Moore v. Davidson , 1884 S.C. LEXIS 8 ( 1884 )

The opinion of the court was delivered ■ t>:y

Mr. Justice MoIver.

On September 21, 1859, John S. Moore departed this life, having duly made and executed his last will and testament, bearing date January 7, 1858. The terms of his will are as follows: “1st. I will and bequeath to my sons, Theodore A., Samuel R., and William A. Moore, in trust for the use and benefit of my granddaughters, Amanda J. Springs, Laura B. Springs, and Buena V. Springs, each ten' thousand dollars, when they arrive at the age of eighteen years old, for and during their natural lives, and should either of them die, then to her issue; but if either die leaving no issue alive, then to her surviving sisters, my granddaughter, Margaret Lyon, being one of them, or their surviving issue for ever; but if all my said granddaughters die leaving no issue alive, then to revert back to my estate, and be equally divided amongst my sons. My sons, trustees as aforesaid, may, if they deem it necessary and prudent, vest .the above legacies in stocks or other property for the use of my said granddaughters severally, but the property so obtained to be held by said trustees upon and subject to the same terms and conditions aforesaid. 2d. I will and bequeath (my debts^ being paid) the remainder of. my property, both real and personal, to my sons, Theodore A., Samuel R., and William A. Moore, to be equally divided amongst them; and I hereby appoint my said sons my executors.”

Of the persons named as executors, Samuel R. Moore alone qualified as such, and under proceedings commenced against him in 1876, by the appellants, Davidson and wife and Fickling and wife, to récover the legacies given by the will to these ladies, Judge Aldrich, on June 30,1881, rendered judgment against the said Samuel R. Moore, individually as well as executor as aforesaid, for the balances due on said legacies.

On May 9, 1877, two of the sons of the testator, Theodore A. and William A., residuary devisees under the will, conveyed to their brother, S. R. Moore, the other residuary devisee, their interest in the real estate so devised to the three sons. The deed by which this conveyance was made recites that “it was agreed in 1863, that in consideration of the said S. R. Moore advancing certain sums of money and assuming certain liabilities on account of the estate of the said John S. Moore, deceased, the real estate of the said deceased, hereinafter mentioned, should be vested in the said S. R. Moore absolutely in fee simple”; and the considerations mentioned in the deed are: “the large sums of money heretofore advanced by S. R. Moore to pay the indebtedness of the estate of John S. Moore, and liabilities of said estate assumed by the said S. R. Moore, and the sum of three dollars.”

On August 31, 1877, the respondents, T. A. Moore and J. F. Wallace, entered judgments against the said Samuel R. Moore individually, and not as executor, for large sums of money, and under the executions.issued upon these judgments the sherifflevied upon all the property of S. R. Moore, including the real estate devised by his father’s will, and advertised the same for sale on the first Monday in November, 1881, as the property of said S. R. Moore. In-the meantime, under the executions issued on the judgments recovered by the appellants, Davidson and wife and Fielding and wife, against S. R. Moore, as executor of John S. Moore, deceased, the sheriff had -levied on the real estate devised by the will of said John S. Moore, and advertised the same for sale on the first Monday in November, 1881, as the property of John S. Moore, deceased.

Thereupon this action was commenced for the purpose of perpetually enjoining said appellants from selling the said devised real estate as the property of John S. Moore, deceased, or failing in that, to enjoin them from so doing until an account can be taken and decree, made for the amount due S. R. Moore for advances made for said estate, and for what sum he is entitled to reimbursement as a prior charge to the judgments of said appellants. The Circuit judge held that the devise was specific and not chargeable with the payment of the pecuniary legacies to the appellants, and that S. R. Moore having accounted fully for the value of the land, it could, no longer be considered as part of the estate of said John S. Moore. He therefore granted the injunction asked for. From this judgment Dayidson and wife and Fielding and wife appeal on various grounds set out in the record.

The main questions raised by the appeal are, first, whether the legacies in question were charged upon the real estate devised: and second, if so, whether, in his accounting, S. R. Moore has been made to pay the estate of John S. Moore the full value of said real estate and thus acquired an absolute right thereto. Third, if the legacies are a charge upon the real estate, whether S. R. Moore is not entitled by subrogation first to be reimbursed amounts advanced by him for the purpose of paying the debts of the testator.

