State v. Bowers ( 2019 )

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Court of Appeals
The State, Respondent,
v.
Joseph Bowers, Appellant.
Appellate Case No. 2014-002176
Appeal From Beaufort County
R. Markley Dennis, Jr., Circuit Court Judge
Opinion No. 5677
Heard October 10, 2018 – Filed August 7, 2019
REVERSED AND REMANDED
Chief Appellate Defender Robert Michael Dudek, of
Columbia, for Appellant.
Attorney General Alan McCrory Wilson, Assistant
Attorney General Mark Reynolds Farthing, both of
Columbia; and Solicitor Isaac McDuffie Stone, III, of
Bluffton, all for Respondent.
GEATHERS, J.: Late night verbal altercations at a local club escalated to a
shootout, resulting in the death of two people, Dante Bailey and Michael Morgan,
and the injury of two others, Robert Goodwine and Richard Green. Appellant Joseph
Bowers was convicted for the (1) voluntary manslaughter of Michael Morgan, (2)
assault and battery of a high and aggravated nature of Richard Green, and (3)
possession of a weapon during the commission of a violent crime. Bowers argues
the circuit court erred by instructing the jury on mutual combat and voluntary
manslaughter because there is no evidence to support either charge. We reverse and
remand for a new trial.
FACTS/PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On June 21, 2012, Stanley Humphries and Dante Bailey were playing pool at
the Sand Dollar in St. Helena. After the Sand Dollar closed for the night, the two
left and went to Bailey's house to pick up some cigarettes before heading to a local
club, Midnight Soul Patrol. Appellant met Humphries and Bailey at Bailey's house,
and the group rode in Humphries' car to the club. The group went inside the club
but was inside for only a few minutes before walking outside to smoke. Arthur
Chaplin and a group of men approached Bailey, and Bailey and Chaplin started
arguing.
Humphries testified the argument was only verbal and ended soon after it
started. Other witnesses testified similarly. Mangum Smalls stated he saw Bailey
and Chaplin arguing and guns were flashed, then Derrick Grant got between the two
and defused the situation. Joe Pope testified he saw the argument between Bailey
and a group of men and it was defused quickly. Alvin Wilson, the DJ at the club,
noticed the crowd was moving outside and when he followed, he saw the altercation.
As a result, Wilson declared the party over and walked back inside.
After the altercation was abated, someone suggested leaving, and Humphries,
Bailey, and Appellant walked back to Humphries' car, attempting to leave.
Meanwhile, Pope turned to walk into the club and saw a separate altercation between
Lucas Morgan and Irvin Smalls, unrelated to Bailey and Chaplin's altercation.
According to Pope, Irvin was trying "to get to Lucas," but Lucas had a gun. At that
time, Humphries, Appellant, and Bailey had returned to Humphries' car, but Bailey
was standing outside of the car directing Humphries out of the parking spot to avoid
hitting nearby obstacles.
Then the gunshots began, precipitated by Michael Morgan inexplicably firing
a flare gun.1 Bailey was shot. Humphries and Appellant exited the car and Bailey
was on the ground, having been hit by a bullet that perforated his heart and a lung.
Mangum Smalls testified that he saw Appellant trying to help put Bailey inside of a
1
There was testimony that Lucas Morgan, Michael Morgan, Richard Green and
Alvin Wilson were all related.
car and noticed Appellant was holding Bailey's gun.2 Richard Green, who had his
back to the club and was outside of the club owner's nearby house, heard the first
shot and attempted to flee. He was shot in the back and paralyzed from the waist
down. Robert Goodwine walked outside of the club as the gunshots began and saw
Green lying on the ground. Goodwine saw Lucas and Bailey shooting and attempted
to flee towards the main road when Lucas "came around the corner shooting," hitting
Goodwine in his left calf. Pope testified that shortly after the shots began, a group
of four or five men ran towards Michael Morgan shooting while Michael was
standing over Green with a flare gun. Michael was then hit by a bullet, but no one
saw who shot Michael. The bullet struck Michael in his hip, perforated his iliac
vein, and he died hours later. All of the injuries were the result of "through and
through" shots, meaning a projectile passed completely through the body.
