Brown, D. v. The End Zone, Inc ( 2021 )

J-A08037-21
2021 PA Super 135D'ANNA BROWN AND CAMERON : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
DEAN : PENNSYLVANIA
:
:
v. :
:
:
THE END ZONE, INC. D/B/A CLUB :
ONYX, RICK’S CABARET : No. 193 EDA 2020
INTERNATIONAL, INC., NAH :
NICHOLS, TEZ REAL ESTATE, LP, :
AND TEZ MANAGEMENT, LLC :
:
:
APPEAL OF: THE END ZONE, INC. :
D/B/A CLUB ONYX :
:
Appeal from the Judgment Entered December 18, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
No(s): No. 160801029
D'ANNA BROWN AND CAMERON : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
DEAN : PENNSYLVANIA
:
Cross-Appellants :
:
:
v. :
:
: No. 321 EDA 2020
THE END ZONE, INC. D/B/A CLUB :
ONYX, RICK’S CABARET :
INTERNATIONAL, INC., NAH :
NICHOLS, TEZ REAL ESTATE, LP, :
AND TEZ MANAGEMENT, LLC :
:
Appeal from the Judgment Entered December 18, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
No(s): No. 160801029
D'ANNA BROWN AND CAMERON : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
DEAN : PENNSYLVANIA
:
J-A08037-21
Cross-Appellants :
:
:
v. :
:
: No. 322 EDA 2020
THE END ZONE, INC. D/B/A CLUB :
ONYX, RICK’S CABARET :
INTERNATIONAL, INC., NAH :
NICHOLS, TEZ REAL ESTATE, LP, :
AND TEZ MANAGEMENT, LLC :
:
Appeal from the Judgment Entered December 18, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
No(s): No. 170504021
D'ANNA BROWN AND CAMERON : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
DEAN : PENNSYLVANIA
:
:
v. :
:
:
THE END ZONE, INC. D/B/A CLUB :
ONYX, RICK’S CABARET : No. 324 EDA 2020
INTERNATIONAL, INC., NAH :
NICHOLS, TEZ REAL ESTATE, LP, :
AND TEZ MANAGEMENT, LLC :
:
:
APPEAL OF: THE END ZONE, INC. :
D/B/A CLUB ONYX :
:
Appeal from the Judgment Entered December 18, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
No(s): No. 170504021
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., MURRAY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
OPINION BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED JUNE 29, 2021
____________________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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In this consolidated action, Appellant/Cross-Appellee The End Zone, Inc.
(d/b/a Club Onyx) appeals the judgment entered by the Court of Common
Pleas of Philadelphia County upon a jury verdict in favor of Appellee/Cross-
Appellant D’Anna Brown (“Brown”).1 In addition, Brown, along with Cameron
Dean (“Dean”) filed a cross-appeal from the judgment entered following the
denial of their post-trial motion seeking (1) to remove the nonsuit entered
against Brown in favor of Cross-Appellee Rick’s Cabaret International, Inc.
(“RCI”)2 and (2) to remove the nonsuit entered against Dean in favor of Cross-
Appellee Tez Management, LLC.3
We affirm the judgment entered in favor of Brown against The End Zone
and affirm in part the trial court’s order entering nonsuit with respect to RCI.
However, we reverse the trial court’s entry of a nonsuit in favor of Tez
Management, LLC and remand for a new trial limited to Dean’s claims of
liability and damages against Tez Management, LLC.
In August 2016, Brown and Dean jointly filed a negligence action
(docketed at No. 01029-2016) against The End Zone, RCI, Nah Nichols, Tez
Real Estate, LP, and Tez Management, LLC (collectively “the Defendants”) to
____________________________________________
1 “[A]n appeal to this Court can only lie from judgments entered subsequent
to the trial court's disposition of any post-verdict motions, not from the order
denying post-trial motions.” Young v. Lippl, ___A.3d___, 2021 PA Super
56, at *1 n.1 (Pa.Super. Mar. 31, 2021) (citing Johnston the Florist, Inc.
v. TEDCO Constr. Corp., 657 A.2d 511, 514 (Pa.Super. 1995)).
2 RCI is now known as RCI Hospitality Holdings, Inc. Answer, 4/19/17, at 1.
3 “[I]n a case where nonsuit was entered, the appeal properly lies from the
judgment entered after denial of a motion to remove nonsuit.” Neidert v.
Charlie, 143 A.3d 384, 387 n. 3 (Pa.Super. 2016) (quoting Billig v. Skvarla,
853 A.2d 1042, 1048 (Pa.Super. 2004)).
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recover damages for serious injuries Brown and Dean sustained when a large
fight broke out on August 10, 2014 at Club Onyx, a Philadelphia adult-
entertainment venue.4 Brown and Dean claimed Defendants were negligent
in inter alia, serving alcohol after-hours and failing to satisfy compliance
requirements for security and alcohol service despite prior enforcement
measures taken against The End Zone and Club Onyx by the Liquor Control
Board (LCB) and the City of Philadelphia. Brown and Dean claimed the
Defendants’ negligent operation of Club Onyx directly resulted in their injuries
in the August 10, 2014 incident, which will be discussed further infra.
In May 2017, Brown filed a separate action (docketed at No. 04021-
2017) against the Defendants sounding in fraud based on allegations that the
Defendants forged Brown’s signature on a release of liability document, or
alternatively, falsely promised to pay Brown’s medical bills in order to induce
her to sign the release. Brown also raised an abuse of process claim as
Defendants offered the allegedly forged liability release as a defense.
On August 8, 2017, the two cases were consolidated for discovery and
trial. On April 29, 2019, the cases proceeded to a jury trial, which spanned
several days of testimony. Brown testified that, on the night in question, she
____________________________________________
4 At the time of the incident, The End Zone operated Club Onyx and employed
Nah Nichols as club manager. The End Zone is a subsidiary of RCI, a Texas
corporation. Tez Real Estate, LP owned the property where Club Onyx was
located and leased the property to The End Zone. Tez Real Management, LLC
is the sole general partner of Tez Real Estate, LP and a majority of Tez
Management, LLC is owned by one of RCI’s subsidiaries, RCI Holdings, Inc.
N.T., 4/29/19, at 70-74; N.T. 5/2/19, at 286-87.
