State v. Heyward ( 2020 )

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Court of Appeals
The State, Respondent,
v.
James Heyward, Appellant.
Appellate Case No. 2017-001542
Appeal From Richland County
R. Knox McMahon, Circuit Court Judge
Opinion No. 5776
Heard February 6, 2020 – Filed October 14, 2020
AFFIRMED
Tara C. Sullivan, Jennifer Hess Thiem, and John Whitney
McGreevy, all of K&L Gates, LLP, of Charleston; and
Chief Appellate Defender Robert Michael Dudek, of
Columbia, all for Appellant.
Attorney General Alan McCrory Wilson, Deputy Attorney General
Donald J. Zelenka, Senior Assistant Attorney General Melody Jane
Brown, Senior Assistant Attorney General Heather Savitz Weiss,
Assistant Attorney General Susannah Rawl Cole, and Assistant
Attorney General William Joseph Maye, all of Columbia, for
Respondent.
WILLIAMS, J.: In this criminal appeal, James Heyward appeals his convictions
for murder, burglary in the first degree, armed robbery, two counts of kidnapping,
assault and battery in the first degree, pointing and presenting a firearm, and
possession of a weapon by a person convicted of a violent crime. On appeal,
Heyward argues the trial court erred in admitting (1) an eyewitness's out-of-court
and in-court identifications of him, (2) a fingerprint card obtained from a New
Jersey database and expert opinion testimony based on those fingerprints, (3)
expert opinion testimony about the operational capabilities of the gun found at
Heyward's residence, and (4) autopsy dissection photographs of the victim's
internal head injuries. Heyward also argues the trial court erred in allowing his
alias "Abdul Muslim" to be included in the indictments and in denying his request
to remove his shackles during jury selection. Finally, Heyward argues he is
entitled to a new trial due to the cumulative errors committed by the trial court.
We affirm.
FACTS/PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On October 11, 2015, authorities responded to what they believed to be a burglary
in progress and found Alice Tollison (Victim) strangled to death in her home. Her
eight-year-old granddaughter (Granddaughter) was bound at her wrists and ankles.
At trial, Investigator Trisha Odom of the Richland County Sheriff's Department
was qualified as an expert on latent print analysis. She testified that after
uploading fingerprints found at the crime scene (the Crime Scene Fingerprints) into
a national database known as the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification
System (AFIS), the sheriff's department received a match for those fingerprints
from New Jersey. The match linked to an FBI number, the name James Heyward,
and the associated fingerprints (the N.J. Fingerprints). Investigator Odom
compared the N.J. Fingerprints to the Crime Scene Fingerprints, determined they
were a match, and wrote three reports. Heyward was subsequently arrested, and
his fingerprints were taken at the jail (the Booking Fingerprints). Investigator
Odom completed subsequent reports using both the N.J. Fingerprints and the
Booking Fingerprints. Although she did not conduct a minutia comparison
between the N.J. Fingerprints and the Booking Fingerprints, she conducted a
pattern comparison, and she testified there was no doubt in her mind the same
person made the two sets of prints. Heyward objected to the admission of
summaries of Investigator Odom's reports, arguing the initial reports used the
unauthenticated N.J. Fingerprints and any analysis of later fingerprints is
inadmissible because she did not indicate she compared a known standard (i.e. the
Booking Fingerprints) with the N.J. Fingerprints. The trial court found the State
presented sufficient evidence to satisfy the authentication requirements and
overruled Heyward's objection.
The day after Victim's murder, Granddaughter was interviewed at the Assessment
and Resource Center (ARC)1 and that interview was video recorded (the
Recording). 2 Following that interview, while she was still being recorded,
Investigator Joe Clarke, an investigator in the Richland County Sheriff's
Department's Special Victims Unit, met with Granddaughter. Investigator Clarke
showed Granddaughter a lineup, which consisted of six African American men
(the Lineup), and Granddaughter selected number three, which was a picture of
Heyward. Heyward was subsequently arrested and indicted.
Prior to trial, the trial court conducted a hearing pursuant to Neil v. Biggers3 to
determine the admissibility of Granddaughter's identification of Heyward based on
the Lineup. During the Biggers hearing, Investigator Clarke testified the South
Carolina Law Enforcement Division (SLED) prepared the Lineup using a database
and when he received the Lineup, he evaluated it to ensure it was fair. He also
testified as to the contents of the interview, and the trial court viewed the recording
of the interview. Granddaughter testified about her identification based on the
Lineup, and when asked if she picked number three because she recognized him,
Granddaughter responded affirmatively. Granddaughter pointed to Heyward in the
courtroom when asked if that man was in the room. The trial court found there
was no undue suggestiveness in Granddaughter's identification based on the
Lineup and found the Lineup and the Recording were admissible.
Prior to trial, the trial court also held a hearing on and denied Heyward's motion to
strike his alias, "Abdul Muslim," from the indictments. The trial court also denied
Heyward's pretrial motion to remove his ankle shackles during jury selection. The
trial court agreed to reserve its ruling on a pretrial motion concerning autopsy
photographs until after the testimony of Dr. Amy Durso, the State's pathologist.
The photographs were admitted at trial following the in camera testimony of Dr.
Durso.
At trial, Granddaughter testified she was at Victim's house when someone knocked
on the door. Granddaughter later walked into the kitchen, where she found Victim
and a man with a duffel bag. The man told her to sit down across the table from
Victim before he put a gold rusty gun with two spots for bullets on the table. He
1
ARC is a third-party entity through the Department of Mental Health that has a
medical team and forensic investigators who interview children in a controlled
environment without law enforcement.
2
Granddaughter's interview at ARC was consistent with her testimony at trial.
3
409 U.S. 188 (1972).
demanded money from Victim, and when Victim denied having money, he put his
arms around her neck and strangled her to death. The man then took
Granddaughter to a closet and closed the door. When he returned and she asked
him what was happening, he said Victim was sleeping. The man later took
Granddaughter to a different room where he bound her hands and feet.
Granddaughter struggled to get loose but eventually fell asleep, and when she
woke up, the man was no longer in the home. Granddaughter was able to get to a
phone and call 911. She further testified she remembered her interview at ARC
and the Lineup, and she identified Heyward in the courtroom.