Once the shooting stopped, Pope called 911. Paul Adam, a deputy with the
Beaufort County Sheriff's Office, was dispatched to the club and arrived thirteen
minutes later. Deputy Adam collected evidence—including spent shell casings, a
Glock handgun, and a flare gun—and turned the evidence over to the lead
investigator, Adam Zsamar. Deputy Adam also told Investigator Zsamar that three
people had guns—Bailey, Lucas Morgan, and Lewis Johnson. Investigator Zsamar
processed the scene and located two sets of different brand nine–millimeter shell
casings, one set clustered near where Lucas Morgan was seen firing and the other
set clustered near where Appellant and Bailey were placed. The day after the
shooting, Investigator Zsamar executed a search warrant at Lucas Morgan's
residence and found the same brand of ammunition that was clustered near where
witnesses placed Lucas Morgan. Further investigation also revealed that the Glock
recovered from the scene was registered to Bailey.
Jeremiah Fraser, an investigator with the Beaufort County Sheriff's Office,
interviewed Appellant on the day after the shooting. Appellant's version of events
was similar to Humphries' version. Appellant told investigators that he was at the
club with Bailey and Bailey got into an argument with someone. Appellant said he
pulled Bailey away from the argument and towards the car so they could leave but
then "shots started ringing out towards them," and that's when Bailey pulled out his
gun, stepped out from behind the car, and was shot. Appellant denied shooting a
2
Mangum Smalls initially testified that he witnessed Appellant with a gun prior to
when Appellant was trying to help put Bailey inside of the car. However, once
presented with his previous deposition testimony, Smalls corrected himself and
testified he did not see Appellant firing a gun and only witnessed Appellant holding
Bailey's gun after Bailey had been shot.
gun, and his clothes were collected for gunshot residue testing. Also, Appellant's
hands were swabbed for gunshot residue, but the swabs were never tested because
they were collected outside of the six-hour window in which gunshot residue can be
expected to be found on living tissue, according to expert testimony. Appellant was
jailed after the interview, and his shirt and shorts later tested positive only for lead
particles.3 According to one of the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division
(SLED) agents, authorities did not test Michael Morgan or Dante Bailey for gunshot
residue because they were classified as victims. After being jailed, Appellant chose
to speak with investigators again and said that someone else was shooting. While
awaiting trial, Appellant had a conversation with his girlfriend on a prison telephone
that recorded him saying "I ain't killed the boy, I only shot the boy."
Appellant was tried for the murders of his friend Dante Bailey and Michael
Morgan, the attempted murders of Robert Goodwine and Richard Green, and
possession of a weapon during the commission of a violent crime. However, after
trial but before jury deliberations began, the State withdrew the murder indictment
for Bailey and proceeded on the remaining indictments.4 Over Appellant's objection,
the circuit court instructed the jury on mutual combat and told the jury the doctrine
applied only to Michael Morgan's murder. The circuit court also instructed the jury
on the lesser-included offenses of voluntary manslaughter and assault and battery of
a high and aggravated nature. Appellant objected to the voluntary manslaughter jury
instruction. Additionally, Appellant requested a self-defense instruction that was
also given.
Ultimately, the jury found Appellant guilty of the voluntary manslaughter of
Michael Morgan, the assault and battery of a high and aggravated nature of Richard
Green, and possession of a weapon during commission of a violent crime. This
appeal followed.
ISSUES ON APPEAL
1. Did the circuit court err by instructing the jury on mutual combat?
3
An expert testified that lead is one of three main components of gunshot residue,
the others being barium and antimony. Unless the test returns positive results for all
three components, the components found cannot be called gunshot residue.
4
The court allowed the jury to deliberate on Appellant's indictment for the attempted
murder of Robert Goodwine, despite Goodwine's testimony that Lucas Morgan shot
him and the circuit court's instruction that the theory of mutual combat did not apply
to Goodwine.
