Creighton v. State ( 2016 )

THIS OPINION HAS NO PRECEDENTIAL VALUE. IT SHOULD NOT BE
CITED OR RELIED ON AS PRECEDENT IN ANY PROCEEDING
EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY RULE 268(d)(2), SCACR.
THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Court of Appeals
Kamala Creighton, Petitioner,
v.
State of South Carolina, Respondent.
Appellate Case No. 2012-213667
Appeal From Dorchester County
Carmen T. Mullen, Circuit Court Judge
Unpublished Opinion No. 2016-UP-309
Heard March 16, 2016 – Filed June 22, 2016
REVERSED AND REMANDED
Bobby G. Frederick, of Frederick Law Office, of Myrtle
Beach, for Petitioner.
Attorney General Alan McCrory Wilson and Assistant
Attorney General Megan Harrigan Jameson, both of
Columbia, for Respondent.
PER CURIAM: In this post-conviction relief (PCR) action, Kamala Creighton, a
Jamaican citizen living in the United States, argues the PCR court erred in
dismissing her PCR application because (1) her PCR application was timely filed
pursuant to section 17-27-45(C) of the South Carolina Code (2014) and (2) plea
counsel rendered ineffective assistance by giving her incorrect advice about the
immigration consequences of her guilty plea. We reverse and remand.
II. FACTS/PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A grand jury indicted Creighton for trafficking in marijuana between ten and one
hundred pounds. In July 2007, Creighton pled guilty to possession with intent to
distribute marijuana, and the plea court sentenced her to three years' imprisonment,
suspended upon the service of two years' probation. Creighton did not file a direct
appeal.
In October 2011, Creighton filed a PCR application, alleging plea counsel was
ineffective (1) for failing to advise her of the immigration consequences of her
guilty plea, as required by Padilla v. Kentucky1; and, in the alternative, (2) for
advising her incorrectly about the immigration consequences of her guilty plea
under pre-Padilla law.2 At the PCR hearing, Creighton testified she first learned
that her conviction negatively affected her immigration status on April 5, 2011,
when she met with an immigration attorney to renew her green card and pursue
citizenship. Creighton stated her immigration status was her "main concern from
day one," and she discussed the issue with plea counsel before pleading guilty.
According to Creighton, plea counsel advised her that pleading guilty would not
expose her to deportation. Creighton testified she would have proceeded to trial
instead of pleading guilty had she known that pleading guilty would affect her
immigration status. Creighton stated her green card would expire on September
1
559 U.S. 356, 368−69 (2010) (holding plea counsel's performance was deficient
for failing to advise the defendant that his guilty plea subjected him to automatic
deportation).
2
Pre-Padilla South Carolina case law provides plea counsel is not required to
specifically advise a defendant of a collateral consequence of a plea, but when
counsel undertakes to give advice on a collateral consequence and that advice is
erroneous, grounds exist for PCR. See Smith v. State, 329 S.C. 280, 283, 494
S.E.2d 626, 628 (1997); Hinson v. State, 297 S.C. 456, 458, 377 S.E.2d 338, 339
(1989) (finding plea counsel ineffective for giving incorrect advice regarding
parole eligibility).
11, 2013, and she would be unable to renew it because of her conviction.
Creighton testified she was advised that she would be subject to deportation if she
tried to renew her green card.
Plea counsel testified his main concern when representing Creighton was
preventing her from being incarcerated. He testified his clients are primarily
United States citizens and, based on his limited knowledge of immigration law at
the time, he advised Creighton that pleading guilty would not affect her
immigration status. Plea counsel confirmed Creighton was very concerned about
deportation due to her pending charge.
The PCR court certified attorney Kana Johnson as an expert in "consequences in
immigration law." Johnson testified a non-citizen criminal defendant faces
deportation if convicted of either an "aggravated felony" or a crime of "bad moral
character." Johnson testified Creighton's conviction fell under both categories.
She further testified that, because of Creighton's conviction, any attempt to renew
her green card or apply for citizenship would initiate the deportation process.
The PCR court found Creighton failed to show that by exercising reasonable
diligence she could not have discovered the adverse immigration consequences of
her guilty plea sooner than four years after entering the plea. Accordingly, the
PCR court found Creighton's application, filed four years after she pled guilty, was
not timely filed under section 17-27-45(C), and it dismissed the application.3 This
court granted certiorari.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
3
The PCR court found that Creighton's claims of ineffective assistance of plea
counsel under both Padilla and pre-Padilla law were untimely. Concerning the
merits, the PCR court ruled the record did not support Creighton's claim that plea
counsel was ineffective under Padilla. However, the PCR court did not reach the
merits of whether plea counsel was ineffective under pre-Padilla law for giving her
incorrect advice about the immigration consequences of her guilty plea. On
appeal, Creighton argues plea counsel rendered ineffective assistance under pre-
Padilla law; however, Creighton does not challenge the PCR court's finding that no
evidence supported her claim under Padilla.
"This [c]ourt gives deference to the PCR judge's findings of fact, and 'will uphold
the findings of the PCR court when there is any evidence of probative value to
support them.'" Jordan v. State, 406 S.C. 443, 448, 752 S.E.2d 538, 540 (2013)
(quoting Miller v. State, 379 S.C. 108, 115, 665 S.E.2d 596, 599 (2008)).
"However, we review questions of law de novo, and 'will reverse the decision of
the PCR court when it is controlled by an error of law.'" Id. (emphasis omitted)
(quoting Goins v. State, 397 S.C. 568, 573, 726 S.E.2d 1, 3 (2012)).