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was working as an exotic dancer in the VIP room of Club Onyx where she
earned approximately $3,000 to $6,000 each week depending on the tips she
would make. Notes of Testimony (N.T.), Trial, 5/1/19, at 215-16, 229-30.
At approximately 3:50 a.m., a large fight broke out after a dancer
named Mona Lisa struck one of the patrons with a vase. N.T., 5/6/19, at 35,
59. Brown was suddenly and severely injured when an unknown patron
involved in the altercation threw a glass bottle that hit Brown in the mouth,
causing her to become disoriented and momentarily lose consciousness. N.T.,
5/1/19, at 247-48, 251-52. When Brown regained consciousness, a friend
drove Brown to the emergency room where medical personnel discovered that
Brown sustained multiple fractured front teeth on the top and bottom of her
mouth and a broken bone in the top of her mouth. Id. at 252-64, N.T.,
5/2/19, at 6-9.
Brown subsequently underwent surgery to replace the broken bone,
required multiple sets of dentures, and was recommended to have further
reconstruction surgeries, which included dental implants for her missing teeth.
N.T., 5/2/19, at 9-14. Brown also suffered a concussion from the incident and
reported experiencing persistent headaches, jaw pain, light sensitivity, and
memory lapse. Id. at 14-19. Moreover, Appellee Brown indicated that she
experienced psychological problems, such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal
ideations, which ultimately led to her voluntary commitment into a mental
health institution. Id. at 15-21.
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Brown testified that she was eventually unable to pay for her dental
reconstruction and forwarded her dental bills to Nah Nichols, manager of The
End Zone. Id. at 22. While Nichols initially gave Brown checks for $875 and
$1,500, Defendants claimed these funds were disbursed when Brown agreed
to sign a liability release, which Brown denied. Id. at 26, 36-38, 257-59.
Plaintiff Dean also sought to recover damages for injuries he sustained
during the August 10, 2014 altercation at Club Onyx, while he was working as
a Floor Host. N.T., 5/6/19, at 30, 53. Dean was injured when he was struck
in the head by an unknown patron with a large metal pole. N.T., 5/1/19, at
82; N.T., 5/6/19, at 39-40. Dean was taken to Thomas Jefferson Hospital
where he received thirteen stitches to close his head wound. N.T., 5/1/19, at
85. N.T., 5/6/19, at 42.
The parties stipulated that Dean was barred from seeking damages for
his injuries against The End Zone and RCI due to his receipt of workers’
compensation benefits as an employee of The End Zone.5 N.T., 4/29/19, at
14-15. However, the parties agreed Dean could still pursue his claims against
Tez Real Estate, LP, and Tez Management, LLC. Id.
Brown and Dean also presented the testimony of Ed Anakar, who served
as the corporate designee of The End Zone, Tez Real Estate, LP, and Tez
Management, LLC. Anakar admitted that, prior to the incident in question,
twenty-four instances of violence had occurred at Club Onyx, which involved
____________________________________________
5 Brown was not subject to this bar as she was deemed to be an independent
contractor. N.T., 4/29/19, at 9-15.
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shootings, fights, assaults, visibly intoxicated patrons, and disorderly
operations. N.T. 4/29/19, at 77, 84-101; Plaintiff’s Exhibit 1. After these
incidents, The End Zone’s continued operation of Club Onyx was made
contingent on its compliance with additional conditions on its liquor license
and occupancy permit through a conditional licensing agreement with the
Liquor Control Board and a consent order by the City of Philadelphia. See
N.T., 4/29/19, at 108-125; Plaintiff’s Exhibits P-1 and P-2.
The conditional licensing agreement of May 21, 2013 required The End
Zone become and remain compliant with the responsible alcohol management
provisions (RAMP) of the Liquor Code, which included but was not limited to
training of its alcohol service personnel and managers. See Plaintiff Exhibit
P-1. The consent order of July 24, 2012 required The End Zone to comply
with various security measures, including but not limited to hiring
appropriately qualified security officers and to performing criminal background
checks on its employees. See Plaintiff Exhibit P-2.
Appellant and Dean presented the expert testimony of Russell Kolins, a
security practitioner and consultant. Kolins opined that the Defendants “had
an obligation to provide security in a reasonable manner and failed to properly
hire, vet, train, and supervise its proprietary staff, security staff that
Defendants referred to as ‘Floor Hosts.’” N.T. 5/1/19, at 74. Further, Kolins
found that the Defendants failed to provide reasonable security by permitting
visibly intoxicated individuals into the club and allowing those persons to be
served alcoholic beverages by its staff. Id. at 76. Moreover, Kolins concluded
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that on August 10, 2014, the Defendants “failed to provide security and serve
alcoholic beverages in a reasonable manner” and these failures were the direct
and proximate cause of Brown’s injuries. Id.
At the conclusion of Brown and Dean’s presentation of evidence in their
case-in-chief, on May 6, 2019, the trial court entered a nonsuit in favor of RCI,
Nah Nichols, Tez Real Estate, LP, and Tez Management, LLC. N.T., 5/6/19, at
157-58. The only claims that survived nonsuit were Brown’s claims against
The End Zone. As Dean had only brought claims against Tez Real Estate, LP,
and Tez Management, LLC, the nonsuit ended Dean’s participation in the trial.
The Defendants presented their evidence, which included the expert
testimony of William LaTorre, a security and liquor compliance consultant, who
was a former district commander in the Pennsylvania State Police assigned to
the Bureau of Liquor Control Enforcement. LaTorre opined that The End Zone
had in place and followed an adequate security plan and responded to the
August 10, 2014 incident in a reasonable and appropriate manner. N.T.
5/2/19, at 146-47.6
____________________________________________
6 The trial court permitted Defendants to present the testimony of their expert,
LaTorre, during Brown and Dean’s case in chief; the parties agreed to
accommodate LaTorre’s schedule as he would be unavailable later that week.
Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 230.1 was amended to “change the prior
practice whereby the entry of a compulsory nonsuit was precluded when any
evidence had been presented by the defendant.” Pa.R.C.P. 230.1, note. The
current version of the rule provides “if the defendant presents evidence prior
to the close of the plaintiff's case, the court shall consider, in addition to the
plaintiff's evidence, only that defense evidence which is “favorable to the
plaintiff.” Pa.R.C.P. 230.1(a)(2).