2. Did the circuit court err by instructing the jury on voluntary manslaughter?
STANDARD OF REVIEW
"In criminal cases, the appellate court sits to review errors of law only." State
v. Wharton, 381 S.C. 209, 213, 672 S.E.2d 786, 788 (2009). "In general, the trial
judge is required to charge only the current and correct law of South Carolina . . . and
the law to be charged to the jury is determined by the evidence at trial." State v.
Taylor, 356 S.C. 227, 231, 589 S.E.2d 1, 3 (2003) (citation omitted). Unless justified
by the evidence, an instruction should not be given because it can confuse the jury.
State v. Commander, 384 S.C. 66, 75, 681 S.E.2d 31, 36 (Ct. App. 2009), aff'd as
modified, 396 S.C. 254, 721 S.E.2d 413 (2011). But an instruction must be erroneous
and prejudicial to warrant reversal. Taylor, 356 S.C. at 231, 598 S.E.2d at 3.
LAW/ANALYSIS
I. Issue Preservation
As a threshold matter, the State contends the jury instruction issue is not
preserved for appellate review and Appellant waived his objection by failing to raise
specific grounds. Specifically, the State argues that after the off-the-record charge
conference, Appellant "generally objected" to the jury instruction but "did not
provide any grounds in support of those objections" during the on-the-record charge
conference. We disagree.
Issue preservation rules are "meant to enable the lower court to rule properly
after it has considered all relevant facts, law, and arguments." I'On, L.L.C. v. Town
of Mt. Pleasant, 338 S.C. 406, 422, 526 S.E.2d 716, 724 (2000). But issue
preservation is not a "gotcha" game. Atl. Coast Builders & Contractors, LLC v.
Lewis, 398 S.C. 323, 329, 730 S.E.2d 282, 285 (2012). Instead of being hyper-
technical, we approach preservation with a practical eye. Herron v. Century BMW,
395 S.C. 461, 470, 719 S.E.2d 640, 644 (2011). Once a party objects to a jury charge
and, after opportunity for discussion, is denied on the record, no further action is
necessary in order to preserve the issue for appeal. State v. Johnson, 333 S.C. 62,
64 n.1, 508 S.E.2d 29, 30 n.1 (1998). The failure to raise specific grounds for an
objection will not prevent the appellate court from addressing an issue when the
record indicates that the trial court and the State understood the basis for the
objection. State v. Hendricks, 408 S.C. 525, 531, 759 S.E.2d 434, 437 (Ct. App.
2014) (citing State v. Kromah, 401 S.C. 340, 353, 737 S.E.2d 490, 497 (2013)).
In Hendricks, the court found the appellant's hearsay objection to a recording
preserved despite appellant's failure to state specific grounds, i.e., saying "hearsay,"
because the basis for the objection was apparent from the context. Id. The court
based its ruling on Rule 103(a)(1), SCRE, which requires timely objection to the
admission of evidence to support a claim of error and specificity in making the
objection if the ground for the objection is not apparent from the context. Id. After
the appellant objected, the State responded with hearsay exceptions, arguing the
recording was admissible as an excited utterance or present sense impression. Id.
This court held the issue was preserved because "the State and trial court
immediately understood [the appellant's] objection was based on hearsay." Id.
Although the Hendricks court's ruling was based on Rule 103(a)(1), SCRE,
our supreme court in State v. Cain relied, in part, on Hendricks when it found
preserved an appellant's argument challenging the sufficiency of the State's evidence
of the quantity of a drug because it was clear from the record that the State and trial
court understood the basis for the appellant's argument. 419 S.C. 24, 35, 795 S.E.2d
846, 852 (2017). In Cain, during pre-trial motions, the appellant argued the State
could not rely on "theoretical yield" to elevate a charge of manufacturing drugs to
trafficking drugs under section 44-53-375 of the South Carolina Code. Id. at 34, 795
S.E.2d at 851. Our supreme court found this argument necessarily focused on the
State's evidence of the quantity of the drug. Id. The court noted the State "clearly
understood the argument to relate to quantity." Id. The trial court took the motion
to dismiss under advisement, and when the appellant later moved for a directed
verdict based on quantity, the trial court referred back to the previous discussion
about theoretical yield to deny the motion. Id. at 34–35, 795 S.E.2d at 852. Because
the trial court's reference to the previous discussion indicated it understood the
directed verdict motion was based on "the sufficiency of the State's evidence on the
element of quantity," the argument was preserved. Id. at 35, 795 S.E.2d at 852
(citing Hendricks, 408 S.C. at 531, 759 S.E.2d at 437).
