from the
first two trips. She pleaded with him, insisting that she would
have the money. She asked him to leave his longtime girlfriend
and be with her instead. When he made it clear that was not ever
going to happen[,] she became upset and tearful. [Appellant] got
dressed and left the motel room. He was shocked and confused
when [the] police arrested [him] the following day.
Id. at xiv-xv.
Appellant was arrested and charged with rape by forcible compulsion,
involuntary deviate sexual intercourse by forcible compulsion, burglary of an
occupied structure adapted for overnight accommodation, aggravated assault
(attempting to cause serious bodily injury), strangulation during a sexual
assault, criminal trespass, terroristic threats, unlawful restraint, false
imprisonment, simple assault (attempting to cause bodily injury), simple
assault by physical menace, recklessly endangering another person, and
indecent assault. See id. at ix. Appellant’s trial commenced on December 9,
2019. On December 11, 2019, after the conclusion of the three-day trial, “the
jury returned a guilty verdict on all counts, with the exception of the charge
of burglary and the sexual violence component of the charge of strangulation,
convicting only of strangulation without sexual violence.” Id.
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The trial court ordered a pre-sentence investigation (“PSI”), sentencing
memorandums, and the production of the Sentencing Guidelines prior to
sentencing. Trial Court Opinion (“TCO I”), 8/19/20, at 3. A sentencing
hearing was conducted on February 25, 2020. After hearing testimony from
Daneen Hoover, Appellant’s paramour and mother of his children, and from
Appellant, and taking into consideration the arguments made by counsel for
each party, Appellant was sentenced to 23 to 46 years’ imprisonment, followed
by 15 years’ probation. Id. Subsequently,
Appellant filed a timely[,] omnibus post-trial motion on March 6,
2020, claiming that the verdict was against the weight of the
evidence and requesting the court modify his sentence. He also
sought additional time to file supplemental motion(s) after the
completion of the trial transcripts, which the court granted by
order dated March 19, 2020. Upon the court’s receipt of notice
that the transcripts were completed on May 4, 2020, an order
directed any supplemental post-trial motions be filed on or before
June 3, 2020. On June 3, 2020, [Appellant] filed a supplemental
motion for new trial, reiterating his position that the verdict was
against the weight of the evidence and seeking a new trial. This
court issued an order denying the omnibus post-trial motion and
the supplemental motion for new trial by opinion dated June 9,
2020….[2]
Id. (unnecessary capitalization omitted).
On July 8, 2020, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal, followed by a
timely, court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of matters
complained of on appeal. Herein, Appellant presents the following issues for
our review:
____________________________________________
2 See Trial Court Opinion (“TCO II”), 6/9/20.
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1. Whether the interests of justice entitle [Appellant] to a new
trial[,] as the jury’s verdict was against the weight of the
evidence such that it effectively shocked the conscience[?]
2. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt abused its discretion when it denied
[Appellant’s] request for a mistrial on the grounds that the
Commonwealth deliberately elicited inadmissible testimony
that was so prejudicial that it prevented the jury from weighing
and rendering a true verdict[?]
3. Whether the sentencing court committed an abuse of discretion
by running the sentences on each count consecutively, creating
an aggregate sentence that is manifestly unreasonable[?]
Appellant’s Brief at viii.
Our standard of review for evaluating a weight-of-the-evidence claim is
well-established:
When the challenge to the weight of the evidence is predicated on
the credibility of trial testimony, our review of the trial court’s
decision is extremely limited. Generally, unless the evidence is so
unreliable and/or contradictory as to make any verdict based
thereon pure conjecture, these types of claims are not cognizable
on appellate review. Moreover, where the trial court has ruled on
the weight claim below, an appellate court’s role is not to consider
the underlying question of whether the verdict is against the
weight of the evidence. Rather, appellate review is limited to
whether the trial court palpably abused its discretion in ruling on
the weight claim.