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On May 10, 2019, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Brown, finding
The End Zone’s negligence caused Brown’s injuries and that The End Zone had
committed “fraud by forgery” in presenting a liability release form that Brown
had never signed. The jury awarded Brown $820,000 in compensatory
damages: $800,000 for the negligence claim and $20,000 on the fraud claim.
In addition, the jury determined that the conduct of The End Zone was
outrageous and in reckless disregard of Brown’s safety. As such, the jury
awarded Brown $500,000 in punitive damages: $450,000 for the negligent
operation of Club Onyx and $50,000 for fraud. Accordingly, the jury awarded
Brown a total verdict of $1,320,000.
The End Zone, Brown, and Dean filed timely post-trial motions. In
addition, Brown filed a motion seeking delay damages pursuant to Pa.R.C.P.
238. On December 16, 2019, the trial court denied the parties’ post-trial
motions, molded the verdict to award Brown $78,798.62 in delay damages,
and entered judgment on the molded verdict of $1,398,798.62.
On January 3, 2020, The End Zone filed a notice of appeal listing docket
number 01029-2016. On January 11, 2020, The End Zone filed a notice of
appeal listing docket number 04021-2017. On January 14, 2020, counsel for
Brown and Dean filed two notices of appeal that listed both docket numbers.
After the parties filed applications to consolidate the appeals, this Court
consolidated the four appeals as cross-appeals and designated The End Zone’s
appeal at 193 EDA 2020 to be the lead docket number. The parties complied
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with the trial court’s direction to file concise statements of errors complained
of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).
As a preliminary matter, we must determine whether the parties
complied with Commonwealth v. Walker, 646 Pa. 456, 185 A.3d 969(2018), in which our Supreme Court held that the official comment to
Pa.R.A.P. 341 requires appellants to file separate notices of appeal “where a
single order resolves issues arising on more than one lower court docket[;] …
[t]he failure to do so [prospectively] will result in quashal of the appeal.” Id.
at 470, 185 A.3d at 977.7
This Court has held that an appellant does not violate Walker by
including multiple docket numbers on a notice of appeal, as long as the
appellant files separate notices of appeal at each lower court docket.
Commonwealth v. J. Johnson, 236 A.3d 1141, 1148 (Pa.Super. 2020) (en
banc). This decision partially overruled Commonwealth v. Creese, 216 A.3d
1142 (Pa.Super. 2019) to the extent that Creese interpreted Walker to
require quashal when the appellant files a notice of appeal that contains
multiple docket numbers. In J. Johnson, this Court found there was no
violation of Walker as it was “indisputable that [the appellant] filed a separate
notice of appeal for each of the four dockets below, because he italicized only
one case number on each notice of appeal.” J. Johnson, 236 A.3d at 1148.
____________________________________________
7 The Walker court held that its ruling would apply prospectively to any notice
of appeal filed after its June 1, 2018 ruling. Walker, 646 Pa. at 469-70, 185
A.3d at 977. Accordingly, the parties in this case were required to comply
with the mandate of Walker.
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This Court reached a similar result in Commonwealth v. R. Johnson,
236 A.3d 63 (Pa.Super. 2020) (en banc), in concluding that the appellant did
not violate Walker in filing three notices of appeal listing all three docket
numbers on each notice of appeal. This Court was able to determine that the
appellant had filed separate notices of appeal, finding the documents were
“clearly distinct” based on the differing time stamps and their location on each
document. R. Johnson, 236 A.3d at 66. Compare Creese, 216 A.3d at
1143 (finding Walker violation when filing clerk accepted one notice of appeal
for multiple dockets, time-stamped and photocopied the document, and filed
copies at each individual docket).
In this case, The End Zone filed two separate notices of appeal for the
negligence and fraud cases on January 3, 2020 and January 11, 2020,
respectively. On January 14, 2020, counsel for Brown and Dean filed two
notices of appeal that listed both docket numbers. We find Brown and Dean’s
notices of appeal are distinct documents as the first notice of appeal has a
time stamp at 7:14 p.m. and the second has a time stamp of 7:17 p.m. In
addition, the clerk’s time stamp was placed in different locations on each
notice of appeal. As the parties have complied with Walker, we may proceed
to review the merits of the arguments in both appeals.
The End Zone raises the following arguments on appeal:
1. Did the Trial Court commit an error of law in determining that
[The End Zone] did not preserve the issues raised in the Post
Trial Motions?
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2. Did the Trial Court abuse its discretion by not granting [The
End Zone’s] post-trial motion for judgment notwithstanding the
verdict and to direct the entry of judgment in favor of [The End
Zone]?
3. Did the Trial Court commit an error of law and/or abuse its
discretion by allowing punitive damages on [Brown’s]
negligence and fraud claims to be submitted to the jury?
4. Did the Trial Court abuse its discretion by failing to grant [The
End Zone’s] motion for a new trial because the weight of the
evidence went against the jury’s verdict and was so contrary
to the evidence as to shock the conscience?
5. Did the Trial Court commit an error of law and/or abuse its
discretion by failing to grant [The End Zone’s] post trial motion
that the jury’s award of punitive damages in the amount of
$500,000 shocks the conscience and was excessive in light of
the damages suffered by [Brown]?
6. Did the Trial Court abuse its discretion by failing to grant [The
End Zone’s] post trial motion for a new trial because the weight
of the evidence went against the jury’s award in the amount of
$820,000.00 ($800,000 for alleged injuries and $20,000.00 for
the Fraud Related to the Release) for compensatory damages
in favor of Plaintiff Brown?
The End Zone’s Brief, at 3-4 (reordered for ease of review).
Brown and Dean raise the following issues in their cross-appeal:
1. Did the trial court error as a matter of law by granting
Defendants’ oral motion for nonsuit as to Defendant, Rick’s
Cabaret International d/b/a Club Onyx, a/k/a RCI Hospitality
Holdings, Inc., and failing to mold the verdict accordingly?
2. Did the trial court error as a matter of law by granting [The End
Zone’s oral motion for nonsuit as to Defendants Tez Real
Estate, LLC, and Tez [] Management LLC[?]8
Brown and Dean’s Brief (as Cross-Appellees), at iii.
