State v. Sims , 16 S.C. 486 ( 1882 )

The opinion of the court was delivered by

Simpson, C. J.

At the March Term, 1881, of the Court of General Sessions for Kichland county, the defendants were tried and convicted on an indictment containing two counts; the first for riot, and the second for rescue. Allen J. Green, Esq., appeared for defendant Sims, and John T. Sloan, Esq., for the other two. The prisoners were tried together and the presiding judge ruled that one attorney should alone conduct the cross-examination for all of the defendants.

The riot charged in the first count of the indictment was not alleged to have been committed in terror em populi, nor was it charged as of a high and aggravated nature.

The defendants were found “ guilty.” Motions were made in their behalf for a new trial and in arrest of judgment. First. For a new trial for defendant Sims, because his Honor refused to allow his counsel to cross-examine witnesses for the prosecution. And for all of the defendants: 1. Because his Honor erred in receiving testimony to contradict defendants and defendants’ witnesses; the solicitor having failed to lay the foundation therefor according to rules of evidence. 2. Because his Honor erred in allowing the State to introduce cumulative evidence in reply. 3. Because there was not sufficient evidence to connect Sims with the second count of the indictment. 4. Because his Honor erred in charging the jury that the arrest laid in the second count of the indictment was a lawful arrest — the arrest having been made by a policeman without warrant, and at a time when there was no disturbance.

For arrest of judgment: 1. Because the first count in the indictment was fatally defective, in that it did not allege terrorem populi and that the offense was of a high and aggravated nature. 2. Because the court had no jurisdiction of the first count; and, 3. Because the arrest which is the foundation of the second count, to wit, rescue, was unlawful and that his Honor should have so-held. These motions were refused, and the defendants, appeal on the grounds above stated and on the further ground: That his Honor erred in charging the jury that the only question for then» was, did the defendants rescue the prisoner in a riotous and tumultuous manner, saying: “ Has the evidence convinced your minds that there was a riotous rescue of prisoners ? If so, your verdict must be guilty.”

The facts of the case are briefly as follows: The defendant, Thomas, created some disturbance of a violent and disorderly character at Griffin’s store in the city of Columbia. Griffin sent for the police, and very soon Warner, Strickland and Higby appeared ; by this time the disturbance had ceased, though Thomas was still present and drunk. Griffin pointed out Thomas to the peace officers as the party who had created the disturbance and ordered them to arrest him. The officers attempted the arrest-, but Thomas resisted, a scuffle ensued and a crowd collected. Thomas was tied, but finally escaped, as it was alleged, by the assistance of the defendants. The arrest was made by Warner, Strickland and Higby, as policemen under the city authorities, and was made without a warrant.

The verdict of the jury has settled the facts. First. That the defendants did take from the policemen the prisoner, Thomas, in a violent and tumultuous manner; and, second, after being assembled and gathered together, they did riotously and routously assault, beat, wound and ill-treat the said policemen. The indictment charged these' two acts and the jury have said guilty. This verdict covers both charges, and we must regard both established as matter of fact. Now, the important question in the case is, do these facts establish as matter of law the offenses of riot and rescue. After considering tírese questions we will then look into the other exceptions.

It is urged in arrest of judgment: 1. That riot has not been established, because no such offense is charged, the indictment being defective in that it failed to allege the offense in terrorem populi. If there could be no riot in the absence of proof of terrorem populi as an independent fact, then this objection would Ire fatal. But Lord Holt has given a distinction, as is said, in Commonwealth v. Runnels et al., 10 Mass. 519, founded in good sense, between those indictments in which the words in terrorem .sists in going about armed and without committing any positive aet, the words aforesaid are necessary, because the offense consists in terrifying the people, but in riots in which an unlawful aet is committed the words are useless. 11 Mod. 116.

According to Blackstone, a riot is where three or more actually do an unlawful act of violence, or if they beat a man, or do any other unlawful aet with force and violence. * * * 4 Bl. Com. 146; State v. Brooks, 1 Hill *362. The essence of.the riot in some cases is the terrorem populi. In such cases it is necessary to aver that fact. In others the essence may be the committing some unlawful aet with violence, or in a violent and tumultuous manner; in such cases it seems unnecessary that the aforesaid words should be used. Mr. Greenlcaf (3 Vol., Sec. 219,) says: If the indictment charges the actual perpetration of a deed of violence, such as assault and battery, &e., it is not necessary to allege or prove that it was done to the terror of the people, but proof of all the other circumstances alleged will support the indictment without proving directly any terror.

