Laska v. Barr , 2018 SD 6 ( 2018 )

#28094-a-LSW
2018 S.D. 6
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
****
MARLEN J. LASKA and
PATRICIA A. LASKA, Plaintiffs and Appellees,
v.
JERRY BARR, PAT COLE and Defendants and Appellants.
GERRIT JUFFER,
****
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
THE FIRST JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
CHARLES MIX COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA
****
THE HONORABLE PATRICK T. SMITH
Judge
****
TIMOTHY R. WHALEN
Lake Andes, South Dakota Attorney for plaintiffs and
appellees.
RONALD A. PARSONS, JR. of
Johnson Janklow Abdallah
& Reiter, LLP
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
and
THOMAS H. FRIEBERG of
Frieberg, Nelson & Ask, LLP
Beresford, South Dakota
and
MEGHANN M. JOYCE of
Boyce Law Firm, LLP
Sioux Falls, South Dakota Attorneys for defendants and
appellants.
****
CONSIDERED ON BRIEFS ON
NOVEMBER 6, 2017
OPINION FILED 01/24/18
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WILBUR, Retired Justice
[¶1.] In this second appeal regarding a contract dispute, we consider
whether the circuit court erred on remand when it held that the contract created a
right of first refusal and when it held that the contract was void as an unreasonable
restraint against alienation. We affirm.
Background
[¶2.] Marlen and Patricia Laska executed multiple agreements with Jerry
Barr, Pat Cole, and Gerrit Juffer (the Barr Partners) involving real estate in
Charles Mix County, South Dakota. This appeal concerns an agreement entered
into on February 3, 2005. The agreement is titled, “Right of First Refusal.” It
provides in relevant part:
In consideration of the receipt of One dollar ($1.00) and other
good and valuable consideration paid to Marlin [sic] and Patricia
Laska . . . SELLER, receipt of which is hereby acknowledged,
SELLER hereby gives and grants to Jerry Barr or, Pat Cole or,
Gerrit Juffer, BUYER, their heirs and assigns, a right of first
refusal to purchase the real property owned by SELLER
situated in Charles Mix County, South Dakota, and more
particularly described as follows:
....
Section I
Price and Terms of Payment
The purchase price for the property shall be Ten thousand
Dollars Five hundred and no/100 ($10,500.00) per acre
purchased pursuant to this right of first refusal, or portion
thereof Upon exercise of this right of first refusal by BUYER as
provided for herein, BUYER shall pay SELLER the sum of One
dollar, ($1.00) as and for down payment to be applied towards
the total purchase price, which sum shall be non-refundable
except should SELLER be unable to provide BUYER with
marketable title as required herein.
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Section II
Period of Right and Extension
Should SELLER receive a bona fide third party offer to
purchase all or a portion of the above-described property,
SELLER shall give BUYER written notice of the offer including
its material terms within ten (10) days of receiving the offer.
BUYER may then exercise this right of first refusal by giving
SELLER written notice thereof within ten (10) days of receiving
said notice by SELLER of said third party offer.
....
Section VI
Assignment and Succession
This right and the contract resulting from the exercise
thereof shall bind to the benefit of the heirs, successors,
administrators, and executors of the respective parties. Buyer
may not assign any rights under this right of first refusal
without the express written consent of SELLER, which consent
may not be unreasonably withheld. One of the buyers is a Real
Estate Broker.
Section VII
Lapse
Should BUYER fail to exercise this right by giving the
appropriate notice, said right shall lapse and be in no further
force or effect whatsoever.
[¶3.] In 2011, the Laskas asked the Barr Partners to release their interest
in the property under the Right of First Refusal. The Barr Partners refused, and
the Laskas brought a declaratory judgment action. The Laskas claimed that the
agreement granted the Barr Partners a right of first refusal but that the right was
void and invalid at its inception. In response, the Barr Partners asserted that the
agreement was ambiguous and that the parties intended to create a dual-option
agreement.
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[¶4.] The circuit court held a trial in 2014. It found the language of the
agreement unambiguous. The court concluded that the agreement granted the Barr
Partners a right of first refusal, which terminated upon the deaths of Marlen and
Patricia. The Barr Partners appealed the court’s decision to this Court. They
asserted that the circuit court erred when it found the agreement unambiguous and
when it limited the duration of the agreement to the deaths of Marlen and Patricia.