Following Cain's guidance, we find Appellant's argument challenging the
sufficiency of the evidence of mutual combat is preserved because it is clear from
the record that the circuit court and the State understood the basis for Appellant's
objection. At the directed verdict stage, the circuit court was cognizant of the issue
with instructing mutual combat when it is unsupported by the evidence. The court
stated, "But there's one case that I read this morning, I know you all have read it too,
and it's Judge Hayes' reversal for submitting a mutual combat. And that -- I need to
look at that from the standpoint of everybody's protection." The court was referring
to State v. Taylor, the case Appellant relies on in his appellate brief.
Later, after an off-the-record charge conference, the circuit court stated:
All right. We've had a charge conference, informally, and
we've gone through some certain things, and as -- first of
all, as I understand, the State is requesting that I charge the
mutual combat. I will include that in my charge, and I
understand the Defendant objects to that inclusion. Only
because I think that there is -- in view of the evidence that
could suggest mutual combat construed based on the
testimony. While that testimony was somewhat
contradictory, it still would be evidence, if the jury
believes, whatever the jury chooses to believe, would
support the theory.
In other words, the trial judge decided to charge the jury on mutual combat
over Appellant's objection, reasoning there was evidence to support the charge.
Although the specific ground for Appellant's objection is not expressed on-the-
record after the off-the-record charge conference, the record indicates that the trial
judge and the State understood Appellant was objecting because he thought there
was no evidence to support the charge. See Kromah, 401 S.C. at 353, 737 S.E.2d at
497 (holding the issue was preserved when the trial court immediately appeared to
understand the objection was a renewal of a previous argument); Hendricks, 408
S.C. at 531, 759 S.E.2d at 437 (holding an issue was preserved because the trial court
immediately understood the basis of the objection). Thus, we find that the basis of
Appellant's objection is apparent from the context of the trial judge's brief synopsis
of the parties' respective positions following the off-the-record charge conference.
See Hendricks, 408 S.C. at 531, 759 S.E.2d at 437 ("We find . . . the hearsay basis
for Hendricks' objection is apparent from the context . . . . Therefore, the objection
preserved the issue because it is clear from the record that both the State and trial
court immediately understood Hendricks' objection was based on hearsay."); see
also Jean Hoefer Toal et al., Appellate Practice in South Carolina 203 (3rd ed. 2016)
("[W]here a contested issue of law has been argued during the course of the trial and
ruled upon by the trial court, an objection need not be made to that portion of the
charge dealing with the same issue previously ruled upon by the trial court."); State
v. Grant, 275 S.C. 404, 407, 272 S.E.2d 169, 171 (1980) ("A review of the colloquy
between the judge and counsel convinces us that the position of each was made well
known prior to the commencement of the charge. We do not think that any further
objection was required under these facts in order to preserve the rights of the
defendant."); Johnson, 333 S.C. at 64 n.1, 508 S.E.2d at 30 n.1 (clarifying the long-
standing rule that "where a party requests a jury charge and, after opportunity for
discussion, the trial judge declines the charge, it is unnecessary, to preserve the point
on appeal, to renew the request at the conclusion of the court's instruction").
Accordingly, we find the issue is preserved and we will address the merits.
II. History of Mutual Combat
"The doctrine of mutual combat has existed in South Carolina since at least
1843, but has fallen out of common use in recent years." Taylor, 356 S.C. at 231,
589 S.E.2d at 3. "The doctrine [of mutual combat] has most often been applied in
situations where the defendant and decedent bear a grudge against each other before
the fight in which one of them is killed occurs." Id. at 232, 589 S.E.2d at 4. Mutual
combat occurs when there is a mutual intent and willingness to fight. State v.