Mattie Canzater testified that at the time of Victim's murder, Heyward and his wife
were renting two rooms in her home. She knew Heyward went by the names of
Abdul and Rasheed. The Friday before the murder, she took Heyward to Victim's
house to pick up tables for a yard sale, but they did not go inside. The day of
Victim's murder, she did not see Heyward before church, and when she returned
home after 3:00 P.M., Heyward's family was in the home, but he was not. When
Heyward returned, he was carrying a large black trash bag. The next morning, she
learned Victim was murdered, and she was afraid because the suspect's description
matched Heyward's attire when he came home the day before. She confronted
Heyward and told him Victim's gardener told the police she and Heyward had been
there, the suspect's description fit him, and she knew he was not home around the
time of the murder. Immediately after she confronted Heyward, he shaved his hair.
Lieutenant Kevin Isenhoward testified that during a phone call between Heyward
and Heyward's wife that occurred while Heyward was incarcerated, Heyward's
wife told Heyward she called CrimeStoppers and tried to blame a man named
Derek for Victim's murder in an attempt to divert attention away from him. Chief
Stan Smith testified a gun that matched the description given to officers by
Granddaughter was found in a closet in the home where Heyward was residing.
The handgun was admitted into evidence, and the State offered as an expert
Investigator David Collins, a fire and tool marks examiner in the forensic sciences
laboratory for the Richland County Sheriff's Department. Heyward objected to
Investigator Collins as a witness, arguing Investigator Collins would be testifying
as to whether or not the gun found at Heyward's residence was operational, which
was irrelevant. The trial court overruled Heyward's objection.
Dr. Gray Amick, the laboratory director with the Richland County Sheriff's
Department, testified Heyward's DNA was found under Victim's fingernails, on a
swab of her neck, and on a swab of a draft stopper found around her neck. There
was additional testimony that Heyward's fingerprints were found on the interior
side of the entry door at Victim's home, on a jewelry box, and on other items
located inside the home.
The jury found Heyward guilty as indicted, and Heyward was sentenced to two
consecutive terms of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for murder
and burglary, a consecutive term of thirty years for armed robbery, a consecutive
term of thirty years for kidnapping, a consecutive term of ten years for assault and
battery, and two concurrent terms of five years for pointing and presenting a
firearm and unlawful possession of a firearm. This appeal followed.
ISSUES ON APPEAL
I. Did the trial court err in admitting evidence and testimony regarding
Granddaughter's identification of Heyward from the Lineup and her subsequent
in-court identification?
II. Did the trial court err in admitting the N.J. Fingerprints and testimony based on
the N.J. Fingerprints?
III. Did the trial court err in allowing expert opinion testimony about the
operational capabilities of the gun?
IV. Did the trial court err in allowing Heyward's alias, "Abdul Muslim," to be
included in the indictments and at trial?
V. Did the trial court err in admitting the photographs of Victim's internal head
injuries?
VI. Did the trial court err in denying Heyward's request to remove his shackles
during jury selection?
VII. Did the trial court err in denying Heyward's motion for a new trial?
LAW/ANALYSIS
I. Eyewitness Identification
Heyward contends the trial court erred in admitting evidence and testimony
regarding (1) Granddaughter's out-of-court identification of him based on the
Lineup and (2) her subsequent in-court identification. Specifically, Heyward
argues Granddaughter's identifications should not have been admitted because (1)
she did not make a positive identification when she viewed the Lineup and (2) the
Lineup was unduly suggestive, unreliable, and conducive to irreparable
misidentification. We disagree.
"Generally, the decision to admit an eyewitness identification is at the trial judge's
discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of such, or the
commission of prejudicial legal error." State v. Moore, 343 S.C. 282, 288, 540
S.E.2d 445, 448 (2000).
a. Positive Identification
First, Heyward contends Granddaughter did not make an out-of-court identification
when viewing the Lineup. We disagree.
In State v. Washington, while evaluating the reliability of the witness's
identification of the defendant, this court addressed the certainty of the witness's
identification. 323 S.C. 106, 111–12, 473 S.E.2d 479, 481–82 (Ct. App. 1996).
When the witness picked the defendant from a photographic lineup, he indicated he
was "ninety nine percent sure" the defendant was the person who attempted to rob
him, and his signed statement noted the defendant "best resembles" the attempted
robber. Id. at 411, 473 S.E.2d at 481. This court found certainty is not always
required in the identification of witnesses "[b]ecause the jury ha[s] the opportunity
to observe the witness and attach the credibility it deem[s] proper to [the witness's]
testimony, including the certainty or uncertainty of [the] identification." Id. at
111–12, 473 S.E.2d at 481–82.4
Granddaughter's out-of-court identification based on the Lineup was captured in
the Recording. The Recording shows that after viewing the Lineup,
Granddaughter indicated "Number three looks kind of like him . . . . Number
three." Granddaughter circled the number three and wrote her first name next to it.
Granddaughter then stated: "You're going to try to catch someone who looks like
that . . . but it's probably not exactly because that isn't exactly . . . ." Investigator
4
In concluding that certainty is not always required in the identification by a
witness, the court in Washington cited United States v. Peoples, in which the
Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the South Carolina district court's
admission of an in-court identification by a witness and noted "an identification is
not unreliable because it is phrased in uncertain terms." 323 S.C. at 111, 473
S.E.2d at 481–82 (citing United States v. Peoples, 748 F.2d 934, 936 (4th Cir.
1984) (per curiam)).
Clarke asked Granddaughter if she felt confident that was the man she picked out,
and she stated, "Yes. That looked a lot like him . . . and I get really scared when I
see him." When Granddaughter indicated that another man in the Lineup looked
like her janitor, Investigator Clarke sought assurance that the other man did not
look like the man who came into her house, and Granddaughter stated he did not.
As the entirety of the trial transcript was not provided in the record, it is not clear if
the jury viewed the Recording. However, even if the Recording was not viewed by
the jury, Granddaughter stated, in the presence of the jury, that when viewing the
Lineup, she looked for the person who looked most like the man who killed Victim
and she selected number three because he scared her and he looked like him.