The Laskas, by notice of review, asserted that the circuit court erred when it failed
to declare the agreement void as an unreasonable restraint on alienation.
[¶5.] We reviewed the 2005 agreement and found it ambiguous as to
whether it created a right of first refusal, an option, or a dual option. Laska v. Barr,
2016 S.D. 13, ¶ 8, 876 N.W.2d 50, 54. We noted that the agreement provided
language consistent with an option and a right of first refusal. It contained a
stipulated purchase price and did not require the Barr Partners to match any third-
party offer. But it also conditioned the Barr Partners’ right to purchase on a third-
party offer and referred to the Barr Partners’ right as a right of first refusal. So “we
remand[ed] to the circuit court to consider extrinsic evidence and determine the
parties’ intent.” Id. ¶ 9. We also said that “it must be determined whether the
agreement constitutes an unreasonable restraint on alienation” because the clear
language of the agreement indicated that it survived the deaths of the parties. Id. ¶
11.
[¶6.] On remand, the circuit court considered parol evidence previously
received during the 2014 trial and additional briefing submitted by the parties. The
evidence and subsequent submissions established that the Laskas owned
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approximately 120 acres of land near the Missouri River in Charles Mix County,
South Dakota. The Barr Partners desired to purchase a portion of the Laskas’
property for their Sand Dollar Cove development. They testified that their plan
included three purchases. It is undisputed that in 2000, the Laskas and the Barr
Partners entered into a purchase agreement for the sale of approximately thirteen
acres. The parties referred to this sale as Juffer One. At closing, the parties also
entered into an agreement titled, “Right of First Refusal.” The right of first refusal
concerned an additional thirteen acres referred to as Juffer Two. The 2000 Right of
First Refusal purported to give the Barr Partners the right to buy Juffer Two for
$10,000 per acre.
[¶7.] In 2004, the Barr Partners informed the Laskas that they wanted to
purchase Juffer Two under the terms of the right of first refusal. The parties
dispute the circumstances surrounding the purchase of Juffer Two. According to
the Barr Partners, they purchased Juffer Two by exercising their option under the
right of first refusal. They also claimed that they made clear to the Laskas that
they would not purchase Juffer Two without an additional option and right of first
refusal to purchase Juffer Three. The Laskas, however, claimed that they refused
to sell Juffer Two to the Barr Partners under the terms of the right of first refusal.
According to the Laskas, the parties negotiated new terms to complete the sale. It
is undisputed that the Barr Partners purchased Juffer Two from the Laskas in 2005
for a price different than that stated in the 2000 Right of First Refusal.
[¶8.] At the closing on Juffer Two, the parties also signed the 2005 Right of
First Refusal disputed in this case concerning Juffer Three. According to the Barr
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Partners, the 2005 Right of First Refusal gave them both an option and a right of
first refusal to purchase Juffer Three. They testified that they relied on this
agreement to pay for constructing roads, for leveling, for power, and for electricity to
serve the entire Sand Dollar Cove development. The Laskas responded that the
Barr Partners’ developments were only within the confines of their purchased
parcels and that the Laskas had paid for major developments in the area, including
potable water, culverts for access road development, and securing the necessary
access roadway. The Laskas also developed a campground on a parcel abutting the
twenty acres comprising Juffer Three. An aerial photograph submitted at trial
depicted the Laskas’ development (Curly’s Campground) on one end, the Sand
Dollar Cove development (Juffer One and Juffer Two) on the other end, and the
undeveloped twenty acres (Juffer Three) between Curly’s Campground and the
Sand Dollar Cove development.
[¶9.] It is undisputed that around 2011, the Laskas asked the Barr Partners
to release their contractual interest in Juffer Three. The Barr Partners claimed
that the Laskas made this request because they “came to regret granting the Barr
Partners” the right to purchase Juffer Three after the Laskas developed Curly’s
Campground. The Barr Partners declined to release their interest and instead told
the Laskas that they intended to exercise their option to purchase Juffer Three in
the next couple years to complete the Sand Dollar Cove development. As previously
indicated, the Laskas brought a declaratory judgment action to void the 2005 Right
of First Refusal.