Commonwealth v. Gibbs, 981 A.2d 274, 282 (Pa. Super. 2009) (citations
omitted). “A true weight of the evidence challenge concedes that sufficient
evidence exists to sustain the verdict but questions which evidence is to be
believed.” Commonwealth v. Charlton, 902 A.2d 554, 561 (Pa. Super.
2006) (citation omitted). Therefore, “[a]n appellate court will give the gravest
consideration to the findings and reasons advanced by the trial judge when
reviewing a trial court’s determination that the verdict is against the weight of
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the evidence,” as the trial judge is in the best position to view the evidence
presented. Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Wright, 865 A.2d 894, 915 (Pa.
Super. 2004)). Moreover, “it is for the fact-finder to make credibility
determinations, and the finder of fact may believe all, part, or none of a
witness’s testimony.” Gibbs, 981 A.2d at 282 (citation omitted).
Instantly, Appellant asserts that the majority of the evidence against
him was supplied by Ms. Myers and that her “behavior throughout the trial[,]
as well as her numerous inconsistent statements[,] rendered her a uniquely
unreliable witness.” Appellant’s Brief at xvi ¶1. He claims that his conviction,
based on “such threadbare evidence[,] shocks the conscience and denies
justice.” Id. In fact, Appellant argues, “[n]o reasonable person could find
Ms. Myers’ testimony to be credible in its entirety.” Id. at 2. Appellant’s
weight challenge is based primarily on alleged inconsistencies in Ms. Myers’
testimony and his opinion that she was not a credible witness. See id. at 2-
8. However, his attacks on her credibility have no merit.
It is well-settled that “the jury [is] the ultimate fact-finder and the sole
arbiter of the credibility of each of the witnesses.” Commonwealth v.
Jacoby, 170 A.3d 1065, 1080 (Pa. 2017). “[I]nconsistencies in eyewitness
testimony are not sufficient to warrant a new trial on grounds that the verdict
was against the weight of the evidence.” Id. at 1081 (citation omitted).
“Issues of witness credibility include questions of inconsistent testimony and
improper motive.” Id. (citation omitted). “A jury is entitled to resolve any
inconsistencies in the Commonwealth’s evidence in the manner that it sees
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fit.” Id. (citation omitted). Additionally, “the uncorroborated testimony of a
sexual assault victim, if believed by the trier of fact, is sufficient to convict a
defendant, despite contrary evidence from defense witnesses.” Charlton,
902 A.2d at 562 (citation omitted).
To the extent that Appellant points to self-serving, contradictory
evidence presented at trial,3 and essentially asks this Court to re-weigh the
evidence, we note that this is beyond our scope of review. See
Commonwealth v. Talbert, 129 A.3d 536, 546 (Pa. Super. 2015). “The
jury, as finder of fact, had the duty to determine the credibility of the
testimony and evidence presented at trial.” Id. See also Commonwealth
v. Collins, 70 A.3d 1245, 1251 (Pa. Super. 2013) (stating that “[a]n appellate
court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the finder of fact[]”). Here,
the jury was free to believe Ms. Myers’ testimony and to disbelieve that of
Appellant. Likewise, it was free to resolve any inconsistencies in the evidence
in the manner which it saw fit. See Jacoby, supra.
The trial court explained its denial of Appellant’s motion for a new trial
as follows:
A trial judge, in reviewing a claim that the verdict is against the
weight of the evidence[,] does not sit as the thirteenth juror.
____________________________________________
3 For instance, Appellant references the testimony of Jamie Weigand, the
nurse who performed the sexual assault examination on Ms. Myers. See
Appellant’s Brief at 3-4 (citing N.T. Trial, 12/10/19, at 93-94). Ms. Weigand
admitted that the documentation of her examination contained no indication
of genital injuries, bruising, irritation, redness, or tenderness. Id. We note,
however, that Ms. Weigand also testified that Ms. Myers could not sit on the
examination table, because “it hurt so bad.” N.T. Trial, 12/10/19, at 22.