Additionally, Heyward was able to cross-examine Granddaughter about the Lineup
and about her conversation with Investigator Clarke. Based on the foregoing, we
find the trial court did not err in admitting evidence regarding Granddaughter's
out-of-court identification. Even though there was arguably some uncertainty in
her initial selection, the jury was able to observe Granddaughter and attach
credibility to her testimony. See id. (finding certainty is not always required in the
identification of witnesses because the jury is able to observe the witness and
consider the certainty or uncertainty of the identification when determining the
witness's credibility).
b. Suggestiveness and Reliability
Heyward also argues Granddaughter's out-of-court identification from the Lineup
and her subsequent in-court identification of him should not have been admitted
because the Lineup was unduly suggestive, unreliable, and conducive to
irreparable misidentification. We disagree.
"[A]n eyewitness identification which is unreliable because of suggestive line-up
procedures is constitutionally inadmissible as a matter of law." Moore, 343 S.C. at
288, 540 S.E.2d at 448. "[W]hether an eyewitness identification is sufficiently
reliable is a mixed question of law and fact." Id. "In reviewing mixed questions of
law and fact, whe[n] the evidence supports but one reasonable inference, the
question becomes a matter of law for the court." Id.
In Neil v. Biggers, the Supreme Court set forth a two-prong inquiry to determine
the admissibility of out-of-court identifications. 409 U.S. at 198–99. The first
prong requires the court to determine whether the out-of-court identification was a
result of "unnecessarily suggestive" police procedures. State v. Dukes, 404 S.C.
553, 557, 745 S.E.2d 137, 139 (Ct. App. 2013) (quoting Biggers, 409 U.S. at 198–
99). If the court finds that impermissibly suggestive police procedures were not
used, the inquiry ends, and the court does not consider the second prong. Id. at
557–58, 745 S.E.2d at 139. However, if the court finds impermissibly suggestive
identification procedures were used, the court must determine whether the
identification was "so reliable that no substantial likelihood of misidentification
existed." Id. at 558, 745 S.E.2d at 139 (quoting State v. Liverman, 398 S.C. 130,
138, 727 S.E.2d 422, 426 (2012)). If an out-of-court identification is the result of
unnecessarily suggestive police procedures, an in-court identification is
inadmissible. State v. Brown, 356 S.C. 496, 502–03, 589 S.E.2d 781, 784 (Ct.
App. 2003).
Heyward argues Investigator Clarke telling Granddaughter to be brave and help
him without telling her she did not have to choose anyone before showing her the
Lineup was unnecessarily suggestive. However, before showing Granddaughter
the Lineup, Investigator Clarke said, "See if you can see the bad man who did this
to your grandmomma" and noted "if you see the man you saw in your house
yesterday that hurt your grandma, I want you to tell me, okay?" (emphasis added).
Although Investigator Clarke did not specifically tell Granddaughter she did not
have to choose anyone from the Lineup, we found no authority requiring him to do
so. Furthermore, Investigator Clarke's use of the word "if" suggested to
Granddaughter she did not have to choose someone from the Lineup. The record
also indicates Granddaughter did not believe she had to choose someone from the
Lineup because at trial, she testified she would not have picked anyone from the
Lineup if she did not see someone that looked like the man who killed Victim. At
trial, Granddaughter stood by her selection of Heyward when she (1) indicated
number three in the Lineup was the man who tied her up and killed Victim, (2)
pointed to Heyward when asked if that man was in the courtroom, and (3) stated
there was no doubt in her mind that Heyward was the man who hurt Victim.
Heyward also argues Granddaughter's repeated exposure to Heyward's photograph
and the fact that Heyward was the only one from the Lineup present in the
courtroom when Granddaughter made her in-court identification influenced her
identification of Heyward as Victim's killer. We disagree. Nothing in the record
indicates Granddaughter was exposed to Heyward's photograph repeatedly, and we
found no authority requiring other members of a photograph lineup to be present in
court. Because we find the Lineup was not unduly suggestive, we are not required
to consider whether Granddaughter's identification of Heyward was reliable. See
Dukes, 404 S.C. at 557–58, 745 S.E.2d at 139 (stating if the court finds that
impermissibly suggestive police procedures were not used, the inquiry ends, and
the court does not consider the second prong of reliability). Thus, we find the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence and testimony regarding
Granddaughter's out-of-court identification of Heyward. See Moore, 343 S.C. at
288, 540 S.E.2d at 448 ("[T]he decision to admit an eyewitness identification is at
the trial judge's discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of
such, or the commission of prejudicial legal error.").
Furthermore, Heyward's challenge of Granddaughter's in-court identification was
predicated upon his argument that the out-of-court identification was improper.
See Brown, 356 S.C. at 502–03, 589 S.E.2d at 784 (finding that if an out-of-court
identification is the result of unnecessarily suggestive police procedures, an
in-court identification is inadmissible). Because we find the trial court did not err
in admitting the out-of-court identification, we find the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in admitting the in-court identification. See Moore, 343 S.C. at 288, 540
S.E.2d at 448 ("[T]he decision to admit an eyewitness identification is at the trial
judge's discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of such, or
the commission of prejudicial legal error."); see also Brown, 356 S.C. at 502–03,
589 S.E.2d at 784 ("An in court identification of an accused is inadmissible if a
suggestive out-of-court identification procedure created a very substantial
likelihood of irreparable misidentification.")
II. Fingerprints
Heyward contends the trial court erred in admitting the N.J. Fingerprints because
they were not properly authenticated by the State. Specifically, Heyward contends
the trial court improperly allowed evidence regarding the match between the N.J.
Fingerprints and the Crime Scene Fingerprints because the State failed to establish
when and where the N.J. Fingerprints were taken. Although we agree the State
failed to establish when and where the N.J. Fingerprints were taken, we,
nevertheless, find the N.J. Fingerprints were properly authenticated.
"The admissibility of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial judge."
State v. Mansfield, 343 S.C. 66, 77, 538 S.E.2d 257, 263 (Ct. App. 2000).