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[¶10.] On remand from this Court, the Barr Partners continued to assert that
the 2005 Right of First Refusal was a dual-option agreement. In consideration of
the above parol evidence, the circuit court found that the parties were confused as
to whether the 2005 Right of First Refusal created a dual option or a right of first
refusal. One point of confusion, according to the court, existed because the Laskas
believed that the 2000 Right of First Refusal was the same in many respects to the
2005 agreement. The court noted that unlike the 2000 Right of First Refusal, which
granted the right to purchase to the Barr Partners collectively, the 2005 agreement
unambiguously granted the right to purchase to any of the Barr Partners
individually.
[¶11.] The court also highlighted Gerrit Juffer’s testimony. Gerrit had been
involved in real estate transactions for over three decades. He handled all of the
negotiations and prepared all of the documents for the transactions between the
Laskas and the Barr Partners, including drafting the 2005 Right of First Refusal.
Gerrit testified that the sale of the additional twenty acres was contingent on the
Laskas receiving an offer. He further explained that it was his understanding that
if the Laskas received an offer, the Barr Partners would potentially be able to
purchase the land at the same price offered by the third party (rather than the
contract price). To the court, Gerrit’s testimony supported the proposition that the
parties intended to create a right of first refusal and not a dual option.
[¶12.] As further support that the parties intended to create a right of first
refusal in 2005, the court found compelling the fact that the sale of Juffer Two
under the 2000 Right of First Refusal occurred after the parties negotiated a new
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agreement. The court viewed the circumstances of the sale of Juffer Two to indicate
that the Barr Partners did not have an option agreement under the 2000 Right of
First Refusal and then surmised that the Barr Partners similarly did not have an
option under the 2005 agreement.
[¶13.] The court ultimately held that the 2005 Right of First Refusal gave the
Barr Partners a right of first refusal and not an option to purchase. The circuit
court then addressed whether the 2005 Right of First Refusal was void as an
unreasonable restraint on alienation. The court relied on the Restatement (Third)
of Property as a guideline. The Restatement provides that “[a] servitude that
imposes a direct restraint on alienation of the burdened estate is invalid if the
restraint is unreasonable. Reasonableness is determined by weighing the utility of
the restraint against the injurious consequences of enforcing the restraint.”
Restatement (Third) of Prop.: Servitudes § 3.4 (Am. Law Inst. 2000).
[¶14.] The court examined several factors related to the reasonableness of the
restraint in this case. To the court, “the fact that the restraint could potentially run
forever” weighed against enforceability. The court further found unreasonable that
the restraint restricted an excessively large group of individuals—the Laskas
individually and the Laskas’ heirs, assigns, and successors. Because the terms of
the parties’ agreement and the evidence made “it clear this agreement was intended
by the parties to be open forever,” the court declared the 2005 Right of First Refusal
void as an unreasonable restraint on alienation.
[¶15.] The Barr Partners appeal, asserting the following issues:
1. The 2005 Right of First Refusal includes an option to purchase the
property, entitling the Barr Partners to specific performance.
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2. The contract is not an unreasonable restraint on alienation under
SDCL 43-3-5.
3. Alternatively, the court erred when it refused to narrow the scope of
the alienation to comply with SDCL 43-5-1 or another reasonable
limitation.
Standard of Review
[¶16.] “Contract interpretation is a question of law reviewable de novo.”
Laska, 2016 S.D. 13, ¶ 5, 876 N.W.2d at 52 (quoting Ziegler Furniture & Funeral
Home, Inc. v. Cicmanec, 2006 S.D. 6, ¶ 14, 709 N.W.2d 350, 354). A circuit court’s
factual findings, however, are reviewed for clear error. Stockwell v. Stockwell, 2010
S.D. 79, ¶ 16, 790 N.W.2d 52, 59. The application of those facts to the law is
reviewed de novo. Huether v. Mihm Transp. Co., 2014 S.D. 93, ¶ 14, 857 N.W.2d
854, 860.
Analysis
1. Dual Option or Right of First Refusal
[¶17.] The Barr Partners assert that the express terms of the agreement and
parol evidence support the conclusion that the parties intended to create a dual-
option agreement. They emphasize that the agreement sets forth a specific price
and explains the conveyance of marketable title and closing on the sale. In their
view, the circuit court rendered these provisions null and mere surplus by
construing the agreement to be only a right of first refusal. They further assert that
the evidence reinforces that the parties intended to create an option to purchase.