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8 In Dean’s post-trial motion and appellate brief, he only requested that the
trial court and this Court vacate the order granting nonsuit against Tez
Management, LLC and to award him a new trial against Tez Management, LLC.
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As an initial matter, we address the trial court’s finding that The End
Zone has waived multiple issues on appeal due to its failure to properly raise
them before the lower court. In its opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a), the
trial court found The End Zone did not raise specific grounds for relief in its
post-trial motion arguing that it was entitled to Judgment Notwithstanding the
Verdict (JNOV) and/or a new trial, but included boilerplate allegations.
It is well-established that Pa.R.C.P. 227.1 “requires parties to file post-
trial motions in order to preserve issues for appeal,” and “[i]f an issue has not
been raised in a post-trial motion, it is waived for appeal purposes.” Board of
Supervisors of Willistown Twp. v. Main Line Gardens, Inc., 638 Pa. 323,
332, 155 A.3d 39, 44 (2017) (quoting Lane Enterprises, Inc. v. L.B. Foster
Co., 551 Pa. 306, 710 A.2d 54 (1998)). Our Supreme Court has clarified that:
Rule 227.1(b)(2) provides that the grounds for post-trial relief
must be “specified in the motion,” and that any grounds not so
specified are deemed waived unless leave is subsequently granted
upon cause shown to specify additional grounds. Pa.R.C.P.
227.1(b)(2). The Explanatory Comment to Rule 227.1(b)(2)
makes clear that specification of the grounds for relief requires
more than mere “boilerplate” language, and that the motion must
instead provide the theories in support “so that the lower court
will know what it is being asked to decide.” Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(b)(2)
(Explanatory Comment–1983) (quoting Frank v. Peckich, 257
Pa.Super. 561, 391 A.2d 624, 632–33 (1978)).
Main Line Gardens, Inc., 638 Pa. at 332, 155 A.3d at 44.
This Court has specifically held that:
A boiler[ ]plate motion, either that “the evidence was insufficient
to support the verdict,” or that “the verdict was against the weight
of the evidence,” is not a “precise statement of issues and grounds
relied upon.” Such assignments of error not only do not “foster”
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but discourage “alert and zealous advocacy,” for anyone may
make them without giving thought to what the issues really are.
Commonwealth v. Holmes, 315 Pa.Super. 256, 461 A.2d 1268,
1273 (1983) (en banc). …
[As such,] a post-verdict motion, either that “the evidence was
insufficient to support the verdict,” or that “the verdict was against
the weight of the evidence,” will preserve no issue for appellate
review unless the motion goes on to specify in what respect the
evidence was insufficient, or why the verdict was against the
weight of the evidence. Id. at 1270 (emphasis in original).
Commonwealth v. Rivera, 238 A.3d 482, 497 (Pa.Super. 2020). Our courts
have extended this disapproval of “boilerplate” motions to civil cases:
To permit the trial court to grant a new trial on the basis of a very
general assignment of error, such as “the verdict is against the
law” or “against the evidence,” would result in losing the
advantages of requiring specific assignments of error.
Furthermore, to permit the trial court to make its own selection of
reasons for granting a new trial, and then allocate those reasons
under the rubric that the verdict was “against the law” or “against
the evidence,” would permit the court to grant a new trial for a
reason that counsel would have been prevented from raising in
the motion for new trial because at the time the alleged error
occurred, no objection was made.
Cauthorn v. Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp., 840 A.2d 1028, 1033–34
(Pa.Super. 2004). See also Paul v. Lankenau Hospital, 524 Pa. 90, 569
A.2d 346, 349 (1990) (finding post-trial motion that contained boilerplate
assertions regarding the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the defamation
count failed to meet the specificity requirement of Rule 227.1).
In this case, the trial court found The End Zone’s requests for JNOV were
legally deficient because The End Zone failed to set forth any reasons why it
believed Brown had failed to establish a prima facie case of negligence or
fraud. Likewise, with respect to The End Zone’s motion for a new trial, the
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trial court found that The End Zone made no attempt to set forth specific
reasons why the jury’s verdict was against the weight of the evidence. We
agree that these claims were not adequately preserved for appellate review.9
Likewise, The End Zone’s claims challenging the trial court’s denial of its
request for JNOV or a new trial are also waived by its filing of a vague Rule
1925(b) statement. This Court explained in Riley v. Foley, 783 A.2d 807,
813 (Pa.Super. 2001) that Rule 1925 is a crucial component of the appellate
process because it allows the trial court to identify and focus on those issues
the parties plan to raise on appeal. Our courts have recognized that:
When a court has to guess what issues an appellant is appealing,
that is not enough for meaningful review. When an appellant fails
adequately to identify in a concise manner the issues sought to be
pursued on appeal, the trial court is impeded in its preparation of
a legal analysis which is pertinent to those issues.
In other words, a Concise Statement which is too vague to allow
the court to identify the issues raised on appeal is the functional
equivalent of no Concise Statement at all.
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9 The trial court recognized that The End Zone had arguably raised a proper
request for JNOV in its claim in its post trial motion asserting that the trial
court erred in finding Brown was entitled to damages on the fraud count as
Brown failed to offer testimony regarding the damages related to the forged
release. However, the trial court also found this claim to be waived as The
End Zone did not develop this claim as a JNOV issue in its post trial motion or
in its subsequent court-ordered brief. We agree that the trial court properly
exercised its discretion to find waiver. See Main Line Gardens, Inc., 638
Pa. at 334, 155 A.3d at 45 (finding that when a party fails to comply with a
trial court’s direction to file a brief to further develop the issues raised in his
or her post trial motion, the trial court has the discretion “to find waiver or,
alternatively, to overlook the noncompliance and rule on the merits of the
issues presented”).
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Lineberger v. Wyeth, 894 A.2d 141, 148 (Pa.Super. 2006) (quoting
Commonwealth v. Dowling, 778 A.2d 683, 686-87 (Pa.Super. 2001)).
In this case, the trial court found that The End Zone’s 1925(b) statement
did not include sufficient detail to identify specific arguments to be raised on
appeal when it raised general claims that the trial court erred in denying its
request for JNOV or a new trial. As such, the trial court did not address these
claims. As The End Zone’s vague concise statement hampered appellate
review, we agree that The End Zone has waived these particular claims for
appellate review on this basis as well.