"Accordingly, evidentiary rulings of the trial court will not be reversed on appeal
absent an abuse of discretion or the commission of a legal error which results in
prejudice to the defendant." Id. "Prejudice occurs when there is reasonable
probability the wrongly admitted evidence influenced the jury's verdict." State v.
Byers, 392 S.C. 438, 444, 710 S.E.2d 55, 58 (2011). "Where 'guilt has been
conclusively proven by competent evidence such that no other rational conclusion
can be reached,' an insubstantial error that does not affect the result of the trial is
considered harmless." Id. at 447, 710 S.E.2d at 60 (quoting State v. Pagan, 369
S.C. 201, 212, 631 S.E.2d 262, 267 (2006)).
In evaluating the admissibility of fingerprint cards, our supreme court has adopted
a two-prong approach. State v. Anderson, 386 S.C. 120, 126, 687 S.E.2d 35, 38
(2009). First, the court must determine "whether the fingerprint card was
testimonial in nature and, if so, fell within an exception to the hearsay rule." Id. If
there is an applicable hearsay exception, the court then must assess authentication.
Id.
On appeal, Heyward does not contend the N.J. Fingerprints were hearsay. Thus,
we confine our analysis to the determination of the authenticity of the N.J.
Fingerprints.
In Anderson, our supreme court provided an analysis of the pertinent rules of
evidence to highlight ways in which fingerprints could be authenticated. Id. at
128–29, 687 S.E.2d at 39. The court cited to the non-exhaustive examples of
authentication contained in Rule 901(b), SCRE. Id. at 129, 687 S.E.2d at 39. The
court found Rule 901(b)(4),5 (7),6 and (9),7 provided for authentication of the
fingerprints obtained from AFIS in that case. Id. at 129–32, 687 S.E.2d at 39–41.
It also found even if the evidence did not precisely fit within one of the examples
provided in Rule 901(b), a more generalized approach to Rule 901 would also
provide for authentication in that case because an expert in fingerprint analysis
"testified regarding the method and technology in which he analyzed the latent
fingerprints with the known prints . . . [, which] included a thorough explanation of
how an arrestee's fingerprints are taken, stored, and maintained." Id. at 131–32,
687 S.E.2d at 41. The court also noted that the expert used the
officially-maintained known fingerprints and opined that they matched the latent
fingerprint found at the victims' home. Id. at 132, 687 S.E.2d at 41. Our supreme
court found this was sufficient "to support a finding that the matter in question
[was] what [the State] claim[ed]." Id. (quoting Rule 901(a), SCRE).
5
Rule 901(b)(4) states "[the a]ppearance, contents, substance, internal patterns, or
other distinctive characteristics [of the item], taken together with all the
circumstances" may be used to authenticate evidence.
6
Rule 901(b)(7) provides authentication can be established by "[e]vidence that a
writing authorized by law to be recorded or filed and in fact recorded or filed in a
public office, or a purported public record, report, statement, or data compilation,
in any form, is from the public office where items of this nature are kept."
7
Rule 901(b)(9) provides authentication can be established by "[e]vidence
describing a process or system used to produce a result and showing that the
process or system produces an accurate result."
In this case, we find Rule 901(b)(3), SCRE, allows the authentication of the N.J.
Fingerprints. Rule 901(b)(3) provides "[a c]omparison by the trier of fact or by
expert witnesses with specimens which have been authenticated" can authenticate
evidence. On appeal, Heyward does not argue that the Booking Fingerprints were
not authenticated. Smith v. State, 413 S.C. 194, 196, 775 S.E.2d 696, 697 (2015)
(stating an unappealed ruling is the law of the case). Investigator Odom was
qualified as an expert in latent print analysis. Although she stated she did not
conduct a minutia comparison between the N.J. Fingerprints and the Booking
Fingerprints, she compared the two sets of fingerprints and stated that pattern wise,
the prints were the same. Investigator Odom testified there was no doubt the same
person made the N.J. Fingerprints and the Booking Fingerprints. Because
Investigator Odom compared the N.J. Fingerprints with the authenticated Booking
Fingerprints, the N.J. Fingerprints were authenticated by the comparison of the two
sets of fingerprints by the expert witness pursuant to Rule 901(b)(3).8 Thus, we
find the trial court did not err in admitting the N.J. Fingerprints.
III. Operational Capabilities of the Gun
Heyward argues the trial court erred in allowing expert testimony about the
operational capabilities of the recovered firearm. Specifically, he contends the
testimony was not relevant to the charges against him and was needlessly
8
Furthermore, even if the N.J. Fingerprints would not have been properly
authenticated, any error was harmless because it did not prejudice Heyward. See
State v. Adams, 354 S.C. 361, 381, 580 S.E.2d 785, 795 (Ct. App. 2003) ("[A]n
insubstantial error not affecting the result of the trial is harmless where 'guilt has
been conclusively proven by competent evidence such that no other rational
conclusion can be reached.'" (quoting State v. Bailey, 298 S.C. 1, 5, 377 S.E.2d
581, 584 (1989))). Investigator Odom testified she used both the N.J. Fingerprints
and the Booking Fingerprints to determine that Heyward's fingerprints matched the
fingerprints found at the crime scene. Outside of the other fingerprint evidence,
Granddaughter identified Heyward as Victim's killer; DNA evidence obtained at
the crime scene was a match to Heyward; a gun matching Granddaughter's
description of the assailant's gun was found in the home in which Heyward was
living; there was testimony that Heyward's wife called in a false CrimeStopper tip
to divert attention from him; and Canzater testified Heyward had been to Victim's
home with her, was wearing clothing that matched the description of the suspect on
the day of the murder, and shaved his head after she confronted him with the news
of Victim's death.
cumulative and prejudicial. We find the trial court erred in allowing the expert
testimony, but such error was harmless.
"The decision to admit or exclude testimony from an expert witness rests within
the trial court's sound discretion." State v. Price, 368 S.C. 494, 498, 629 S.E.2d
363, 365 (2006). Thus, the trial court's admission of expert testimony will not be
reversed unless there was an abuse of discretion, which occurs when the trial
court's decision is based on an error of law or a factual conclusion without
evidentiary support. Id. "'Relevant evidence' means evidence having any tendency
to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the
action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." Rule
401, SCRE.