Graham, 260 S.C. 449, 450, 196 S.E.2d 495, 495 (1973). Mutual intent is
"manifested by the acts and conduct of the parties and the circumstances attending
and leading up to the combat." Id. (citing 40 C.J.S. Homicide § 123). The antiquated
doctrine was limited in its application by our supreme court in State v. Taylor. In
Taylor, our supreme court required that the fight arise out of a pre-existing dispute
and that the combatants be armed with deadly weapons. 356 S.C. at 233–34, 589
S.E.2d at 4. Additionally, each party must know the other is armed with a deadly
weapon. Id. at 234, 589 S.E.2d at 5. Moreover, it is essential that the agreement to
fight be "entered into prior to the beginning of combat," also described as an
antecedent agreement to fight. 40 C.J.S. Homicide § 206; accord Taylor, 356 S.C.
at 233, 589 S.E.2d at 4.
State v. Graham provides the quintessential example of mutual combat in
South Carolina. In Graham, Graham and the decedent threatened each other and
quarreled the day before the shooting. 260 S.C. at 451, 196 S.E.2d at 496. Graham
armed himself and the two met in town the next day. Id. They became engaged in
an altercation, which continued until Graham waived his pistol in the face of the
decedent, who then left town only to return shortly thereafter with his own pistol.
Id. The decedent parked outside of the barber shop where Graham was waiting, and
the decedent stepped out of his vehicle, pistol in hand. Id. Graham, seeing the
decedent armed, left the barber shop and walked into the street, positioning himself
for an encounter. Id. As Graham entered the street, both parties fired, and Graham
fatally wounded the decedent. Id.
Our supreme court determined "[t]here was ill-will between the parties" and
it was "inferable that they had armed themselves to settle their differences at gun
point." Id. at 452, 196 S.E.2d at 496. Accordingly, the question of mutual combat
was for the jury to decide. Id.; see State v. Mathis, 174 S.C. 344, 348, 177 S.E. 318,
319 (1934) (finding the law of mutual combat was appropriately instructed to the
jury because "[t]here was testimony that the appellant and the [decedent] were on
the lookout for each other; . . . were armed in anticipation of a combat; [and] that
each drew his pistol and fired upon the other").
Similarly, other jurisdictions have found a charge on the law of mutual combat
appropriate when there is evidence of an antecedent agreement to fight and when
both parties are armed with dangerous weapons. See Hughes v. State, 274 S.W. 146,
147 (Tex. Crim. App. 1925) (emphasizing the importance of there being evidence of
an antecedent agreement to fight before there can be an issue of mutual combat);
Lujan v. State, 430 S.W.2d 513, 514 (Tex. Crim. App. 1968); Green v. State, 809
S.E.2d 738, 741 (Ga. 2018); State v. Johnson, 733 A.2d 852, 855 (Conn. App. Ct.
1999).
On the other hand, State v. Taylor is an example of circumstances that do not
justify a jury instruction on mutual combat. In Taylor, the petitioner and the
decedent got into a physical altercation after the petitioner attempted to stop a fight
between the decedent and another person. 356 S.C. at 229, 589 S.E.2d at 2. At the
suggestion of someone in the house, the petitioner and decedent moved their fight
outside and, shortly thereafter, the petitioner drew a knife and stabbed the decedent
fifteen times. Id. at 230, 589 S.E.2d at 2. Our supreme court determined there was
no pre-existing ill-will between the parties and no evidence the decedent knew the
petitioner was armed with a knife. Id. at 234, 589 S.E.2d at 5. Accordingly, there
was "insufficient evidence of mutual willingness to fight to submit the issue of
mutual combat to the jury." Id.
Although we have a limited number of cases in our jurisprudence on the law
of mutual combat, that case law unequivocally indicates that it is essential there is
evidence of a pre-existing ill-will between the parties and that both parties are armed
with deadly weapons and have knowledge that the other is armed. See id. at 234,
589 S.E.2d at 4–5 (finding a charge on the law of mutual combat unwarranted when
there was "no indication that [the victim] knew Petitioner was armed with a knife[]
and there was no pre-existing ill-will between the parties"); Mathis, 174 S.C. at 348–
49, 177 S.E. at 319 (finding mutual combat charge proper where appellant and
deceased were on the lookout for each other and both parties were armed in
anticipation of meeting the other); Graham, 260 S.C. at 451, 196 S.E.2d at 496
(finding mutual combat charge proper where appellant and deceased had "quarreled"
prior to the killing and each knew the other was armed with a pistol).