In this case the charge is the commission of an assault and battery on peace officers unlawfully, riotously and routously. "We think this was sufficient, and therefore the exception of appellant as to this point is untenable.

2. Appellants except to the indictment as to the first count, because it does not charge the offense as of a “ high and aggravated character,” and, therefore, no offense is charged and proved over which the Court "of General Sessions had jurisdiction.

In the case of the State v. McKettrick, 14 S. C. 346, it was held that in cases of assaults and batteries it was necessary that the indictment should contain an allegation of facts and circumstances showing that the offense was of a high and aggravated character, or some distinct charge of that kind, in order to give the Court of General Sessions jurisdiction. This applies to riots as well as to assaults and batteries. Section 11 of Chapter XXV., General Statutes, page 195, defining the criminal jurisdiction of trial justices, gives trial justices jurisdiction of all rioters * * * in almost the same language as Section 10 does of assaults and batteries, and declares the punishment of such offenders, when not of a high and aggravated character, is within the limit prescribed for trial justices, to wit, by fine not exceeding $100 and imprisonment in the jail or workhouse not exceeding thirty days.

The indictment charges the riot to consist in an assault and battery by three or more persons, upon peace officers, riotously and routously, and though it does not distinctly allege that this assault and battery was committed upon these peace officers while in the discharge of their duty, yet such was the testimony, and such may well be regarded after verdict as the legal intendment of the indictment. A charge of that character upon peace ¿fficers performing their legitimate dirty, would be of a high and aggravated character.

There is no conflict between the case of the State v. Simmons, 4 S. C. 76, and the case of McKettrick, as some seem to suppose. Previous to the case of the State v. Simmons, an act had been passed conferring exclusive jurisdiction on the City Court of Charleston in all offenses less than felony. This aet in that case was declared unconstitutional, because in violation of Section 18, Article IV., which gives exclusive jurisdiction to the Court of General Sessions in all criminal cases which shall not be otherwise provided by law. The court in the case of the State v. Simmons very properly held, that the legislature had no power in the face of this section of the constitution to divest the Court of Sessions of jurisdiction in any criminal case. It might confer concurrent jurisdiction on other courts, but not exclusive, as it attempted to do in the act referred to on the City Court.

But this does not apply to the exclusive jurisdiction conferred on trial justices in assaults and batteries and other breaches of the peace, as decided in the case of the State v. McKettrick, because that exclusive jurisdiction does not come from an act of the legislature, but it comes from the constitution itself. Section 19, Article I., provides, that all offenses less than felony, in which the punishment does not exceed ajine of one hundred dollars or imprisonment for thirty days, shall be tried summarily before a justice of the peace, or other officer authorized by law, on information under oath without indictment or intervention of a grand jury, &c.

Assaults and batteries and other breaches of the peace, rioters, &c., not of a high and aggravated nature, can only be punished by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars and imprisonment not exceeding thirty days. Gen.Stat., Ch. XXV., §§ 10 and 11. If so, under Section 19, Article I., they shall be tried by justices of the peace, or other officer authorized by law, to wit, trial justices, summarily and without the intervention of a grand jury. This makes the jurisdiction in such cases exclusive. It is derived, not- as the City Court of Charleston, from an act of the legislature, and therefore unconstitutional, but from the constitution itself, therefore legal. There is not the shadow of a conflict between the two cases.

The next exception raises the question, whether there was error in holding as matter of law that the police officers had authority to arrest as they did, without warrant and after the disturbance had ceased. The exception raising this question is in the following language: “ Because his Honor erred in charging the jury, that the arrest laid in second count of indictment was a lawful arrest — the arrest having been made by the police without warrant and at a time when there was no disturbance.” This exception admits that the arrest was made by the police, to wit, by persons acting as policemen. But the legality of the arrest is questioned upon the grounds that it was made without warrant and when there was no disturbance. Whether the city authorities had the power to appoint policemen or peace officers is not raised in this exception, or in any other, nor is it denied that these men were appointed and were then bn duty. If it was necessary to decide this question, we would say that the city authorities certainly had such power under the amendment to the charter, March 2d, 1871, § 10, (14 St. 572.) The power therein granted to make all such rules as may tend to preserve the quiet, peace, safety and good order of the inhabitants, carried with it the power to provide the necessary machinery to execute. The end warranted the necessary means, the only limitation being, “ not inconsistent with the laws of the land.”