The trial court found the operability of the gun was relevant to the pointing and
presenting charge. The trial court also found the operability of the gun was
relevant to the robbery charge as to whether or not the gun was an instrument that
could cause great bodily harm. We disagree.
Section 16-23-410 of the South Carolina Code (2015) provides: "It is unlawful for
a person to present or point at another person a loaded or unloaded firearm."
Section 16-23-405 of the South Carolina Code (2015) defines "firearm" for
purposes of chapter 23, which includes section 16-23-410, as a "rifle, shotgun,
pistol, or similar device that propels a projectile through the energy of an
explosive." Subsection 16-11-330(A) of the South Carolina Code (2015) defines
armed robbery as follows:
[R]obbery while armed with a pistol, dirk, slingshot,
metal knuckles, razor, or other deadly weapon, or while
alleging, either by action or words, he was armed while
using a representation of a deadly weapon or any object
which a person present during the commission of the
robbery reasonably believed to be a deadly weapon.
"All rules of statutory construction are subservient to the one that the legislative
intent must prevail if it can be reasonably discovered in the language used, and that
language must be construed in light of the intended purpose of the statute." State v.
Sweat, 386 S.C. 339, 350, 688 S.E.2d 569, 575 (2010) (quoting Broadhurst v. City
of Myrtle Beach Election Comm'n, 342 S.C. 373, 380, 537 S.E.2d 543, 546
(2000)). "A statute should be so construed that no word, clause, sentence,
provision or part shall be rendered surplusage, or superfluous." Id. at 351, 688
S.E.2d at 575 (quoting In re Decker, 322 S.C. 215, 219, 471 S.E.2d 462, 463
(1995)). However, "[c]ourts will reject a statutory interpretation which would lead
to a result so plainly absurd that it could not have been intended by the Legislature
or would defeat the plain legislative intention." Id.
Because section 16-23-410 provides it is unlawful to present or point an unloaded
firearm at another person, it would produce an absurd result that would defeat the
plain legislative intent of the pointing and presenting charge to require proof that
the firearm is capable of propelling a projectile while also allowing an unloaded
gun to meet the criteria. Likewise, because subsection 16-11-330(A) provides that
being armed with a representation of a deadly weapon meets the criteria for armed
robbery, it would produce an absurd result to require proof that the firearm was
operational. Thus, we find the trial court abused its discretion in allowing expert
testimony about the operational capabilities of the firearm because such testimony
was not relevant to Heyward's charges.
However, we find this error harmless because it did not prejudice Heyward. See
Adams, 354 S.C. at 381, 580 S.E.2d at 795 ("[A]n insubstantial error not affecting
the result of the trial is harmless where 'guilt has been conclusively proven by
competent evidence such that no other rational conclusion can be reached.'"
(quoting Bailey, 298 S.C. at 5, 377 S.E.2d at 584)). Granddaughter identified
Heyward as Victim's killer; fingerprint and DNA evidence obtained at the crime
scene were matched to Heyward; a gun matching Granddaughter's description of
the assailant's gun was found in the home where Heyward lived; there was
testimony that Heyward's wife called in a false CrimeStopper tip to divert attention
from Heyward; and Canzater testified Heyward had been to Victim's home with
her, was wearing clothing that matched the description of the suspect on the day of
the murder, and shaved his head after she confronted him with the news of Victim's
death. Thus, we find the admission of the expert testimony regarding the
operational capabilities of the gun was harmless and does not require reversal.
IV. The Alias
Heyward contends the trial court erred in allowing his alias "Abdul Muslim" to be
used in the indictments and at trial because use of the alias invited undue prejudice
from the jury. We disagree.
An appellate court reviews the trial court's ruling on a motion to strike for an abuse
of discretion. United States v. Williams, 445 F.3d 724, 733 (4th Cir. Ct. App.
2006); Totaro v. Turner, 273 S.C. 134, 135, 254 S.E.2d 800, 801 (1979).
In United States v. Clark, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals held:
If the Government intends to introduce evidence of an
alias and the use of that alias is necessary to identify the
defendant in connection with the acts charged in the
indictment, the inclusion of the alias in the indictment is
both relevant and permissible, and a pretrial motion to
strike should not be granted.
541 F.2d 1016, 1018 (4th Cir. 1976) (per curiam). "However, if the prosecution
either fails to offer proof relating to the alias or the alias, although proven, holds no
relationship to the acts charged, a motion to strike may be renewed, the alias
stricken and an appropriate instruction given to the jury." Id. "Motions to strike
surplusage from an indictment will be granted only where the challenged
allegations are 'not relevant to the crime charged and are inflammatory and
prejudicial.'" United States v. Scarpa, 913 F.2d 993, 1013 (2nd Cir. 1990) (quoting
United States v. Napolitano, 552 F. Supp. 465, 480 (S.D.N.Y. 1982)). "[I]f
evidence of the allegation is admissible and relevant to the charge, then regardless
of how prejudicial the language is, it may not be stricken." Id. (alteration in
original) (quoting United States v. DePalma, 461 F. Supp. 778, 797 (S.D.N.Y.
1978)). "Aliases and nicknames should not be stricken from an indictment when
evidence regarding those aliases or nicknames will be presented to the jury at
trial." United States v. Rittweger, 259 F. Supp. 2d 275, 293 (S.D.N.Y. 2003).