Pat Cole testified that the agreement covered both an option to purchase and a right
of first refusal. Similarly, Jerry Barr testified that the intent in executing the 2005
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Right of First Refusal was to “make sure we have the next price locked down on the
next tract.” The Barr Partners claim that “if the Laskas receive another offer on
Juffer Three, the Barr Partners must either exercise their option at the contractual
price or else exercise their right of first refusal to match the offer made by the third
party.” The failure to exercise either within ten days of receiving notice of the third-
party offer, according to the Barr Partners, would mean their option and right of
first refusal expire. The Barr Partners concede that the agreement provides no
termination date for the option to purchase, but they claim that the lack of a date
“simply means that a reasonable time to exercise the option is implied.”
[¶18.] In the first appeal, we recognized that the 2005 Right of First Refusal
lacked elements of an option and elements of a right of first refusal. Laska, 2016
S.D. 13, ¶¶ 7-8, 876 N.W.2d at 53-54. We directed the circuit court to consider
extrinsic evidence to determine the parties’ intent. Armed now with the circuit
court’s factual findings, we agree that the 2005 Right of First Refusal created a
right of first refusal and not a dual option. Yes, the agreement contains a fixed
price and refers to a third-party offer, but “neither stipulated prices nor third party
considerations determine whether a particular clause is an option or a right of first
refusal.” Id. ¶ 7, 876 N.W.2d at 53 (quoting Stuart v. D’Ascenz, 22 P.3d 540, 542
(Colo. App. 2000)). Likewise, a right of first refusal can “require offering the
property at a fixed price” or can allow the holder of the right “to purchase the
property on the same terms as the third party.” Id. (quoting Old Port Cove
Holdings, Inc. v. Old Port Cove Condo. Ass’n One, Inc., 986 So. 2d 1279, 1285 (Fla.
2008)).
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[¶19.] In ascertaining the parties’ intent, the circuit court noted that the 2000
Right of First Refusal was similar in multiple respects to the 2005 Right of First
Refusal, including that they both contained a specified price and referred to the
Barr Partners’ right to purchase upon the Laskas’ receipt of a bona fide third-party
offer. The court acknowledged the Barr Partners’ claim that the 2000 Right of First
Refusal was a dual-option agreement. The court, however, found that if the 2000
Right of First Refusal was “in fact an option contract, Barr Partners could have
exercised their option then. They instead negotiated a new price term of an
additional $500 per acre.” The circuit court remarked that “[t]his is of great
assistance in determining that only a right of first refusal existed” under the 2005
Right of First Refusal.
[¶20.] The court also relied on Gerrit Juffer’s testimony. Gerrit had drafted
the 2005 Right of First Refusal and testified that it created just that—a right of first
refusal. In the court’s view, “[t]he testimony of Gerrit Juffer, the drafter of the
contract, clearly indicates that he believed a right of first refusal existed based on
the fact he believed that the Barr Partners would be able to purchase the land in
question if [the Laskas] first received a third-party offer.”
[¶21.] In response, the Barr Partners point to disputed testimony from Pat
Cole and Jerry Barr. But the court found more persuasive Gerrit’s testimony
regarding the intent of the parties. “We afford great deference to the circuit court’s
ability to judge the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their
testimony.” In re Ricard Family Trust, 2016 S.D. 64, ¶ 15, 886 N.W.2d 326, 330.
From our review of the evidence, the court’s factual findings, and the terms of the
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2005 Right of First Refusal, the circuit court did not err when it held that the
parties intended to create a right of first refusal.
2. Restraint on Alienation
[¶22.] The Barr Partners next contend that the circuit court erred when it
held that the “dual-option contract” constitutes an unreasonable restraint on
alienation. They direct this Court to cases from other jurisdictions for the
proposition that a properly construed dual-option contract is a reasonable restraint
on alienation. See Stenke v. Masland Dev. Co., 394 N.W.2d 418 (Mich. Ct. App.
1986); Amco Oil Co. v. Kraft, 280 N.W.2d 505 (Mich. Ct. App. 1979). Because we
previously declared that the 2005 Right of First Refusal is right of first refusal and
not a dual-option contract, we need not examine whether a dual-option contract can
be a reasonable restraint on alienation.