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Rather, the role of the trial judge is to determine that[,]
“notwithstanding all the facts, certain facts are so clearly of
greater weight that to ignore them or to give them equal weight
with all the facts is to deny justice.” Helpin v. Trustees of
University of Pennsylvania, 969 A.2d 601, 616 (Pa. Super.
2009) (citing [Commonwealth v.] Widmer, [744 A.2d 745, 751-
52 (Pa. 2000)]). While [Appellant] may believe the victim’s
testimony was “unreliable, inconsistent and untruthful[,]” there is
certainly a basis for the jury to find otherwise. In fact, the jury
acquitted [Appellant] of the burglary charge and also made a
finding on the grading of the strangulation charge[,] leading this
court to conclude that they were able to evaluate all of the
evidence and follow the law in reaching decisions resulting in their
verdicts. After consideration of [Appellant’s] motions and the
entirety of the trial record in conjunction with the applicable law,
we decline to find that the jury verdicts were against the weight
of the evidence and[,] therefore, also deny [Appellant’s] request
for a new trial.
TCO II at 3-4 (unnecessary capitalization omitted; emphasis in original). We
agree with the trial court that the verdict is not so contrary to the evidence as
to shock the conscience. Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in denying Appellant’s weight-of-the-evidence claim.
Next, Appellant avers that the trial court abused its discretion in denying
his request for a mistrial on the grounds that “the Commonwealth deliberately
elicited inadmissible testimony that was so prejudicial … it prevented the jury
from weighing and rendering a true verdict.” Appellant’s Brief at 11. In
reviewing this claim, we remain mindful of the following:
The decision to declare a mistrial is within the sound discretion of
the court and will not be reversed absent a “flagrant abuse of
discretion.” Commonwealth v. Cottam, … 616 A.2d 988, 997
([Pa. Super.] 1992); Commonwealth v. Gonzales, … 609 A.2d
1368, 1370-71 ([Pa. Super.] 1992). A mistrial is an “extreme
remedy … [that] … must be granted only when an incident is of
such a nature that its unavoidable effect is to deprive [the]
defendant of a fair trial.” Commonwealth v. Vasquez, … 617
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A.2d 786, 787-88 ([Pa. Super.] 1992) (citing Commonwealth v.
Chestnut, … 512 A.2d 603 ([Pa.] 1986)[,] and Commonwealth
v. Brinkley, … 480 A.2d 980 ([Pa.] 1984)). A trial court may
remove taint caused by improper testimony through curative
instructions. Commonwealth v. Savage, … 602 A.2d 309, 312-
13 ([Pa.] 1992); Commonwealth v. Richardson, … 437 A.2d
1162 ([Pa.] 1981). Courts must consider all surrounding
circumstances before finding that curative instructions were
insufficient and the extreme remedy of a mistrial is required.
Richardson, … 437 A.2d at 1165. The circumstances which the
court must consider include whether the improper remark was
intentionally elicited by the Commonwealth, whether the answer
was responsive to the question posed, whether the
Commonwealth exploited the reference, and whether the curative
instruction was appropriate. Id.
Commonwealth v. Stilley, 689 A.2d 242, 250 (Pa. Super. 1997), abrogated
on different grounds, Commonwealth v. Butler, 812 A.2d 631 (Pa. 2002).
The testimony at issue in the instant matter was the following discourse
between the Commonwealth and Ms. Weigand regarding her forensic
examination of Ms. Myers:
[Commonwealth]: What physical manifestations did you observe
during that visual examination of [Ms. Myers]
that supported the strangulation?
[Ms. Weigand]: She had what appeared to be fingerprints on
the right side of her neck and she had a large
amount of swelling to the left side of her neck.
She also had some bruising to her cheek. And
further on in the exam when we were looking
inside of her frenulum[,] which would be the
upper part between your teeth and your gums,
she had some petechiae that is indicative of a
strangulation type of injury.
[Commonwealth]: Can you explain to the jury what petechiae is?