We find the trial court properly denied Heyward's pretrial motion to strike the alias
because the State established it intended "to introduce evidence of an alias and
[that] the use of that alias [was] necessary to identify [Heyward] in connection with
the acts charged in the indictment." See Clark, 541 F.2d at 1018 ("If the
Government intends to introduce evidence of an alias and the use of that alias is
necessary to identify the defendant in connection with the acts charged in the
indictment, the inclusion of the alias in the indictment is both relevant and
permissible, and a pretrial motion to strike should not be granted."). During the
pretrial motions hearing, the State indicated DNA found under Victim's fingernail
scrapings produced a Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) hit that linked the
sample to Abdul Muslim. Heyward's name was not associated with the hit, but the
information on Abdul Muslim found through CODIS included fingerprints that
matched Heyward's fingerprints. The State argued it believed Heyward was going
to challenge the DNA expert's, Dr. Greg Amick, findings, so it thought the alias
was relevant because it supported Dr. Amick's findings. The State further
indicated it would amend the indictment to remove "Abdul Muslim" if Heyward
agreed not to challenge the DNA evidence. Based on the foregoing, we find the
State sufficiently established it intended to introduce evidence of the alias and that
the alias was necessary to connect the acts charged with Heyward.9
Based on the foregoing, we find the trial court did not err in denying Heyward's
motion to strike the alias from the indictments.10
V. The Photographs
Heyward argues the trial court erred in admitting autopsy dissection photographs
(the Photographs) of Victim's internal head injuries because the Photographs were
irrelevant, lacked probative value, and were calculated to inflame the passions of
the jury. Specifically, Heyward asserts the Photographs lacked probative value
because the cause of Victim's death was strangulation, not injuries to her head, and
because the Photographs led to a risk of undue prejudice based on their gruesome
nature. We disagree.
"The relevancy, materiality, and admissibility of photographs as evidence are
matters left to the sound discretion of the trial court." State v. Nance, 320 S.C.
501, 508, 466 S.E.2d 349, 353 (1996). A trial court's "decision regarding the
9
The State offered proof at trial that the alias held a relationship to the acts
charged. However, even if it would have failed to do so, the use of the alias would
not have been an error because Heyward did not renew his motion to strike. See
id. ("[I]f the prosecution either fails to offer proof relating to the alias or the alias,
although proven, holds no relationship to the acts charged, a motion to strike may
be renewed, the alias stricken and an appropriate instruction given to the jury."); id.
(finding even though the existence of the appellant's alias did not connect his
identity to the robbery, because the appellant did not renew his motion to strike and
because there was no showing the use of the alias was prejudicial, the use of the
alias was not an error).
10
Heyward also argues he was unfairly prejudiced by the inclusion of the alias.
We disagree. See Scarpa, 913 F.2d at 1013 ("[I]f evidence of the allegation is
admissible and relevant to the charge, then regardless of how prejudicial the
language is, it may not be stricken." (alteration in original) (quoting DePalma, 461
F. Supp. at 797)). Furthermore, the trial court noted it believed any potential
prejudice stemming from the alias could be addressed by voir dire, and Heyward
conceded "I certainly do not disagree with you that voir dire can address the issue
of prejudice." See State v. Rios, 388 S.C. 335, 341, 696 S.E.2d 608, 612 (Ct. App.
2010) (stating appellate review of an issue is not preserved when it was conceded
at trial).
comparative probative value and prejudicial effect of evidence should be reversed
only in exceptional circumstances." State v. Collins, 409 S.C. 524, 534, 763
S.E.2d 22, 28 (2014) (quoting State v. Adams, 354 S.C. 361, 378, 580 S.E.2d 785,
794 (Ct. App. 2003)). In balancing the danger of unfair prejudice with the
probative value of a piece of evidence, "the determination must be based on the
entire record and will turn on the facts of each case." State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328,
338, 665 S.E.2d 201, 206 (Ct. App. 2008).
"To be classified as unfairly prejudicial, photographs must have a 'tendency to
suggest a decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an
emotional one.'" State v. Torres, 390 S.C. 618, 623, 703 S.E.2d 226, 228–29
(2010) (quoting State v. Franklin, 318 S.C. 47, 55, 456 S.E.2d 357, 361 (1995)).
"[P]hotographs calculated to arouse the sympathy or prejudice of the jury should
be excluded if they are irrelevant or unnecessary to the issues at trial." State v.
Johnson, 338 S.C. 114, 122, 525 S.E.2d 519, 523 (2000). However, "[i]t is well
settled in this state that '[i]f the [. . . ] photograph serves to corroborate testimony,
it is not an abuse of discretion to admit it.'" Torres, 390 S.C. at 623, 703 S.E.2d at
229 (first alteration in original) (quoting Nance, 320 S.C. at 508, 466 S.E.2d at
353). Our courts have found autopsy photographs may be admitted "in an effort to
show the circumstances of the crime and character of the defendant." Id. "'The
mere fact that an item of evidence is gruesome or revolting, if it sheds light on,
strengthens or gives character to other evidence sustaining the issues in the case,
should not exclude it.'" Collins, 409 S.C. at 535, 763 S.E.2d at 28 (quoting Nichols
v. State, 100 So. 2d 750, 756 (Ala. 1958)).
In State v. Gray, this court found the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it
admitted three photographs, which were taken during an autopsy and showed the
victim's exposed skull and brain. 408 S.C. 601, 609, 619, 759 S.E.2d 160, 165,
170 (Ct. App. 2014). This court found the photographs had probative value
because they corroborated the pathologist's findings concerning the extent and
location of the victim's head injuries and cause of death and were important to the
State's ability to prove malice. Id. at 612–16, 759 S.E.2d at 166–68.
In the present case, we find the trial court properly evaluated the probative value of
the Photographs with respect to the question of malice. See State v. Hawes, 423
S.C. 118, 130–31, 813 S.E.2d 513, 519–20 (Ct. App. 2018) (finding the trial court
did not abuse its discretion when it admitted crime scene photographs that
established the circumstances of the crime scene, corroborated the testimony of a
witness and a responding officer, and were relevant to the issue of malice); id. at
131, 813 S.E.2d at 520 (noting "the crime scene photographs were relevant to the
issue of malice because they showed how, where, and how many times [the victim]
was attacked."); see also Nance, 320 S.C. at 508, 466 S.E.2d at 353 (finding
photographs of the victim's stab wounds were "relevant to the issue of malice").
Heyward was charged with murder, and section 16-3-10 of the South Carolina
Code (2015) provides, "'Murder' is the killing of any person with malice
aforethought, either express or implied." "'Malice aforethought' is defined as 'the
requisite mental state for common-law murder' and it utilizes four possible mental
states to encompass both specific and general intent to commit the crime." State v.