A. Mutual Combat Jury Instruction
In the instant case, Appellant argues the circuit court erred in charging mutual
combat because there is no evidence to support the charge. We agree and find that
this case is more similar to the circumstances in Taylor where evidence of one or
more elements of mutual combat is entirely lacking. Therefore, a charge on mutual
combat was improper.
First, there was no evidence of an antecedent agreement to fight or pre-
existing ill-will between Appellant and Michael Morgan. See Taylor, 356 S.C. at
233–34, 589 S.E.2d at 4–5. No witness testified that either Appellant or Michael
Morgan harbored ill-will toward the other. Moreover, no one testified to seeing
Appellant argue with Michael Morgan or anyone else on the night of the shooting.
See Graham, 260 S.C. at 451, 196 S.E.2d at 496 (finding mutual combat charge
proper where, amongst other factors, appellant and deceased had quarreled prior to
the killing); Mathis, 174 S.C. at 348–49, 177 S.E. at 319 (finding mutual combat
charge proper where, amongst other factors, there was testimony that appellant and
deceased were on the lookout for each other); State v. Young, 424 S.C. 424, 436–37,
818 S.E.2d 486, 492 (Ct. App. 2018) (finding there was sufficient evidence to charge
mutual combat).
Significantly, several witnesses testified neither argument that occurred that
night involved Appellant. Instead, the first argument involved Bailey and Chaplin,
which was immediately defused. There was testimony that Bailey and his friends
began to walk away in an effort to leave. The second unrelated argument was
between Lucas and Irvin—individuals who were not associated with Appellant and
his friends. Additionally, there was testimony that Appellant was pulling Bailey
towards Humphries' vehicle so that they could leave. Furthermore, Humphries
testified that Appellant was inside of Humphries' vehicle when the shooting began.
See Graham, 260 S.C. at 450, 196 S.E.2d at 495 ("[Mutual] intent may be manifested
by the acts and conduct of the parties and the circumstances attending and leading
up to combat." (citing 40 C.J.S. Homicide § 124)); see also Green, 809 S.E.2d at 741
(holding a jury instruction on mutual combat was not warranted where there was no
evidence that victim had an intention to fight Green and, instead, the evidence
showed victim was feuding with Green's friend).
Notably, during oral argument, the State maintained that the flashing of guns
between Bailey and Chaplin was "the assent for mutual combat" as it related to
Appellant. However, we disagree, and as our supreme court stated in Taylor, "[I]t
is only logical that the evidence of agreement to fight be plain . . . ." 356 S.C. at
234, 589 S.E.2d at 4. To maintain that an argument that did not involve Appellant
manifested his assent to engage in mutual combat with Michael Morgan is illogical.
See id. at 235, 589 S.E.2d at 5 ("The mutual combat doctrine is triggered when both
parties contribute to the resulting fight."); see also Green, 809 S.E.2d at 741 (holding
charge on mutual combat was not warranted when there was no evidence that the
victim had an intention to fight the defendant). Thus, there is no evidence that
Appellant and Michael Morgan had an antecedent agreement to fight. See Taylor,
356 S.C. at 234, 589 S.E.2d at 5 (finding the circuit court erred in charging the law
on mutual combat when there was no evidence of pre-existing ill-will or a dispute
between victim and petitioner); see also Lujan, 430 S.W.2d at 514 (holding charge
on mutual combat was unwarranted when there was no evidence of an antecedent
agreement); Hughes, 274 S.W. at 147 (finding insufficient evidence of antecedent
agreement to fight); id. ("In our opinion[,] the evidence in this case did not raise the
issue of mutual combat. The evidence is utterly lacking in anything indicating any
prearrangement between the appellant and the deceased to engage in combat. There
is nothing to suggest any ill feeling between [the defendant and victim] until the very
moment they began to fight.").