[Ms. Weigand]: Petechiae is that your body uses hemoglobin
and so when the little capillaries—so for
instance when someone is being strangled, the
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capillaries themselves are starving for oxygen
and they disrupt and then that is what gives
so petechiae are tiny little wee bruises. They
can either [be] blue or red in color and they
are tiny little spots.
[Commonwealth]: And you indicated that the location of the
particular petechiae were significant to you to
support the strangulation?
[Ms. Weigand]: Correct.
N.T. Trial, 12/10/19, at 23-24.
Appellant argues that Ms. Weigand, who had not been accepted as an
expert witness and was testifying as a layperson, was prohibited from offering
her opinion as to the significance of observing petechiae on Ms. Myers’
frenulum. Appellant’s Brief at 13 (citing Pa.R.E. 702(a) (providing that expert
testimony is permitted where the witness’s scientific, technical, or other
specialized knowledge is beyond that possessed by the average layperson)).
Nonetheless, Appellant asserts that the prosecutor specifically asked Ms.
Weigand to “educate the jury on the subject.” Id. Despite the fact that the
trial court sustained defense counsel’s objection to the admission of this
evidence and ordered Ms. Weigand’s testimony regarding the formation of
petechiae be stricken from the record, id. (citing N.T. Trial, 12/10/19, at 48),
Appellant claims that he was prejudiced, as the jury had already heard her
testimony. Id. More specifically, he alleges:
First, Ms. Weigand’s training and experience had not been
examined and thus she had not demonstrated that she was
qualified to render an opinion on the subject. Second, the medical
reports made no mention of the presence of petechiae and[,]
thus[, Appellant] was not prepared to challenge or refute the
soundness of Ms. Weigand’s opinion by means of either cross-
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examination or a defense expert. Finally, if the jury were to
accept Ms. Weigand’s opinion as true, it would effectively destroy
[Appellant’s] defense that Ms. Myers’[] injuries were self-inflicted.
Id. at 13-14. Additionally, Appellant asserts that not only was the testimony
elicited by the Commonwealth, but that this was a deliberate attempt on the
part of the Commonwealth to prejudice the jury with inadmissible testimony.
Id. at 17. As a result, Appellant claims he was denied a fair trial and that, in
denying his request for a mistrial, the trial court failed to account for the
“significant prejudice” that the testimony caused him. Id. at 20, 21-22.
After a lengthy discussion outside the presence of the jury regarding the
admissibility of Ms. Weigand’s testimony, the trial court addressed the jury as
follows:
So[,] from time to time[,] there are things that we need to hear
outside your presence and … it was just easier to put you in a
deliberation room while we took care of those matters. The
[c]ourt has made a ruling. You heard this witness testify to
petechiae in the frenulum of Ms. Myers[’] mouth and the same
being indicative of strangulation. The [c]ourt has ruled this
evidence inadmissible. In other words, you are not to consider
that portion of the testimony and you are to disregard it.
N.T. Trial, 12/10/19, at 63-64.
Appellant argues that the court’s “bare instruction” to simply disregard
this portion of Ms. Weigand’s testimony, without providing the jury with an
explanation as to why the evidence is inadmissible, was insufficient to cure its
prejudicial effect. Appellant’s Brief at 19. In fact, Appellant suggests that
the jury was “incapable” of disregarding the testimony. Id. He stresses that,
“[r]ather than mitigate the prejudice, the [c]ourt’s repetition of the prejudicial
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statement in the curative instruction focused the jurors’ attention on [the]
most prejudicial aspect of it, firmly fixing it in the minds of the jury and
increasing its prejudicial effect.” Id. at 19-20. Appellant is not entitled to
relief on this claim.
First, as to his suggestion that the jury was incapable of ignoring the
stricken testimony, “[i]t is well settled that juries are presumed to follow the
instructions of a trial court to disregard inadmissible evidence.”