There is no doubt that the primary fund for the payment of debts and legacies is the personal estate, but there is as little doubt that a testator, if so minded, may make both or either a charge upon real estate devised. It is true that the rule is that such intention must appear either from the express words of the will or must be clearly inferrible from the language therein used. Kirkpatrick v. Chesnut, 5 S. C., 216; Wright v. Denn, 10 Wheat., 229. It is a question of intention to be solved by a consideration of the terms of the will, and if the intention to charge the real estate appears by the express terms used, or is clearly implied by such terms, such intention must be carried into effect, otherwise the general rule must prevail.

Now, as we think the language used by the testator in the will under consideration clearly implied an intention on his part to charge his entire estate, both real and personal, with the payment of the legacies to his granddaughters, we do not deem it necessary to enter into a consideration of the-question whether the act óf 1858, 12 Stat, 701 (which clearly applies to this case, the testator having died subsequent to the passage of the act, although the will was executed some time before. Bell v. Towell, 18 S. C., 94), has had the effect of changing the rule by which it was held that all devises were specific, by removing the reason for such rule as given by Mr. Jarman in his work on wills (vol. 1, p. 595); or whether the fact stated in the Circuit decree, that the testator acquired no real estate between the time of the making of his will and the time of his death, would affect the question of the applicability of the act of 1858.

For even if it be conceded that the residuary devise here in question should be regarded as specific, ive think that the terms of the will clearly show' that the intention of the testator was that the legacies should. be paid at all events, thus constituting them a charge upon the whole estate, both real and personal. It will be observed that there are but two general dispositions of his estate made by the testator: first, the legacies of-specific amounts of money to each of his three granddaughters; second, all the remainder of his estate to his sons. There is not even any provision for debts, except incidentally. The intention of the testator as expressly declared is, first, that each of the three granddaughters is to have a certain specific sum of money, and all that is given to the sons is what may remain of his estate, out of which remainder his debts are to be paid. In other words,' he gives nothing to his sons except rvhat remains, after the legacies are taken out and after his debts are paid.

It is absolutely certain that the intention was that the sons should only have the remainder of his property. Now that word necessarily implies that something was to be previously taken from the estate. What was that something ? There was no previous devise or bequest, except of the legacies to the granddaughters, and therefore there could have been nothing to be taken from the estate, except the legacies. The rather peculiar manner in which the testator provided for the payment of his debts negatives the idea that he had reference to them only in the use of the word remainder; and besides, if everything that remained after the payment of the debts was to go to the sons, then there would be no fund out of which the legacies were to be paid.

Nor is there any warrant for applying the term remainder to the personal estate alone. It is true that, in the absence of any direction to the contrary, the legacies, as well as the debts, would be payable out of the personal estate, and the testator must be presumed to have known that this was the law; but, notwithstanding this, having, as he did have, the right to make other provision Tor the payment of the debts and legacies, what did he do ? He made no distinction whatever between his real and personal estate; but, on the contrary, blended it into one common mass and gave it, or rather what remained of it, after the payment of the legacies and debts, to his sons. His language is : “I will and bequeath (my debts being paid) the remainder of my property, both real and personal, to my sons.” Where is the warrant for confining the term remainder to the personal property only? The testator has not done so, but, on the contrary, according to the strict grammatical construction, the term remainder applies equally to the real as well as to the personal property. The testator does not content himself with saying simply “the remainder of my property,” but, as if his purpose was to express his intention more fully, he adds the words “both real and personal.” So far from saying the remainder of my personal property and all my real estate, he uses language showing that he intended to apply the term remainder to both kinds of property. It was as if he had said: “When I say remainder of my property, I mean the remainder of both my real and personal property.”