As such, the only issues that The End Zone preserved for appeal are its
intertwined claims that the trial court erred in denying its request for a new
trial on damages or remittitur of both the awards of compensatory and
punitive damages. The End Zone argues that the weight of the evidence did
not support the jury’s award of $820,000 in compensatory damages and
$500,000 punitive damages, which The End Zone argues were grossly
excessive, shock the conscience and were unjust to The End Zone, considering
primarily, the nature of Brown’s injuries.
Specifically, The End Zone argues that Brown’s dental injuries were
limited to replacing four of her teeth with dental implants, which Brown’s
experts estimated would cost $70,000 and The End Zone’s expert estimated
to cost $23,000. In addition, The End Zone characterized Brown’s head
injuries as minimal and pointed out that Brown did not seek treatment for
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such injuries until after she was injured in a subsequent March 2015 car
accident.
In addition, The End Zone asserts that Brown’s ability to earn money
was not substantially affected by the August 10, 2014 incident as Brown
returned to work full-time as a dancer at Club Onyx in September 2014 and
continued to work there until her March 2015 car accident. Thereafter, Brown
also returned to work at Club Onyx in September 2015. The End Zone argues
that Brown did not make any specific allegations as to loss of wages.10
Our standard of review is as follows:
Under Pennsylvania law, the decision to grant a remittitur depends
on whether the award of compensatory damages lies beyond “the
uncertain limits of fair and reasonable compensation” or whether
the verdict “so shocks the conscience as to suggest that the jury
was influenced by partiality, prejudice, mistake, or corruption.”
Potochnick v. Perry, 861 A.2d 277, 285 (Pa. Super. 2004). This
standard is highly deferential, because the trial judge serves not
as finder of fact but as impartial courtroom authority with
obligation to give great respect to the jury's function. Ferrer v.
Trustees of Univ. of Pennsylvania, 573 Pa. 310, 825 A.2d 591,
611 (2002). If the compensatory award is excessive, any
remittitur must fix “the highest amount any jury could properly
award.” Neal v. Bavarian Motors, 882 A.2d 1022, 1028 (Pa.
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10 To support its argument that remittitur is warranted, the End Zone also
includes additional allegations that the jury was prejudiced against the End
Zone after hearing testimony about the release and Club Onyx’s past problems
and from improper comments made by Brown and Dean’s attorney in closing
argument. However, the End Zone does not reference where in the record
the admissions occurred and does not show it made timely objections to the
admission of this evidence. Further, the End Zone did not raise separate
claims in its post-trial motion or in its appellate brief that the trial court abused
its discretion in admitting this evidence such a new trial was warranted. We
agree with the trial court’s finding that these unpreserved and undeveloped
arguments do not warrant further review.
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Super. 2005). That amount “must necessarily be as high—and
may well be higher—than the level the court would have deemed
appropriate if working on a clean slate.” Id. This Court is not free
to substitute its judgment for that of the fact finder. “Rather, it is
our task to determine whether the lower court committed a ‘clear’
or ‘gross’ abuse of discretion when conducting its initial evaluation
of a defendant's request for remittitur.” Dubose v. Quinlan, 125
A.3d 1231, 1244 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted).
Each personal injury case “is unique and dependent on its own
special circumstances.” Kemp v. Philadelphia Transportation
Co., 239 Pa.Super. 379, 361 A.2d 362, 364 (1976). Thus,
noneconomic loss must be measured by experience rather than
any mathematical formula. Martin v. Soblotney, 502 Pa. 418,
466 A.2d 1022, 1025 (1983) (“it is immediately apparent that
there is no logical or experiential correlation between the
monetary value of medical services required to treat a given injury
and the quantum of pain and suffering endured as a result of that
injury”). For this reason, the law entrusts jurors, as the impartial
acting voice of the community, to quantify noneconomic loss and
compensation. Nelson v. Airco Welders Supply, 107 A.3d 146,
161 (Pa. Super. 2014).
Hammons v. Ethicon, Inc., 190 A.3d 1248, 1285–86 (Pa.Super. 2018).
With respect to The End Zone’s challenge to the compensatory damage
award, we are mindful of the following principles:
This court will not find a verdict excessive unless it is so grossly
excessive as to shock our sense of justice. We begin with the
premise that large verdicts are not necessarily excessive verdicts.
Each case is unique and dependent on its own special
circumstances and a court should apply only those factors which
it finds to be relevant in determining whether or not the verdict is
excessive. A court may consider the following factors, inter alia:
(1) the severity of the injury; (2) whether the Plaintiff's
injury is manifested by objective physical evidence or
whether it is only revealed by the subjective testimony of
the Plaintiff (and, herein, the court pointed out that where
the injury is manifested by broken bones, disfigurement,
loss of consciousness, or other objective evidence, the
courts have counted this in favor of sustaining a verdict);
(3) whether the injury will affect the Plaintiff permanently;
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(4) whether the Plaintiff can continue with his or her
employment; (5) the size of the Plaintiff's out-of-pocket
expenses; and (6) the amount Plaintiff demanded in the
original complaint.
Paliometros v. Loyola, 932 A.2d 128, 134-35 (Pa. Super. 2007)
(some citations omitted).
Spencer v. Johnson, 249 A.3d 529, 572 (Pa.Super. 2021).
With respect to The End Zone’s challenge to the punitive damage award,
the following principles apply:
[T]he law of this Commonwealth calls for the appellate courts to
determine whether the trial court has committed any abuse of
discretion when reviewing a jury's punitive damage verdict, or
whether on complete and exhaustive review of the record it shocks
the court's sense of justice in a given case. Sprague v. Walter,
441 Pa.Super. 1, 656 A.2d 890, 928 (1995). We evaluate the
award of punitive damages with respect to the following
principles:
Under Pennsylvania law, the size of a punitive damages
award must be reasonably related to the State's interest in
punishing and deterring the particular behavior of the
defendant and not the product of arbitrariness or unfettered
discretion. In accordance with this limitation, the standard
under which punitive damages are measured in
Pennsylvania requires analysis of the following factors: (1)
the character of the act; (2) the nature and extent of the
harm; and (3) the wealth of the defendant.