Finally, there was no evidence that Michael Morgan had reason to believe
Appellant was armed with a deadly weapon before the shooting started. See Taylor,
356 S.C. at 234, 589 S.E.2d at 5. Witnesses testified that they did not see Appellant
with a gun prior to the shooting. No one testified to seeing Appellant flash a gun.
In fact, the basis for the State's theory of mutual combat was that Appellant picked
up Bailey's gun after Bailey was shot. Smalls testified that after Bailey was fatally
wounded, he saw Appellant trying to help put Bailey inside of Humphries' car.
Smalls indicated that was when he saw Appellant holding Bailey's gun and he did
not see Appellant trying to shoot anyone with Bailey's gun. Smalls further stated
that he did not see Appellant with a gun prior to the shooting. Additionally, there
was no conclusive evidence of gun shot residue found on Appellant.5 Moreover,
Appellant's recorded statement, "I ain't killed the boy, I only shot the boy," is
insufficient to support a theory of mutual combat when evidence for one or more
elements of the doctrine is lacking. Therefore, we find there is "insufficient evidence
of a mutual willingness to fight" with deadly weapons and the issue of mutual
combat should not have been submitted to the jury. See id. at 234, 589 S.E.2d at 5
(holding there was insufficient evidence of mutual willingness to fight to submit the
issue of mutual combat to the jury); id. (noting that prior South Carolina cases
5
The evidence presented indicated that there were lead particles found on Appellant;
however, the other two main components of gunshot residue, barium and antimony,
were not found.
"emphasize[d] that each party knew the other was armed"); see also Stewart v. State,
356 S.E.2d 515, 517 (Ga. 1987) (holding there was insufficient evidence to warrant
a charge on mutual combat where "there was no evidence that the victim was armed
with a deadly weapon at the time of the fight, nor [] was there any evidence that
[defendant] and the victim mutually agreed to fight with deadly weapons"); Hughes,
274 S.W. at 147 ("[T]he issue of mutual combat . . . does not arise alone from the
fact that the parties to the affray are mutually engaged in it, but that the issue arises
out of an antecedent agreement to fight . . . [and] before there can be the issue of
mutual combat, the testimony must show that the agreement exists.").
B. Prejudice
However, our inquiry does not end because the erroneous charge must also be
prejudicial to be reversible. Taylor, 356 S.C. at 231, 598 S.E.2d at 3. We find the
erroneous charge on mutual combat was prejudicial because the charge effectively
negated Appellant's self-defense plea.
The commingling of mutual combat and self-defense jury instructions is
problematic. See id. at 233, 589 S.E.2d at 4 (noting that, in Georgia, commingling
charges on mutual combat and self-defense is per se harmful because it places a
heavier burden on the defendant than is required for self-defense (citing Grant v.
State, 170 S.E.2d 55, 56 (Ga. Ct. App. 1969))). Essentially, the no-fault element of
self-defense requires that the defendant is "without fault in bringing on the
difficulty," and the State has the burden of disproving self-defense beyond a
reasonable doubt. State v. Davis, 282 S.C. 45, 46, 317 S.E.2d 452, 453 (1984). Yet
mutual combat negates the no-fault element of self-defense because mutual combat
requires an intent and willingness to fight. Taylor, 356 S.C. at 232, 589 S.E.2d at 3;
see id. at 234, 589 S.E.2d at 4 ("[M]utual combat acts as a bar to self-defense because
it requires mutual agreement to fight on equal terms for purposes other than
protection."). Stated differently, if a person has an intent and willingness to fight,
manifested by conduct, that person cannot be without fault in bringing on the
difficulty, and, as a matter of law, the plea of self-defense is unavailable. See State
v. Porter, 269 S.C. 618, 622, 239 S.E.2d 641, 643 (1977) ("As a general rule, the
plea of self-defense is not available to one who kills another while engaged in mutual
combat.").