Commonwealth v. Manley, 985 A.2d 256, 268 (Pa. Super. 2009). See also
Commonwealth v. Jones, 668 A.2d 491, 504 (Pa. 1995) (declaring that the
jury is presumed to follow cautionary instructions from the court). Moreover,
we deem the trial court’s instruction to be clear and specific as to the portion
of Ms. Weigand’s testimony that the jury was required to disregard. See
Commonwealth v. Thompson, 106 A.3d 742 (Pa. Super. 2014) (stating that
the trial court’s curative instructions must be clear and specific, and that the
court must instruct the jury to disregard the improper evidence). Since the
trial court properly instructed the jury to disregard Ms. Weigand’s testimony
that she observed petechiae on Ms. Myers’ frenulum, and that it was indicative
of strangulation, we presume that the jury followed the court’s instructions in
reaching its verdict.
In response to Appellant’s claims regarding the prejudicial effect of the
jury’s having heard Ms. Weigand’s testimony, and his being deprived of a fair
trial as a result of the trial court’s denial of his request for a mistrial, the court
opined:
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In denying the mistrial, this court did not find that the response
was elicited by the Commonwealth in an effort to violate
[Appellant’s] constitutional right to a fair trial or to overreach. The
jury had already heard about the physical manifestations to the
victim’s neck (red marks, swelling, bruising) from several other
pieces of evidence/testimony, including [Ms. Myers], Jennifer
F[o]wler (paramedic), a layperson (Sheetz employee)[,] and [it
had] watched the body cam interview of Officer Talamo. [Ms.
Myers] testified that she was strangled with “his hands around her
neck” and he “straddled her.” She told the jury that she was not
able to breathe. He squeezed harder and she kept “hitting the
bed trying to get her breath.” [Ms. Myers] testified that …
Appellant did this for hours and applied pressure of “100” on a
scale of 1 to 10. She also described that his hands were on her
neck during a “couple” of the sexual assaults, “squeezing my life,
my breath out of me[.”] [She] recalled that the paramedics tried
putting a collar around her neck, but she could not comply
because of all the choking by … Appellant. On cross examination,
[Ms. Myers] testified that … Appellant grabbed her by the throat.
Also, in response to cross-examination, [she] stated that …
Appellant pushed her onto the bed and started to strangle her.
During the assault, … Appellant demanded money[,] according to
[Ms. Myers]. He would demand the money and grab her throat,
lifting her off the ground. [Ms. Myers] consistently said that …
Appellant raped her, choked her[,] and strangled her “for hours.”
She described losing her breath on multiple occasions due to being
choked. [She] told the jury that when she got away from
[Appellant,] she went to Sheetz to obtain help. Brenda Rhinehart,
a Sheetz employee, who encountered [Ms. Myers,] testified that
she saw red marks on the victim’s neck and arms. The jury saw
the police officer’s body cam and heard [Ms. Myers] tell the police
officers that she could not lift her neck because it was painful, as
a result of being choked. Jennifer Fowler, the treating paramedic,
testified that she saw red marks that looked like handprints on her
throat which were raised[,] and some swelling on the one side.
Ms. Fowler corroborated [Ms. Myer’s] testimony relative to the
introduction of a c-spine collar for stabilization of the neck. She
further told the jury that the victim had an adverse reaction to the
request to place a medical collar around her neck. Therefore, …
Appellant is simply incorrect when saying that the inadmissible
response “provided some of the only objective evidence of [his]
guilt that did not rely on the alleged victim’s credibility.”
TCO I at 9-11 (unnecessary capitalization and citations to the record omitted).
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The trial court also rejected Appellant’s argument that he was denied
the opportunity to consult with an expert:
First, the elements of strangulation do not require physical injury.
Second, the defense strategy did not change by this one passing
reference of petechiae from Ms. Weigand. A viable defense
strategy was that the victim could have caused the injuries to
herself, which strategy remained intact after the ruling. The
defense had the ability to hire an expert to determine if the
manifestations on [Ms. Myers’] body could have been self-
inflicted. The defense had all of the information from the rape kit,
including the twelve[-]page document with the [sexual assault
forensic examiner’s] notes and the photos. The defense did not
separately conduct an interview of the nurse to determine if an
expert was necessary.