Hollock v. Erie Ins. Exch., 842 A.2d 409, 419 (Pa.Super. 2004).
Empire Trucking Co. v. Reading Anthracite Coal Co., 71 A.3d 923, 938
(Pa.Super. 2013) (some citations omitted).
In reviewing The End Zone’s request for a new trial or remittitur, the
trial court set forth a thorough analysis of its decision to uphold the jury’s
verdict awarding Brown both compensatory and punitive damages.
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In this case, the jury heard both witness and expert
testimony that Ms. Brown was caused to suffer a bottle strike to
the head with such force that she suffered several teeth being
ripped from her skull, a mandible fracture, and a severe and
permanent neurological injury, due solely to the negligent and
outrageous conduct of Defendant End Zone. In turn, Defendant
End Zone outrageously compounded these injuries by creating a
forged release and subjecting Ms. Brown to a trial in which she
was outrageously forced to suffer through the pain and suffering
of fraudulently being called “a scam artist.”
As the Court will recall, the jury was presented in the person
of Ms. Brown with the exact opposite of a malinger; for example,
when asked (without any objection) to remove her dentures so
that the jury could view the extent of her mouth injury, Ms. Brown
was noticeably shook, began to cry, and attempted to cover her
mouth, making it readily apparent the extreme depth of her
humiliation and sorrow at her painful and disfiguring injury. The
injuries to Ms. Brown were all the more severe, owing to the fact
that she was a very young woman who was entirely self-
supporting, and the fact that, as a dancer, her ability to earn a
living were [sic] entirely dependent on her appearance and self-
confidence. Indeed, as the jury learned, Ms. Brown’s injuries were
so catastrophic as for her to become suicidal and voluntarily
commit herself to a mental health facility. As Defendant End Zone
acknowledges, there was expert testimony that Plaintiff Brown
needs $70,000.00 in dental work, but assessing a dollar value on
extreme trauma, brain injury, physical pain, and humiliation
suffered by Plaintiff Brown is uniquely within the province of the
jury.
On this record, $800,000 in compensatory damages for the
injuries that Ms. Brown suffered due to the negligent conduct of
Defendant End Zone cannot possibly be said to be excessive: she
suffered catastrophic oral and neurological injuries that she will
live with for the many decades of life she has ahead of her, and
unspeakable pain, suffering, and humiliation. Such injuries will be
felt and suffered by Ms. Brown every single day of the remainder
of her life. Given the nominal award of $20,000 for Defendant
End Zone’s flagrantly fraudulent conduct, this amount cannot
possibly be said to be excessive, either. The award of $450,000
in punitive damages for the outrageous misconduct of Defendant
End Zone in the operation of Club Onyx (which included serving
alcohol after-hours and failing to provide adequate security in
violation of, inter alia, a Consent Order of July 25, 2012, and a
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Conditional Licensing Agreement of May 21, 2013) and $50,000
in punitive damages for the outrageousness of fraudulently
forging a release likewise cannot possibly said to be excessive
under the facts at hand, especially as the punitive damage award
is significantly lower than the compensatory damages award.
Daley v. John Wanamaker, Inc., 464 A.2d 348, 353 (Pa.Super.
1983) (“In the case at bar, the award of punitive damages is only
one and a half times the amount of compensatory damages
awarded. We cannot say that such an award is improper by law
since courts have upheld punitive damages proportionally greater
than this”) (reversing trial court that granted remittitur).
Trial Court Opinion (T.C.O.), 6/29/2019, at 34-36.
Based on this analysis, we agree with the trial court’s assessment that
the jury’s verdict is supported by the record and do not find that such a verdict
is excessive or that it “shocks the conscience as to suggest that the jury was
influenced by partiality, prejudice, mistake, or corruption.” Hammons,
supra. Accordingly, we find the trial court properly exercised its discretion in
denying The End Zone’s request for a new trial on damages or remittitur.
Turning to the cross-appeal, Brown and Dean argue that the trial court
erred in granting the Defendants’ motion for nonsuit filed at the end of the
presentation of Brown and Dean’s case-in-chief, allowing for the dismissal of
RCI and Tez Management, LLC from the litigation.
Our courts have recognized that “[a] motion for compulsory non-suit
allows a defendant to test the sufficiency of a plaintiff's evidence and may be
entered only in cases where it is clear that the plaintiff has not established a
cause of action.” Gregury v. Greguras, 196 A.3d 619, 625 (Pa.Super.
2018).
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A trial court may enter a compulsory nonsuit on any and all
causes of action if, at the close of the plaintiff's case against
all defendants on liability, the court finds that the plaintiff
has failed to establish a right to relief. Pa.R.C.P. 230.1(a),
(c); see Commonwealth v. Janssen Pharmaceutica,
Inc., 607 Pa. 406, 8 A.3d 267, 269 n. 2 (2010). Absent such
finding, the trial court shall deny the application for a
nonsuit. On appeal, entry of a compulsory nonsuit is
affirmed only if no liability exists based on the relevant facts
and circumstances, with appellant receiving “the benefit of
every reasonable inference and resolving all evidentiary
conflicts in [appellant's] favor.” Agnew v. Dupler, 553 Pa.
33, 717 A.2d 519, 523 (1998). The compulsory nonsuit is
otherwise properly removed and the matter remanded for a
new trial.
Scampone v. Highland Park Care Ctr., 618 Pa. 363, 57 A.3d
582, 595–96 (2012). The appellate court must review the
evidence to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion
or made an error of law. Barnes v. Alcoa, Inc., 145 A.3d 730,
735 (Pa. Super. 2016).
Baird v. Smiley, 169 A.3d 120, 124 (Pa.Super. 2017).11
More specifically, Brown argues that the trial court erred in granting a
nonsuit in favor of RCI and asks that the verdict be molded to reflect that RCI
is jointly and severally liable for the verdict against The End Zone. Brown
alleges that RCI directly controlled the ownership and operations of The End
Zone, which Brown characterizes as a mere “puppet” or “robot” of RCI. Brown
asserts that “when a supposed subsidiary is merely the ‘puppet’ or ‘robot’ of
____________________________________________
11 Our rules of civil procedure provide that a nonsuit may be entered in “favor
of one defendant at the close of plaintiff's case against all defendants prior to
the presentation of evidence by the defense only if the other defendant(s)
stipulate on the record that they do not intend to present evidence as to the
moving defendant's liability.” Baird, 169 A.3d at 124–25 (quoting Pa.R.C.P.