When a statute gives jurisdiction over an offense, it impliedly gives power to apprehend the offender. 4 Bl. Com. 290, note. So, here, where the amended charter, 1871, gave the power to make .all such rules as might be necessary to good order and public peace, it impliedly gave power to provide the means of enforcement, by the apprehension and punishment of the offenders. The fact that these men, Strickland and the others, were on duty, with the insignia of office and the badge of authority visible on their persons, accompanied with their own testimony as to their appointment, is sufficient evidence that the city authorities had exercised the power to make rules for the good order of the city and had provided the machinery for arrests, &c. Under these circumstances we must assume that they were legally on duty on this occasion as peace officers, and that they had all the powers which ordinarily belong to such officers.

Is it legal for peace officers to arrest for offenses less than felony, without warrant and when there is no disturbance in view? As a general rule it is not, but we find the following in East P. C. 306: “ Lord Halo and some later authorities have holden that such arrests may be made upon the charge of another, though the affray be over, for the purpose of bringing the party before a justice to find sureties, or for appearance. But where time and circumstances will admit of it, the better way is to apply for a warrant. It seems clear, however, that if one menaces another to kill him, upon complaint thereof to a constable forthwith, he may, in order to avoid present danger, arrest the party to detain him till he can conveniently bring him to a justice of the peace. 2 Hale P. C. 88. But this power is grounded on the duty of the officer to prevent a probable felony, and must be governed by the same rules which apply to that case; though Dalton extends it even to the prevention of a battery. Dalt., Ch. CXVL, § 3.” In 1 Russ. Cr. & M., Ch. X., § 2, p. 771, it is stated “that in all cases of misdemeanor a peace officer may apprehend the party while committing the offense, and it should seem upon fresh and immediate pursuit in some instances.” See, also, Rosc. Cr. Ev. 256.

It seems in this case that Thomas had raised a row in Griffin’s store, and had beaten two or three men. Griffin had put him out, but he came back and went out again, but was still present and drunk when pointed out to the police; he refused to be arrested and got into another man’s wagon. Was not this upon fresh and immediate pursuit? This was pertainly within the principle laid down by Lord Hale, cited above. See also case of City Council v. Payne, 2 N. & McC. *475. We think the arrest, under the special circumstances of this ease, as detailed in the evidence, was legal. Without such power on the part of policemen under such circumstances, municipal authorities for the preservation of peace and good order would be worthless, and our towns and cities would be frequently subjected to uncontrolled violence and disorder.

Next exception. “ Because his Honor erred in receiving testimony to contradict defendants and defendants’ witnesses, without laying the foundation therefor according to the rules of evidence. It is a rule of evidence, that before a witness can be impeached by evidence that he has made statements out of court different from those made on the stand, the foundation must be laid by stating to him time, place and person. We do not see that this rule has been violated here. The rule does not preclude a party from proving that what the witness has testified to in court is untrue. If so, truth, which is the object of judicial investigation, would seldom be found. The question ivas, did the defendant Sims use a certain expression, and also whether Mikell was there. Sims had denied using the expression and Mikell had denied being present. The State was allowed, after these denials, to prove that Sims did use the expression and that Mikell ivas present. This violated no rule of evidence.

The exception as to cumulative testimony is equally untenable. The admission of such evidence was within the discretion of the judge. 2 Phil. Ev. 912.

Wo do not see that the Circuit judge violated the inhibition of Art. IV., § 26 of the constitution, by charging upon the facts of the case. What he said about there being a tumultuous assemblage at Griffin’s store on that day, and the calm that came over the crowd when the police arrived, was not pertinent to the issue. The jury was not charged with the finding of these facts. Their, inquiry was whether after the police arrived they had been riotously assaulted and beaten, and whether a prisoner subsequently arrested by them had been rescued from their grasp. The statement .of the judge objected to had nothing to do with these questions and fould not have affected the verdict.

The appeal must fail also as to the exception that but one counsel Avas allowed to cross-examine the Avitnesses for the State. The offenses charged were riot and rescue, the defendants Avere all tried together. In fact they had no right t'o sever if they had demanded it. State v. Littlejohn, 1 Bay 316. The case Avas an entirety. Besides, the motion made AA'as one addressed to the discretion' of the court; it appertained to the conduct of the cause in court, of Avhich the presiding judge is more competent to determine than any one else. Without-this poAver on the part of the judges, cases Avould be interminable. We do not see that any legal right of the defendant Avas infringed or refused. In the absence of this Ave have no poAver to interfere.

The judgment of this court is that the judgment of the Circuit Court be affirmed.

McIvee and McGowan, A. J.’s, concurred.