Id. at 11 (unnecessary capitalization and citations to the record omitted).
In conclusion, the trial court noted that “[t]he instant matter and the
circumstance leading to the mistrial request are a sharp contrast to matters
such as Commonwealth v. Durant, 407 A.2d 1311 (Pa. Super. 1979),
wherein a Commonwealth witness on cross-examination purposefully
volunteered the defendant’s previous incarceration in an effort to poison the
jury.” Id. at 11-12. It observed that the Durant Court determined that the
remarks were not curable with an instruction to the jury and deemed the trial
court’s failure to grant a mistrial reversible error. Id. at 12 (citing Durant,
407 A.2d at 1312). We agree with the trial court that “[f]or all of the reasons
set forth above, any possible taint that the single reference to petechiae
created at that point in the proceeding was cured by the [c]ourt’s instruction
to disregard the same as inadmissible.” Id. Moreover, “[a]ll available
defenses remained intact and[,] thus, [Appellant] was not deprived of a fair
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trial.” Id. Accordingly, we discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s
denial of Appellant’s request for a mistrial.
Finally, Appellant claims that his sentence is manifestly excessive and
unreasonable. Appellant’s Brief at 22. While he concedes that the trial court
sentenced him within the standard guideline ranges on each count, see id. at
xvi, he claims that “the court’s imposition of multiple sentences [to run]
consecutively to each other illustrates a flagrant disregard for the nature and
circumstances of [his] criminal history.” Id. at 23. Appellant’s allegations
relate to the discretionary aspects of his sentence.
Challenges to the discretionary aspects of sentencing do not
entitle an appellant to review as of right. An appellant challenging
the discretionary aspects of his sentence must invoke this Court’s
jurisdiction by satisfying a four-part test:
We conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1) whether
[the] appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see
Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly
preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and
modify sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. 720; (3) whether [the]
appellant’s brief has a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and
(4) whether there is a substantial question that the sentence
appealed from is not appropriate under the Sentencing
Code, 42 Pa.C.S.[] § 9781(b).
Objections to the discretionary aspects of a sentence are generally
waived if they are not raised at the sentencing hearing or in a
motion to modify the sentence imposed.
Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citations
and internal quotations omitted).
Here, the record clearly reflects that Appellant filed a timely notice of
appeal, properly preserved his claim in his post-sentence motion, and included
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a separate, concise Rule 2119(f) statement in his appellate brief. Thus, we
proceed to determine whether Appellant has raised a substantial question to
meet the fourth requirement of the test outlined above.
Instantly, Appellant recognizes that an excessive sentencing claim
based on the imposition of consecutive rather than concurrent sentences does
not automatically raise a substantial question. Appellant’s Brief at xix.
Nevertheless, he asserts that the court’s imposition of consecutive sentences
resulted in an aggregate sentence of 23 to 46 years’ incarceration for
convictions that stemmed from a single incident, and that because of his age,
he will likely remain incarcerated for the rest of his life. Id. at 23-24.
Moreover, Appellant argues that his aggregate sentence “suggests an
unjustifiable concern for public safety stemming from a single event coupled
with an outright rejection of any of the mitigating factors presented by defense
counsel.” Id. at 24. He suggests that the trial court failed to consider that
his criminal history was decades old and that its reference to his “history of
assaultive behavior” during sentencing portrays Appellant “as a man who has
both squandered any opportunity for rehabilitation and has remained,
throughout his life, a violent menace to society[,]” which he claims is “simply
not accurate[.]” Id. at 23.
As we explained in Commonwealth v. Dodge, 77 A.3d 1263 (Pa.
Super. 2013),
[a] defendant may raise a substantial question where he receives
consecutive sentences within the guideline ranges if the case
involves circumstances where the application of the guidelines
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would be clearly unreasonable, resulting in an excessive sentence;
however, a bald claim of excessiveness due to the consecutive
nature of a sentence will not raise a substantial question.