230.1(c)). If the defendants do not agree to this stipulation, then the moving
defendant may seek a directed verdict at the end of trial. Id. at 125 (citing
Pa.R.C.P. 2232(d)).
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its parent company, the parent company and the subsidiary are jointly and
severally liable.” Brown’s and Dean’s Brief, 11/30/20, at 20 (citing In re
Davos, Inc., 310 B.R. 520 (Bankr. W.D.Pa. 2004)).
While Brown solely relies on a decision from a lower federal court to
support her claim, she fails to recognize the “general principle of corporate
law deeply ‘ingrained in our economic and legal systems’ that a parent
corporation (so-called because of control through ownership of another
corporation's stock) is not liable for the acts of its subsidiaries.” U.S. v.
Bestfoods, 524 U.S. 51, 118 S.Ct. 1876, 141 L.Ed.2d 43 (1998) (citations
omitted).
Our own courts have discussed the equitable concept of piercing the
corporate veil, which allows courts to “disregard [] corporate form in order to
assess one corporation’s liability against another.” Commonwealth by
Shapiro v. Golden Gate Nat'l Senior Care LLC, 648 Pa. 604, 644, 194 A.3d
1010, 1034–35 (2018). However, we emphasize that:
Pennsylvania law has a strong presumption against piercing the
corporate veil. Lumax Industries, Inc. v. Aultman, 543 Pa. 38,
669 A.2d 893, 895 (1995). Any inquiry involving corporate veil-
piercing must “start from the general rule that the corporate entity
should be recognized and upheld, unless specific, unusual
circumstances call for an exception.” Wedner v. Unemployment
Compensation Bd. of Review, 449 Pa. 460, 296 A.2d 792, 794
(1972).
Allegheny Energy Supply Co., LLC v. Wolf Run Min. Co., 53 A.3d 53, 58
n.7 (Pa.Super. 2012). “Care should be taken on all occasions to avoid making
the entire theory of corporate entity ... useless.” S.T. Hudson Engineers,
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Inc. v. Camden Hotel Dev. Assocs., 747 A.2d 931, 935–36 (Pa.Super.
2000) (citations omitted).
Our courts have held that “[t]he corporate veil will be pierced and the
corporate form disregarded whenever justice or public policy demand, such as
when the corporate form has been used to defeat public convenience, justify
wrong, protect fraud, or defend crime.” Golden Gate Nat'l Senior Care LLC,
648 Pa. at 644, 194 A.3d at 1034–35 (citations omitted). In deciding whether
to disregard the corporate form, our courts have considered several factors
such as “undercapitalization, failure to adhere to corporate formalities,
substantial intermingling of corporate and personal affairs[,] and use of the
corporate form to perpetuate a fraud.” Advanced Tel. Sys., Inc. v. Com-
Net Pro. Mobile Radio, LLC, 846 A.2d 1264, 1277–78 (Pa.Super. 2004)
(citing Lumax Industries, Inc., 543 Pa. at 41–42, 669 A.2d at 895 (some
citations omitted)).
One such exception that allows a court to pierce the corporate veil is the
alter ego theory which applies “where the individual or corporate owner
controls the corporation to be pierced, and the controlling owner is to be held
liable.” S.T. Hudson Engineers, Inc., 747 A.2d at 935–36 (citations
omitted). Specifically,
the alter ego theory which requires proof (1) that the party [or
parent corporation] exercised domination and control over
corporation; and (2) that injustice will result if corporate fiction is
maintained despite unity of interests between corporation and its
principal.
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Allegheny Energy Supply Co., LLC, 53 A.3d at 58, n.7. For this exception
to apply, the record must demonstrate that:
the subsidiary is the ‘alter ego’ of the parent to the extent that
domination and control by the parent corporation renders the
subsidiary a mere instrumentality of the parent; under such
extreme circumstances the parent corporation may be held to be
doing business within the state under the facade of the subsidiary.
Botwinick v. Credit Exch., Inc., 419 Pa. 65, 72, 213 A.2d 349, 353–54
(1965) (citations omitted).
As noted above, Brown never specifically argued that the trial court
should pierce the corporate veil to find RCI jointly and severally liable for
judgment against The End Zone, but merely alleged that The End Zone was
RCI’s “puppet.” In support of this argument, Brown pointed to the testimony
of Ed Anakar, the corporate designee for The End Zone, RCI, and the Tez
Defendants and the president of RCI Management Services, Inc., which is
another subsidiary of RCI.12 Anakar testified that The End Zone was a
subsidiary owned by the parent company RCI, which held total ownership in
stock of The End Zone.
While neither the trial court nor Brown discussed the concept of piercing
the corporate veil, we agree with the trial court that the facts presented by
Brown did not warrant vacating the nonsuit in favor of RCI. In determining
whether the alter-ego exception applies, our Supreme Court specified that:
[n]either the similarity of names between the parent and
subsidiary corporation, nor the total ownership of the stock of the
____________________________________________
12 RCI Management Services, Inc. is not a party to this case.
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subsidiary by the parent nor the fact that a single individual is the
active chief executive of both corporations will per se justify a
court in piercing the corporate veil if each corporation maintains a
bona fide separate and distinct corporate existence.
Botwinick, 419 Pa. at 72, 213 A.2d at 353–54 (citations omitted).13
In reviewing the record in this case, we find Brown did not present
sufficient evidence to overcome the presumption against piercing the
corporate veil to impose liability upon RCI, as The End Zone’s parent company.
Other than citing the facts stated above, Brown did not attempt to show that
(1) that the RCI exercised domination and control over The End Zone; and (2)
that injustice would result if corporate form is maintained. As a result, we
conclude that the trial court did not err in granting a nonsuit in favor of RCI.
Dean also argues in the cross-appeal that the trial court erred in refusing
to remove the nonsuit entered in favor of Tez Management, LLC, the
corporation that leased the premises to The End Zone to operate Club Onyx.