[¶23.] Nonetheless, the Barr Partners also assert that the 2005 Right of First
Refusal is not an “unreasonable restraint on alienation so as to be barred by SDCL
43-3-5.” They emphasize that conditions restraining alienation are void only “when
repugnant to the interest created.” The restraint here, according to the Barr
Partners, is reasonable because the interest for which it was created does not
violate public policy. They further emphasize that rights of first refusal “are not
inherently violations of prohibitions on alienation.” The Barr Partners also claim
that the right is limited in time because it extinguishes when the Laskas receive a
bona fide third-party offer and the Barr Partners do not “exercise their right of first
refusal to match the third-party offer within ten days of notification.”
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[¶24.] Under SDCL 43-3-5, “[c]onditions restraining alienation, when
repugnant to the interest created, are void.” A right of first refusal is a preemptive
right restraining alienation. See Laska, 2016 S.D. 13, ¶ 11, 876 N.W.2d at 55. It “is
a valuable prerogative, limiting the owner’s right to freely dispose of his property by
compelling him to offer it first to the party who has the first right to buy.” Wilson v.
Whinery, 678 P.2d 354, 356 (Wash. Ct. App. 1984). To be valid, the restraint must
be reasonable and for a legitimate purpose. See Urquhart v. Teller, 958 P.2d 714,
718 (Mont. 1998); accord Borrette Lane Estates, LLC v. Warren, No. A117459, 2010
WL 292754 (Cal. Ct. App. Jan. 26, 2010); Trecker v. Langel, 298 N.W.2d 289, 291-92
(Iowa 1980); Rubin v. Moys, No. 17075–6–III, 1999 WL 685797, at *7 (Wash. Ct.
App. Sept. 2, 1999).
[¶25.] We have not before examined the reasonableness of a right of first
refusal on its restraint against alienation. Other courts examining language
similar to our statute have considered a number of factors, including: the purpose,
whether the price is fixed, the parties’ intent, and the duration of the restraint.
Urquhart, 958 P.2d at 717-719; Trecker, 298 N.W.2d at 291-92; Franklin v.
Johnston, No. 15-2047, 2017 WL 1086205, at *6-7 (Iowa Ct. App. March 22, 2017);
Rubin, 1999 WL 685797, at *7. Courts “evaluate the ‘nature, extent, and duration
of the restraint,’ as well as the ‘nature of the property interest and the type of land
or development involved.’” Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Whiting Oil & Gas Corp., 320
P.3d 1179, 1185 (Colo. 2014) (quoting Restatement (Third) of Prop.: Servitudes § 3.4
cmt. c). “The standard against which the impact of a restraint is to be measured is
that of the property owner free to transfer property at his or her convenience at a
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price determined by the market.” Restatement (Third) of Prop.: Servitudes § 3.4
cmt. c.
[¶26.] Here, the Barr Partners gave the Laskas $1.00 and other good and
valuable consideration for the right to purchase Juffer Three for $10,500 per acre.
Although the Barr Partners claim that the right is limited in time because it will
expire if the Barr Partners do not exercise their right and match a third-party offer
within ten days of notification, the 2005 Right of First Refusal does not require the
Barr Partners to match a third-party offer. On the contrary, the agreement gives
the Barr Partners the right to purchase Juffer Three for $10,500 per acre regardless
of the fair market value of Juffer Three, regardless of any improvements made, and
regardless of a bona fide third-party offer at a price considerably higher than
$10,500 per acre.
[¶27.] We recognize that a fixed price does not render the restraint
unreasonable per se. Rubin, 1999 WL 685797, at *7. Nor does the unlimited
duration. But “[t]he greater the practical interference with the owner’s ability to
transfer, the stronger the purpose that is required to justify a direct restraint on
alienation.” Restatement (Third) of Prop.: Servitudes § 3.4 cmt. c. The purpose of
the restraint, according to the Barr Partners, was to allow them to purchase Juffer
Three to complete their Sand Dollar Cove development. But the circuit court found
no evidence “that the Barr Partners were trying to protect any property interests
they had anywhere[.]” Rather, the court concluded that “the Barr Partners were
attempting to obtain more property to turn a profit and, in the process, stop Laskas
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from being able to sell their property to anyone else by virtue of the right of first
refusal in the 2005 contract.”