In determining whether a substantial question exists, this Court
does not examine the merits of whether the sentence is actually
excessive. Rather, we look to whether the appellant has
forwarded a plausible argument that the sentence, when it is
within the guideline ranges, is clearly unreasonable.
Concomitantly, the substantial question determination does not
require the court to decide the merits of whether the sentence is
clearly unreasonable.
Id. at 1270 (internal citations and footnote omitted; emphasis in original).
Additionally, this Court has held that “an excessive sentence claim—in
conjunction with an assertion that the court failed to consider mitigating
factors—raises a substantial question.” Commonwealth v. Caldwell, 117
A.3d 763, 770 (Pa. Super. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted).
Based on our review of the foregoing precedents, we conclude that
Appellant’s challenge to the imposition of his consecutive sentences as unduly
excessive, together with his claim that the court failed to consider the nature
and circumstances of his criminal history, presents a substantial question.
Thus, we proceed to examining the merits of his sentencing claim.
When reviewing a challenge to the discretionary aspects of a sentence,
we determine whether the trial court has abused its discretion. Id. at 771.
Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the
sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal
absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse
of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather,
the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the
sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its
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judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or
arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.
***
When imposing a sentence, a court is required to consider the
particular circumstances of the offense and the character of the
defendant. In particular, the court should refer to the defendant’s
prior criminal record, his age, personal characteristics and his
potential for rehabilitation. Where the sentencing court had the
benefit of a [PSI], we can assume the sentencing court was aware
of relevant information regarding the defendant’s character and
weighed those considerations along with mitigating statutory
factors. Further, where a sentence is within the standard range
of the guidelines, Pennsylvania law views the sentence as
appropriate under the Sentencing Code.
Commonwealth v. Griffin, 65 A.3d 932, 935-36 (Pa. Super. 2013) (internal
citations and quotation marks omitted).
The record belies Appellant’s assertions that his aggregate sentence is
manifestly excessive and unreasonable, and that the trial court failed to
consider mitigating factors. As the trial court so aptly summarized:
[Appellant] was provided notice of why and how the court was
fashioning his sentence at the time of the sentencing hearing and
[the court] also referenced those considerations in [its] sentencing
order of February 25th. This jurist readily acknowledged at the
sentencing hearing and in the sentencing order that the [PSI] was
considered and made part of the record, as was all mitigating
information offered for [Appellant]. The court considered the fact
that [Appellant] was out of jail, awaiting trial for seven (7) months
while on pre-trial services and[,] further[,] that during his time in
jail he had earned certificates of achievement for his participation
in jail programs. The court heard from the mother of his children
and his partner that he was a good provider for their family. The
court also considered [Appellant’s] statements[,] including
remarks about his work history, that this incident was not
representative of who he is, and that his family needed him. The
undersigned also viewed the public safety in determining an
appropriate sentence for [Appellant]. Specifically, the court
explained that the nature of his criminal actions evidenced a need
to protect society. This was a brutal sexual attack, which lasted
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for hours. It involved more than one type of sexual and physical
assault for which the court found in its discretion required
accountability and sanctions for each act. [Appellant’s] prior
assaultive behavior was noted, as well as his prior opportunities
for rehabilitation. This court notes that the sentences imposed in
this case were all consistent with the standard range of the
Pennsylvania Sentencing Guidelines.
TCO II at 5 (unnecessary capitalization omitted). Moreover, the court stated
in its sentencing order: “The consecutive nature of this sentence is further
justified by the significant impact of the crimes upon the victim, [Appellant’s]
lack of remorse[,] and quite frankly, [that] the [c]ourt does not believe
[Appellant] is entitled to a volume discount for his criminal behavior…. [E]ach
act requires accountability.” Order, 2/25/20, at 5 (unpaginated). Appellant
“employed humiliating acts upon the victim[,] where he not only physically
and sexually assaulted her, [but] he [also] terrorized her.” Id.After careful review of the record, we are satisfied that the trial court
gave appropriate consideration to the relevant factors before issuing
Appellant’s sentence, and we ascertain no abuse of discretion.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/3/2021
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