IV. TIMELINESS OF PCR APPLICATION
Creighton argues her PCR application was timely filed pursuant to section 17-27-
45(C) because she filed it less than a year after she discovered her guilty plea
negatively affected her immigration status. Creighton asserts plea counsel advised
her that pleading guilty would not affect her immigration status, and she did not
learn plea counsel's advice was erroneous until she consulted an immigration
attorney in April 2011. Creighton argues it was a "reasonable exercise of due
diligence" to rely on plea counsel's advice until she was informed the advice was
erroneous. We agree.
Section 17-27-45(C) provides,
If the [PCR] applicant contends that there is evidence of
material facts not previously presented and heard that
requires vacation of the conviction or sentence, the
application must be filed under this chapter within one
year after the date of actual discovery of the facts by the
applicant or after the date when the facts could have been
ascertained by the exercise of reasonable diligence.
In Dorman v. Campbell, this court discussed the interplay between reasonable
diligence and the commencement of the statute of limitations.4 331 S.C. 179, 184,
500 S.E.2d 786, 789 (Ct. App. 1998). Specifically, we stated,
The exercise of reasonable diligence means that an
injured party must act promptly where the facts and
4
Dorman discussed the three-year statute of limitations provided by section 15-3-
530 of the South Carolina Code.
circumstances of an injury would put a person of
common knowledge and experience on notice that some
right of his has been invaded or that some claim against
another party might exist. The statute of limitations
begins to run from this point, and not when advice of
counsel is sought or a full-blown theory of recovery
developed. The date on which discovery should have
been made is an objective rather than subjective question.
Therefore, the statutory period of limitations begins to
run when a person could or should have known, through
the exercise of reasonable diligence, that a cause of
action might exist in his or her favor, rather than when a
person obtains actual knowledge of either the potential
claim or of the facts giving rise thereto. Moreover, the
fact that the injured party may not comprehend the full
extent of the damage is immaterial.5
Id. at 184−85, 500 S.E.2d at 789 (citations omitted).
When no conflicting evidence is presented, the issue of whether particular
circumstances would put a person of common knowledge and experience on notice
that a right has been invaded or a claim against another party might exist is a
question of law. See Graham v. Welch, Roberts & Amburn, LLP, 404 S.C. 235,
239−40, 743 S.E.2d 860, 863 (Ct. App. 2013) ("[W]hen conflicting evidence exists
on the issue of when a claimant knew or should have known that a cause of action
existed, the issue becomes one for a jury to decide."); id. ("[T]he determination of
the date the statute [of limitations] began to run in a particular case [is a question]
of fact for the jury when the parties present conflicting evidence." (quoting
Moriarty v. Garden Sanctuary Church of God, 341 S.C. 320, 338, 534 S.E.2d 672,
681 (2000))).
In True v. Monteith, a former client initiated a legal malpractice action after
discovering her attorney had a business relationship with and represented the other
party to a long-term commercial lease the attorney drafted. 327 S.C. 116, 118, 489
5
We found no South Carolina cases discussing or defining "reasonable diligence"
as it relates to section 17-27-45(C).
S.E.2d 615, 616 (1997). The client initiated the lawsuit twenty years after the lease
was executed but within three years of discovering the conflict of interest. Id. In
discussing whether the client was protected by the discovery rule, our supreme
court noted that "[a] client should not be expected to investigate an attorney's
loyalty every time the attorney provides the client with counsel the client dislikes."
Id. at 120, 489 S.E.2d at 617. The court continued, "Instead, absent other facts, the
client should be able to rely on the attorney's advice and should be able to follow
this advice without fear the attorney is not acting in the client's best interest." Id.
We find True stands for the proposition that a client is protected by the discovery
rule when relying on the advice of counsel, "absent other facts" that would put the
client on notice that the advice is erroneous. See also Coats v. State, 352 S.C. 500,
503–04, 575 S.E.2d 557, 558–59 (2003) (ordering an evidentiary hearing on a PCR
application and finding the claim fell within the discovery rule when the
application alleged plea counsel erroneously advised the petitioner that he would
be parole-eligible and when the application was filed more than a year after the
conviction but within a year of the petitioner learning he was not eligible for
parole).
Creighton filed her PCR application within one year of her "actual discovery" that
plea counsel gave her erroneous information regarding the immigration
consequences of her guilty plea. Further, the appendix contains no evidence of any
facts that should have led Creighton to believe plea counsel's advice was
erroneous—at least not until she met with her immigration attorney. Therefore, we
find Creighton is protected by the discovery rule. See Dorman, 331 S.C. at 184,
500 S.E.2d at 789 (stating the statute of limitations begins to run when an injured
party is presented with facts that "would put a person of common knowledge and
experience on notice that some right of his has been invaded or that some claim
against another party might exist"). We find Creighton exercised reasonable
diligence in relying on plea counsel's advice—even though the advice was
erroneous—because Creighton was not required to second-guess plea counsel's
advice absent facts that would put her on notice that the advice was erroneous.
We hold the PCR court erred in dismissing Creighton's application as untimely.
Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a determination on the merits of
Creighton's claim that plea counsel provided ineffective assistance under pre-
Padilla law.6 Because the PCR court already held a full evidentiary hearing in this
case, the PCR court need not hold another evidentiary hearing on remand unless it
finds sufficient cause to reopen the record for additional evidence.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
LOCKEMY, C.J., and WILLIAMS and MCDONALD, JJ., concur.
6
Because the PCR court did not rule on the merits of Creighton's claim that plea
counsel provided ineffective assistance under pre-Padilla law, we decline to
address the merits of that claim.