[¶28.] Our review of Gerrit’s testimony from trial supports the court’s
findings. Gerrit testified that after purchasing Juffer One and Juffer Two, the Barr
Partners developed the property into parcels and sold those parcels to individuals
for a profit. He further testified that they intended to do the same with the
property comprising Juffer Three. Yet nothing in the 2005 Right of First Refusal
accounts for appreciation in the value of the land. Moreover, the agreement in no
way conditions the Barr Partners’ right to purchase the property on the Laskas’
willingness to accept a third-party offer. The Laskas need only receive a third-party
offer to trigger the Barr Partners’ right to purchase the property for $10,500 per
acre, which right to purchase exists for eternity. Because there is a significant
interference with the Laskas’ ability to transfer the property without a strong
purpose justifying the restraint, the practical effect of the restraint, if imposed, will
prevent the long-term improvement and marketability of Juffer Three. The court
did not err when it held that the right of first refusal is an unreasonable restraint
on alienation and repugnant to the interest created.
3. Narrow the Scope of the Alienation
[¶29.] The Barr Partners alternatively claim that if the right of first refusal
constitutes an unreasonable restraint on alienation, the circuit court erred when it
declared the 2005 Right of First Refusal void at its inception. According to the Barr
Partners, the court should have limited the right granted under the agreement to
“the lifetimes of the Laskas and Barr Partners plus thirty years, or to otherwise
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limit its scope to bring it [in] line with reasonable restraints on alienation.” They
rely on the Restatement (Third) of Property for the proposition that “[u]nless the
purpose for which the servitude is created violates public policy, and unless
contrary to the intent of the parties, a servitude should be interpreted to avoid
violating public policy.” Restatement (Third) of Prop.: Servitudes § 4.1(2).
[¶30.] In Laska, we recognized that “there is a strong tendency to construe an
option or preemption right to be limited to the lives of the parties, unless there is
clear evidence of a contrary intent.” 2016 S.D. 13, ¶ 10, 876 N.W.2d at 54 (quoting
Kuhfeld v. Kuhfeld, 292 N.W.2d 312, 315 (S.D. 1980)). Here, the circuit court found
that the Barr Partners clearly intended the right of first refusal to survive the death
of the parties while the Laskas were unsure what duration was intended. The court
concluded that because the parties’ intent “cannot be gleaned from the evidence,”
the 2005 Right of First Refusal was null and void from its inception.
[¶31.] Even if we construe the right of first refusal to be limited to the deaths
of the parties plus thirty years or to be a different time limitation, we must still
examine the restraint with that new time limitation to determine whether it
remains an unreasonable restraint on alienation. Laska, 2016 S.D. 13, ¶¶ 10-11,
876 N.W.2d at 54-55. Limiting the time of performance to the deaths of the parties
would mean that the Barr Partners have the right to purchase Juffer Three for
$10,500 per acre upon the Laskas’ receipt of a bona fide third-party offer during the
lifetimes of Marlen Laska, Patricia Laska, Jerry Barr, Pat Cole, and Gerrit Juffer.
But limiting the time of performance does not remedy the fact that the Laskas need
not have an intention to sell to a third party; they need only receive a bona fide
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third-party offer. And although the Barr Partners claim they must match a third-
party offer to exercise the right, the 2005 Right of First Refusal does not include
that requirement; the Barr Partners have the right to purchase Juffer Three for
$10,500 per acre.
[¶32.] Although the law may imply a reasonable time when a preemptive
right contains no time clause whatsoever, we will not imply a duration when there
is no evidence the parties intended the agreement to be limited in time. Kuhfeld,
292 N.W.2d at 314 (“An option which is intended by its parties to run for an
unlimited time is void; however, an option which is to remain open for a limited
time, but in which no time is stated, is valid.”). Here, the court found “undisputed”
that “the Barr Partners believed that under all circumstances their rights under the
2005 contract lasted forever and were binding upon the parties and their heirs for
eternity.” Likewise, even if we limit the duration of the preemptive right, the Barr
Partners direct us to no law permitting this Court to rewrite the agreement to
require the Barr Partners to purchase Juffer Three at the market rate. Because the
restraint, even with a limited duration, remains repugnant to the interest created,
the circuit court did not err when it voided the 2005 Right of First Refusal.
[¶33.] Affirmed.
[¶34.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, ZINTER and SEVERSON, Justices, and
PEKAS, Circuit Court Judge, concur.
[¶35.] PEKAS, Circuit Court Judge, sitting for KERN, Justice, disqualified.
[¶36.] JENSEN, Justice, did not participate.
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