Now if, as we have shown, the term remainder applies as well to the real as to the personal property, and if, as the will shows, there was no preceding devise of real estate, it follows necessarily that the sons could only take what remained of the estate after the debts and legacies were paid. When we look to the circumstances surrounding the testator, both when he made his will and when he died, we are unable to perceive anything unnatural or unreasonable in the construction which we have arrived at. It is conceded that the testator, at the time'he made his will and up to the time of his death, was possessed of a very large estate, amply sufficient to pay the debts and legacies and leave a very handsome residue for the sons. It was quite natural, therefore, for him to determine that, as there would be a large estate for his sons, after making provision for his granddaughters, the best mode of effecting his purpose would be to give to his sons the whole of his estate which would remain after provision was made for his debts and legacies to the granddaughters, especially as the sons were to be their trustees. If the results of a disastrous civil war, which was not probably anticipated by the testator, or other unforeseen causes, have defeated his plans, it only adds another- to the many instances in which human foresight has proved itself incapable of foretelling the future.

Inasmuch as the intention of the testator, as gathered from the -words he has used, is the controlling rule in the construction of a will, and inasmuch as it is seldom the ease that the same language is used in any two wills, it is often difficult, if not impossible, to find cases precisely in point. General rules may be found which afford aid in arriving at the proper construction to be given to the language of a testator, and for this purpose it is always well to consult the authorities. An examination of the numerous cases cited in the argument will show that the conclusion at which we have arrived is not in conflict with any well-settled principle, but, on the contrary, is well sustained by authority. In Laurens v. Read, 14 Rich. Eq., 245, Mr. Justice Wardlaw has collected and reviewed the authorities upon the subject. He arranges the cases in which lands devised have been charged with the payment of legacies under six heads; and we think the case now under consideration falls under his third and fourth heads, for the terms and conditions upon which the legacies are given plainly imply that they are to be paid by the executors, and the real estate is devised to them. So also, as we have said, the testator has blended the real and personal estate together as one mass, and that mass is the only fund out of which the legacies could be paid.

It is true that-Wardlaw, J., in the case of Laurens v. Read, held that, under the terms of that will, which it is claimed is very much like Moore"s, the pecuniary legacies did not constitute a- charge upon the real estate, yet there is at least one material and vital distinction between that case and the one we are now considering. In the will of Mrs. Laurens there was no devise to the executors, while in Moore’s will there is. It is true that in the Laurens will the residue was bequeathed and devised to the same persons as those who were named as executors, but the devise was not to them in their own right, but as trustees, without any power to sell, and this circumstance seems to be strongly relied upon by Judge Wardlaw, because the devise being to them as trustees, without the power to sell, they had no means of applying the real estate to the payment of the legacies. But this difficulty would not arise where, as in our case, the devise is to the executors absolutely in their own right. We think, too, that the authorities cited in 3 Jarman on Wills (edit. of 1881, by Randolph & Talcott), 422 and note 10, 427 and note 14, and 429, especially the case of Greville v. Browne, 7 H. L. Cas., 689, fully sustain our view. See also Knotts v. Bailey, 54 Miss., 235.

We do not think that the position taken by one of the counsel for the appellants, based upon the terms of the recital and the consideration stated in the deed from Theodore A. and William A. Moore to Samuel R. Moore, can be maintained. The “liabilities” there referred to could not have been intended by the parties to that deed to embrace the legacies, because some time prior to that time the executor had, as he supposed, made ample provision for the legacies by setting apart certain notes for that purpose, as appears by the record in the previous case of Davidson v. Moore, 14 S. C., 251, which the parties in this case agreed might be used here. It is true that in that case it was eventually determined that these so-called investments of the said legacies could not be sustained by the court, but still, at the time the deed above referred to was made, the executor was stoutly contending that the legacies had been thus fully provided for, and therefore we do not think that the term “liabilities” used in that deed could have been intended to embrace the legacies.