To complicate matters further, a defendant may still claim self-defense after
having engaged in mutual combat if, before the killing, the defendant withdraws and
"endeavors in good faith to decline further conflict, and[,] either by word or act,
makes that fact known to his [or her] adversary." Taylor, 356 S.C. at 232 n.2, 589
S.E.2d at 3 n.2 (quoting Graham, 260 S.C. at 451, 196 S.E.2d at 496). This
heightened standard directly conflicts with the no-fault element of self-defense and,
when there is no evidence of mutual combat, has the effect of placing the burden on
the defendant to prove self-defense. This is true even when self-defense is properly
charged, i.e., the jury is instructed that the State must disprove self-defense beyond
a reasonable doubt. Id. at 235, 589 S.E.2d at 5 (noting the trial court charged self-
defense properly but "that charge was negated by the court's unwarranted charge on
mutual combat," which limited the petitioner's "ability to claim self-defense" and
prejudiced the petitioner by requiring him to prove self-defense).
Here, the court instructed the jury on mutual combat and self-defense as
follows:
Now, I want to discuss with you a part of the theory that
you'll have to consider, and it's known as mutual combat.
And this law provides that if a [d]efendant voluntarily
participated in mutual combat for the purpose other than
protection, the killing of a victim would not be self-
defense. This is true even if during the combat[,] the
Defendant feared death or serious bodily injury.
However, if before the killing is committed the
[d]efendant withdraws and tried in good faith to avoid
further conflict, and either by word or act makes that fact
known to the victim, he would be without fault in bringing
on the difficulty.
For mutual combat there must be a mutual intent
and a willingness to fight. This intent may be shown by
the acts and conduct of the parties and circumstances
surrounding the combat. In addition, it must . . . be shown
that both parties were armed with a deadly weapon.
The Defendant has raised the defense of self-
defense. And self-defense would be a complete defense if
it is established, and you must find the Defendant not
guilty. The State has the burden of disproving self-defense
by -- beyond a reasonable doubt. If you have a reasonable
doubt of the Defendant's guilt after considering all the
evidence, including the evidence of self-defense, then you
must find the Defendant not guilty.
The jury was then instructed on the four elements of self-defense.
Additionally, the jury was instructed on the interplay between mutual combat and
self-defense: "[A]s you know the mutual combat says if he's mutually engaged, then
self-defense goes out the window, so to speak. It's not available. But if [the State]
failed to prove that then you would consider the self-defense aspect, or again, the
State had to prove or disprove that self-defense."
Although the court instructed self-defense properly, we find the self-defense
instruction was negated by the court's unwarranted instruction on mutual combat,
which effectively relieved the State of its burden to disprove self-defense and
imposed on Appellant the burden to prove self-defense. See Taylor, 356 S.C. at 235,
589 S.E.2d at 5 (noting the trial court charged self-defense properly but "that charge
was negated by the court's unwarranted charge on mutual combat," which limited
the petitioner's "ability to claim self-defense" and prejudiced the petitioner by
requiring him to prove self-defense). Therefore, we find that Appellant was
prejudiced by having to prove self-defense, contradicting our state's well-established
jurisprudence that the State has the burden of disproving self-defense.
Accordingly, we reverse Appellant's convictions and remand for a new trial.6
Because we reverse based on the unwarranted mutual combat jury instruction, we
need not address Appellant's related argument that the circuit court erred by
instructing the jury on voluntary manslaughter. Edwards v. State, 372 S.C. 493,
496–97, 642 S.E.2d 738, 740 (2007) (holding the appellate court need not address
remaining issues when resolution of a prior issue is dispositive).
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
LOCKEMY, C.J., and THOMAS, J., concur.
6
At oral argument, both counsel for the State and Appellant maintained that all of
Appellant's charges were intertwined and a reversal would apply to all of Appellant's
convictions. We agree—especially, under these circumstances, where Appellant's
self-defense plea was negated by the unwarranted jury instruction. See State v.
Blurton, 352 S.C. 203, 208, 573 S.E.2d 802, 804 (2002) ("If a jury instruction is
provided to the jury that does not fit the facts of the case, it may confuse the jury.").