The trial court granted nonsuit on the basis that Tez Management LLC was a
____________________________________________
13 Brown also suggested in her post trial motion that the trial court should
have granted her motion to remove the nonsuit against RCI based on
comments made by The End Zone’s counsel in closing argument at the
conclusion of the trial. Brown characterized such statements as admissions
that The End Zone was a mere “shell company” designed to protect RCI.
However, Brown acknowledged in her appellate brief that the statement
of The End Zone’s attorney in closing argument was not itself evidence.
Brown’s Brief, at 10. Moreover, the trial court correctly refused to consider
these statements in resolving whether nonsuit against RCI was proper as the
trial court was limited to considering the evidence presented by the plaintiff
“at the close of the plaintiff's case against all defendants on liability.” Baird,
169 A.3d at 124. See also Pa.R.C.P. 230.1 (specifying that “[t]he court in
deciding the motion [for nonsuit] shall consider only evidence which was
introduced by the plaintiff and any evidence favorable to the plaintiff
introduced by the defendant prior to the close of the plaintiff's case”).
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landlord out-of-possession, and thus was not liable to Dean for injuries on the
premises.
The following principles apply to our analysis of this claim:
As a general rule, a landlord out of possession is not liable for
injuries incurred by third parties on the leased premises because
the landlord has no duty to such persons. Dorsey v. Continental
Associates, 404 Pa.Super. 525, 591 A.2d 716, 718 (1991);
Kobylinski v. Hipps, 359 Pa.Super. 549, 519 A.2d 488, 491
(1986); Henze v. Texaco, Inc., 352 Pa.Super. 538, 508 A.2d
1200, 1202 (1986) (citing, inter alia, Restatement (Second) of
Torts § 356 (1965)). This general rule is based on the legal view
of a lease transaction as the equivalent of a sale of the land for
the term of the lease. Deeter v. Dull Corporation, Inc., 420
Pa.Super. 576, 617 A.2d 336, 339 (1992). Thus, “liability is
premised primarily on possession and control, and not merely [on]
ownership.” Id.Jones v. Levin, 940 A.2d 451, 454 (Pa.Super. 2007).
Specifically, in this case, the trial court rejected Dean’s claim that he
was entitled to relief based on Section 359 of the Restatement (Second) of
Torts, which contains the following exception to a landlord’s liability:
A lessor who leases land for a purpose which involves the
admission of the public is subject to liability for physical harm
caused to persons who enter the land for that purpose by a
condition of the land existing when the lessee takes
possession, if the lessor
(a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care could
discover that the condition involves an unreasonable risk of
harm to such persons, and
(b) has reason to expect that the lessee will admit them
before the land is put in safe condition for their reception,
and
(c) fails to exercise reasonable care to discover or to remedy
the condition, or otherwise to protect such persons against
it.
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Restatement (Second) of Torts § 359 (1965) (emphasis added).
In response to the motion for nonsuit, Dean complained that the Tez
Management, LLC should have been held liable for the activities of its tenant,
The End Zone, when its negligent operation of Club Onyx led to Dean’s
injuries. The trial court found this Section 359 of the Restatement to be
inapplicable to the facts of this case as this section applies specifically to “a
condition of the land existing when the lessee takes possession.” Id.
We similarly reject Dean’s claim that Section 359 should be construed
broadly to characterize The End Zone’s operation of Club Onyx to be a
condition of the land existing when The End Zone took possession of the
property that it leased from Tez Management, LLC.
Nevertheless, the essence of Dean’s claim appears to be encompassed
in Section 379A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which contains the
following exception to a landlord’s liability:
A lessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm to persons
outside of the land caused by activities of the lessee or others on
the land after the lessor transfers possession if, but only if,
(a) the lessor at the time of the lease consented to such activity
or knew that it would be carried on, and
(b) the lessor knew or had reason to know that it would
unavoidably involve such an unreasonable risk, or that special
precautions necessary to safety would not be taken.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 379A (1965).
While Dean did not specifically cite to Section 379A of the Restatement
in responding to the motion for nonsuit, his counsel repeatedly argued that
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Tez Management, LLC should be subject to liability as lessor as it knew that
its lessee, The End Zone, was negligently operating Club Onyx on the leased
premises and had reason to know that this activity would unavoidably involve
an unreasonable risk of physical harm to the patrons of Club Onyx. N.T.,
5/6/19, at 87.
As noted above, it is undisputed that, as a result of multiple violent acts
on the premises that occurred prior to the incident in this case, The End Zone’s
operation of Club Onyx was made contingent on its compliance with the
conditional compliance agreement set forth by the LCB and the consent order
by the City of Philadelphia. See N.T., 4/29/19, at 108-125; Plaintiff’s Exhibits
P-1 and P-2.
Brown and Dean argued that the Tez Management, LLC had actual
knowledge that The End Zone “was knowingly and intentionally operating in
violations of the Conditional Licensing Agreement and the Consent Order,” by
failing to provide adequate security, illegally serving alcohol after hours, and
in operating without the required RAMP certification. N.T. 5/6/19, at 89.
As the corporate designee for both The End Zone and Tez Management,
LLC was the same person, Ed Anakar, Dean argued that Tez Management, LLC
was in a perfect position to view Club Onyx and The End Zone’s activities as
they were owned, operated, and controlled by the same individuals. N.T.,
5/2/19, at 286-87. Brown and Dean’s expert witness in professional security,
Russell Kolins, opined that based on the evidence presented, Tez
Management, LLC knew or should have known the problems The End Zone
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exhibited and their past prior history of incidents and nevertheless allowed
those problems to exist on its property as lessor. N.T. 5/1/19, at 155.
In reviewing the evidence Dean presented as plaintiff, giving him the
benefit of all reasonable inferences arising from this evidence, and in resolving
all evidentiary conflicts in his favor, we find that the trial court’s entry of
nonsuit in favor of Tez Management, LLC was improper as we disagree with
its finding that no liability exists based on the relevant facts and
circumstances.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment in favor of Brown
against The End Zone and affirm in part the trial court’s order granting nonsuit
in favor of RCI. We reverse in part the trial court’s order granting nonsuit in
favor of Tez Management, LLC and remand for a new trial on liability and
damages on Dean’s claims against Tez Management, LLC.
Judgment in favor of Brown against The End Zone affirmed. Order
granting nonsuit reversed in part. Remand for a new trial limited to Dean’s
claims against Tez Management, LLC. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/29/2021
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