But we think there is much force in another of his positions, that the respondent, S. R. Moore, is estopped by the judgment in the former case of Davidson v. Moore, supra, from raising the question whether the legacies constitute a chai'ge upon the real estate. In that case the Circuit judge held that “the assets and the real estate were sufficient in amount, as I have heretofore found, to pay all debts and the legacies provided in the will. Hence I adjudge the recovery against the defendant personally and as executor.” This plainly shows that the Circuit judge in that case regarded the real estate liable to the payment of the legacies, and in effect so decreed. In appealing from that decree the executor, Samuel R. Moore, who was then the sole owner of the residue of the real estate, took no exception to such ruling, based upon any alleged error in holding the real estate chargeable with the legacies; and the Supreme Court in rendering its judgment, after modifying the account in some particulars, not material to the present issue, uses this language: “How the accounts will stand after these modifications, it will be for the Circuit Court to ascertain, and until that is done, it is impossible to say wdiether the decree should be against the executor personally as well as in his representative character. If it shall appear that assets of the estate of the testator, including therein the real estate, and excluding the value of the slaves, have come, or ought to have come, into the hands of the executor, sufficient to enable him to pay the debts and the legacies, then the decree should be against him personally, as well as in his representative character.” This was a plain recognition and affirmation of the ruling of the Circuit judge that the real estate constituted assets for the payment of the legacies, as well as the debts.

Again, when the accounting thus ordered by the Supreme Court was taken, in which the real estate was charged as part of the assets, and when the result of such accounting was, with certain modifications, not material to the present inquiry, confirmed by the decree of Judge Aldrich, from which there was no appeal, it seems to us that the question was concluded. S. R. Moore not only then had the opportunity, but it was his duty, to have raised the question now raised, and not having done so then, he is estopped from doing so now. If the position now taken — that the real estate is not chargeable with the legacies — could have been maintained, it is manifest that no decree could have been rendered by Judge Aldrich in favor of Davidson and wife and Fielding and wife against S. R. Moore individually, for unless the real estate ivas charged as part of the assets, the balance would have been in his favor. The decree of Judge Aldrich, therefore, must necessarily have been based upon the theory that the real estate was chargeable with the legacies, and as there was no appeal from that decree, the question was finally determined, at least so far as the parties to that case are concerned.

It is true that none of the plaintiffs in the present case, except Samuel R. Moore, were parties to that case, but they are claiming here solely through S. R. Moore, and if he is estopped, they are so too. They can only claim whatever rights S. R. Moore may have, and as it has been already adjudged, by a court of competent jurisdiction, in a proper proceeding, that his rights are subordinate to- those of the appellants, they can take in this proceeding nothing more than the rights so adjudged to S. R. Moore.

2nd. Respondents contend that, even if it be conceded that the legacies constitute a charge upon the real estate devised by the residuary clause of the will, yet that S. R. Moore having been charged in the accounting with the full value of the real estate, he has been made to pay the estate of John S. Moore the full value thereof, and has thus acquired an absolute right thereto freed from the charge of the legacies. We do not see how this position can be maintained. The main object of the accounting was to ascertain whether sufficient assets had gone into the hands of the executor to enable him to pay the debts and legacies, and the fact that the value of such assets, including the real estate, has been charged in the account against the executor certainly does not constitute him a purchaser of such assets until he has paid the debts and legacies chargeable thereon. Under the terms of the will, as we have construed it, he had no claim upon any of the assets until all of the debts and legacies were paid; and as the account shows that a sufficient amount of assets did go into his hands to pay both debts and legacies, it is quite clear that such assets in his hands are liable to pay whatever balances have been found due the legatees, before any portion thereof can be claimed by him as his individual property.

Finally, it is contended that S. R. Moore, the executor^ upon the principle of subrogation, is entitled first to be reimbursed the amounts advanced by him in paying the debts of the testator, before the legatees can claim anything. Without questioning the legal principle upon which this position is based, it appears to us to be without any foundation in fact. There is not only no proof that the executor has advanced from his own funds money to pay the debts of the testator, but the proof is conclusive the other way. On the accounting a devastavit has been fixed upon him, as is conclusively shown by the fact that the decree is against him not only as executor, but individually, and how, under these circumstances, he can claim to be in advance of the estate we are at a loss to conceive. If he was in advance of the estate then, clearly no decree should have gone against him individually; and the fact that such a decree has been rendered against him, from which there was no appeal, is conclusive of the fact that he could not be in advance of the estate.

The judgment of this court is that the judgment of the Circuit Court be reversed and that the case be remanded to that court for such further proceedings as may be necessary to carry out the views herein announced.