Kinard, 373 S.C. 500, 503, 646 S.E.2d 168, 169 (Ct. App. 2007) (quoting Black's
Law Dictionary (7th ed. 1999)), overruled on other grounds by State v. Burdette,
427 S.C. 490, 832 S.E.2d 575 (2019). Dr. Durso testified Victim's head injuries
demonstrated that a struggle occurred and Victim suffered a violent death. Dr.
Durso stated the injuries show Victim was struck on multiple planes of her head
and there was not just one terminal fall, which indicated there was more than just a
strangulation. Thus, we find the Photographs were important to establish that
Heyward acted with malice. See Nance, 320 S.C. at 508, 466 S.E.2d at 353; Gray,
408 S.C. at 614, 759 S.E.2d at 167.
Furthermore, we find the trial court properly determined the Photographs
corroborated Dr. Durso's testimony. See Torres, 390 S.C. at 623, 703 S.E.2d at
229 ("It is well settled in this state that '[i]f the [. . . ] photograph serves to
corroborate testimony, it is not an abuse of discretion to admit it.'" (first alteration
in original) (quoting Nance, 320 S.C. at 508, 466 S.E.2d at 353)). Although
Victim's cause of death was strangulation, Dr. Durso testified Victim's head
injuries indicated she suffered a violent death involving more than just
strangulation and that those injuries contributed to her conclusion of the cause of
death. Dr. Durso also testified the Photographs would be necessary to assist her in
explaining Victim's head injuries to the jury. Thus, we find Dr. Durso's testimony
increased the probative value of the Photographs because her use of the
Photographs to explain Victim's injuries demonstrated "the extent and nature of the
injuries in a way that would not be as easily understood based on [expert]
testimony alone." State v. Holder, 382 S.C. 278, 290, 676 S.E.2d 690, 697 (2009).
Moreover, we have viewed the photographs, and we find they were not unduly
prejudicial to Heyward. See Torres, 390 S.C. at 623, 703 S.E.2d at 228–29 ("To be
classified as unfairly prejudicial, photographs must have a 'tendency to suggest a
decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional
one.'" (quoting Franklin, 318 S.C. at 55, 456 S.E.2d at 361)). Based on the
foregoing, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the
Photographs.
VI. The Shackles
Heyward contends the trial court erred in denying his request to remove his
shackles during jury selection. Specifically, Heyward argues the trial court abused
its discretion because (1) it failed to properly exercise its discretion and (2) there
was no evidence of a security concern that would outweigh the prejudice to
Heyward of appearing before potential jurors in shackles. We agree the trial court
abused its discretion in denying Heyward's motion to remove his shackles during
jury selection, but we find such error was harmless.
"Whether a defendant is restrained during trial is within the trial judge's discretion.
The trial judge is to balance the prejudicial effect of shackling with the
considerations of courtroom decorum and security." State v. Tucker, 320 S.C. 206,
209, 464 S.E.2d 105, 107 (1995).
In Deck v. Missouri, the defendant was shackled with leg irons, handcuffs, and a
belly chain, which would have been readily apparent to the jury, during the penalty
phase of a capital case. 544 U.S. 622, 624 (2005). The State claimed the Missouri
Supreme Court's decision met the Constitution's requirements regarding the
shackling of a defendant during trial because the Missouri Supreme Court properly
found (1) the record lacked evidence that the jury saw the defendant's restraints, (2)
the trial court acted within its discretion, and (3) the defendant suffered no
prejudice. Id. at 634. The Supreme Court disagreed, noting the record (1)
indicated the jury was aware of the defendant's shackles and (2) contained no
formal or informal findings. Id. The Supreme Court further indicated Missouri's
argument failed to take into account the Court's statement in Holbrook v. Flynn
that shackling is "inherently prejudicial." Id. at 635 (quoting Holbrook v. Flynn,
475 U.S. 560, 568 (1986)). Ultimately, the Supreme Court held "the Constitution
forbids the use of visible shackles during the penalty phase, as it forbids their use
during the guilt phase, unless that use is 'justified by an essential state interest'—
such as the interest in courtroom security—specific to the defendant on trial." Id.
at 624 (quoting Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 568–69 (emphasis added)).
Like in Deck, the record contains no formal or informal findings of fact to indicate
the trial court exercised its discretion in denying Heyward's request to remove his
shackles as the trial court merely stated "that motion is denied." Id. at 634
(rejecting Missouri's argument that the trial court acted in its discretion because the
record contained no formal or informal findings). The record is devoid of any
reason why Heyward should have been shackled. There were no concerns of
courtroom decorum or security raised, as the only mention of courtroom security
was Heyward's assertion that he was well-behaved in his three prior court
appearances. Thus, we find the trial court abused its discretion in denying
Heyward's request to remove his shackles during jury selection. See Tucker, 320
S.C. at 209, 464 S.E.2d at 107 ("The trial judge is to balance the prejudicial effect
of shackling with the considerations of courtroom decorum and security"); see also
Deck, 544 U.S. at 624 ("[T]he Constitution forbids the use of visible shackles
during the penalty phase, as it forbids their use during the guilt phase, unless that
use is 'justified by an essential state interest'—such as the interest in courtroom
security—specific to the defendant on trial." (quoting Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 568–
69)); State v. Brawley, 137 A.3d 757, 761 (Conn. 2016) (noting a trial court must
ensure its reasons for ordering the use of shackles are detailed in the record).
However, we find any error in denying the motion to remove Heyward's shackles
was harmless because Heyward was not prejudiced. See State v. Northcutt, 372
S.C. 207, 217, 641 S.E.2d 873, 878 (2007) ("Whether an error is harmless depends
on the circumstances of the particular case. No definite rule of law governs this
finding; rather, the materiality and prejudicial character of the error must be
determined from its relationship to the entire case. Error is harmless when it 'could
not reasonably have affected the result of the trial.'" (quoting State v. Mitchell, 286
S.C. 572, 573, 336 S.E.2d 150, 151 (1985))).
In regards to the burden of proof, Deck provided:
[W]here a court, without adequate justification, orders
the defendant to wear shackles that will be seen by the
jury, the defendant need not demonstrate actual prejudice
to make out a due process violation. The State must
prove 'beyond a reasonable doubt that the [shackling]
error complained of did not contribute to the verdict
obtained.'
544 U.S at 635 (second alteration in original) (quoting Chapman v. California, 386
U.S. 18, 24 (1967) (emphasis added)). However, the court in Deck repeatedly
noted the visibility of the defendant's shackles,11 and we have not found any
Supreme Court or South Carolina authority directly addressing whether the
11
The Court noted the record made it "clear that the jury was aware of the
shackles." Id. at 634. The Supreme Court also referred to "visible shackles,"
"restraints visible to the jury," and "shackles that will be seen by the jury." Id. at
624, 626, 628–29, 632, 635.
heightened burden in Deck applies when it is not obvious from the record that the
shackles were observed.
In State v. Johnson, the defendant argued the trial court erred in denying his
motion for mistrial based on his being brought into the courthouse in handcuffs and
accompanied by police personnel because he argued jurors may have seen him and
that he had been prejudiced by the indicia of guilt. 422 S.C. 439, 446, 812 S.E.2d
739, 742, 745 (Ct. App. 2018). This court did not directly address Deck or whether
the heightened burden of proof is applied when it is not obvious from the record
that shackles were observed. However, this court found the trial court did not err
in denying the defendant's motion for a mistrial based on his being brought into the
courthouse in handcuffs and surrounded by police personnel because "the record
fail[ed] to demonstrate any juror observed this activity or that any juror was
prejudiced." Id. at 458, 812 S.E.2d at 749.
We find this court's approach in Johnson is in line with courts in other jurisdictions
that have specifically found "that Deck's heightened constitutional standard is
applicable only when there is evidence that jurors observed the restraints or that
they were plainly visible," and thus, "absent evidence that a juror observed the
restraints . . . a trial court's error in shackling a defendant is harmless."12 Hoang v.
12
See also Brawley, 137 A.3d at 760 (indicating that in cases in which the jury
cannot see any shackling, "'[t]he defendant bears the burden of showing he has
suffered prejudice by establishing a factual record demonstrating that the members
of the jury knew of the restraints'" except for in cases in which a court requires a
defendant to wear shackles that will be seen by the jury without adequate
justification (quoting State v. Webb, 680 A.2d 147, 183 (Conn. 1996))); id. at 762
n.3 ("Deck makes clear that a heightened burden falls on the state when the
unwarranted restraints are visible to the jury, and not when as in [United States v.]
Banegas [600 F.3d 342 (5th Cir. 2010)], the record is silent on the matter.");
Mendoza v. Berghuis, 544 F.3d 650, 654 (6th Cir. 2008) ("Deck's facts and holding
. . . concerned only visible restraints at trial. The Supreme Court was careful to
repeat this limitation throughout its opinion."); People v. Letner & Tobin, 235 P.3d
62, 106 (Cal. 2010) (indicating Deck did not support the contention that the
prosecution was required to disprove the visibility of the restraints when the record
contained no evidence that the jury observed the defendant wearing shackles);
United States v. Baker, 432 F.3d 1189, 1246 (11th Cir. 2005) (finding the
combination of the number of defendants, the defense's opportunity to respond to
the court's concerns and raise alternative proposals, "and the lack of any record
evidence that the jury could see the shackles" showed the district court did not
People, 323 P.3d 780, 785–86 (Colo. 2014).13 Although Heyward objected to
being shackled at his feet, arguing any potential juror in the first two rows of the
gallery directly behind him could see the shackles, nothing in the record indicates
that any of the jurors who were selected for Heyward's trial could or did see his
shackles. We also note Heyward was only shackled during the jury selection and
he was not shackled during trial. See State v. Clark, 24 P.3d 1006, 1029 (Wash.
2001) (en banc) ("Because the impact of shackling on the presumption of
innocence is the overarching constitutional concern, it would logically follow that
in the minds of the jurors [the defendant's] shackling on the first day of voir dire
was more than logically offset by over two weeks of observing Clark in the
courtroom without shackles."). Based on the foregoing, we find the trial court's
error in denying Heyward's motion to remove his shackles during jury selection did
not constitute reversible error.
VII. Cumulative Error
abuse its discretion in shackling a defendant), abrogated on other grounds by
Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821 (2006); State v. Johnson, 229 P.3d 523,
533 (N.M. 2010) (indicating the factors tending to show prejudice were not
violated when there was no indication the jury saw the defendant's leg irons so that
the defendant's presumption of innocence was not violated); Bell v. State, 415
S.W.3d. 278, 283 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (indicating when the record did not
show a reasonable probability that the jury was aware of the defendant's shackles,
the heightened constitutional standard did not apply).
13
In contrast, we note that in Banegas, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals applied
the heightened harmless error standard set forth in Deck for cases in which the
circuit court did not provide a reason for shackling a defendant and the reasons for
shackling a defendant are not apparent based on the specific facts of the case. 600
F.3d at 345–46. The court found "the defendant need not demonstrate actual
prejudice on appeal to make out a due process violation; rather the burden is on the
government to prove 'beyond a reasonable doubt that the shackling error
complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.'" Id. (footnote omitted)
(quoting Deck, 544 U.S. at 635). The court in Banegas vacated the defendant's
conviction and remanded his case for a new trial because the district court did not
express individualized reasons for its decision to shackle the defendant with leg
irons and the government did not proffer evidence to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that the defendant's presumably visible leg irons did not contribute to the
jury verdict. Id. at 347.
Heyward argues he is entitled to a new trial because cumulative errors committed
by the trial court had the effect of preventing him from receiving a fair trial. We
disagree.
We find this issue is not preserved for our review because Heyward neither raised
the cumulative error doctrine to the trial court nor did he argue he was entitled to a
new trial based upon errors made during the trial. See State v. Beekman, 405 S.C.
225, 236, 746 S.E.2d 483, 489 (Ct. App. 2013) (noting the cumulative error
doctrine was not preserved for appeal when the appellant did not raise the doctrine
to the trial court or argue he was entitled to a new trial based upon errors made
during the trial), aff'd, 415 S.C. 632, 785 S.E.2d 202 (2016).
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, Heyward's convictions are
AFFIRMED.
KONDUROS and HILL, JJ., concur.