Reider v. Schmidt ( 2000 )

GILBERTSON, Justice.

FACTS

[¶ 3.] Brian Schmidt (father) and Rochelle Schmidt (mother) were divorced in 1994 and were granted joint custody of their two children, a four-year-old boy and a two-year-old girl. Mother was granted actual physical custody and father was granted liberal visitation privileges according to a stipulated schedule incorporated into the divorce decree. The schedule left many details open to agreement and visitation became an ongoing dispute between the parties. Both parties interpreted the schedule and made sua sponte modifications to it in a manner most beneficial to them at a particular time. As a result, extensive judicial involvement with visitation was required. Father requested modification of the visitation schedule in 1994 and again in 1995. The trial court entered modification orders in May 1995 and May 1997.

[¶ 4.] In June 1998, mother filed another request for modification of the visitation schedule. Father responded to the request and also sought an abatement of his child support during his extended summer visitation periods. The hearing on the request for modification commenced in June 1998 and, for reasons that are not clear in the record, was continued until January 1999. The trial court issued a memorandum decision at the end of January and findings of fact, conclusions of law and a final judgment in May and June. The judgment provided in pertinent part:

2. That due to [mother’s] change in circumstances regarding her employment, as well as [father’s] refusal to comply [with] the previous Court Order, the Court now hereby vacates the previous visitation order and now enters a visitation schedule that requires the parties to follow the First Circuit Guidelines, a copy [of] which are attached hereto and by this reference incorporated herein.¹

3. That the parties shall divide the summer visitation equally.

4. That [father] may choose whether he wants the visitation to be for a consecutive period of time or divided in two blocks of time pursuant to the guidelines. [Father] must notify [mother] by May 1 of each year as to the summer visitation arrangements.

5. [Father’s] weekend visitation shall be coordinated with [mother’s] desire to have the children together at the same time as her step daughter is present. Weekend visitation shall be on an alternative weekend schedule at the times set forth with the guidelines.

6. That [father] shall receive an abatement for 40% of his child support obligation for time he actually spent with the children. [Father] shall receive an abatement for the three weeks of each month of June, July, and August of 1998. This abatement is calculated by taking the child support divided by the number of days in the month, multiplied by the number of days actually spent with [father], multiplied by 40%.

7. [Father] is allowed an abatement for June of 1998 in the amount of $127.00, July 1998 in the amount of $123.00, and for August of 1998, in the amount of $123.00 for a total abatement of $373.00.

8. [Father] is entitled to a similarly calculated abatement for the summer of 1999 and all future years, (footnote added).

Father appeals.

ISSUE 1

[¶ 5.] Did the trial court err in calculating the abatement of father’s child support?

[¶ 6.] Father contends the trial court erred in granting him a 40% abatement of his child support only for those days he actually spent with the children. Father argues the abatement statute, SDCL 25-7-6.14, does not limit abatement to the time actually spent with the children, but provides for a percentage abatement of the full monthly support obligation if certain conditions are met. We agree.

[¶ 7.] SDCL 25-7-6.14 provides:

Unless the parties otherwise agree and the agreement is approved by the court, the court may, if deemed appropriate under the circumstances, order an abatement of not less than thirty-eight percent nor more than sixty-six percent of the child support if:

(1) A child spends ten or more days in a month with the obligor;

(2) The number of days of visitation and the abatement percentage or amount are specified in the court order; and

(3) The visitation is actually exercised.

The court shall allow the abatement to the obligor in the month in which the visitation is exercised, unless otherwise ordered.

[¶ 8.] This Court recently reiterated the primary rules of statutory construction in Zoss v. Schaefers, 1999 SD 105, 598 N.W.2d 550:

“Statutory interpretation presents a question of law reviewable de novo.” Satellite Cable Srvs. v. Northern Electric, 1998 SD 67, ¶ 5, 581 N.W.2d 478, 480.

One of the primary rules of statutory ... construction is to give words and phrases their plain meaning and effect. This court assumes that statutes mean what they say and that legislators have said what they meant. When the language of a statute is clear, certain and unambiguous, there is no occasion for construction, and the court’s only function is to declare the meaning of the statute as clearly expressed in the statute.

Zoss, 1999 SD 105 at ¶ 6, 598 N.W.2d at 552 (quoting South Dakota SIF v. CRE, 1999 SD 2, ¶ 17, 589 N.W.2d 206, 209).

[¶ 9.] The plain language of SDCL 25-7-6.14 makes no mention of abating a “pro-rated” portion of child support based upon days actually spent with the children. Rather, the statute calls for abating a straight percentage “of the child support.” The only “child support” contemplated by SDCL eh 25-7 is the monthly support obligation calculated according to the parties’ combined net monthly income. See SDCL 25-7-6.2. Thus, under the plain language of SDCL 25-7-6.14, if the trial court was going to abate father’s child support, it should have granted the abatement as a percentage of his monthly support obligation, not as a percentage of the obligation pro-rated according to days actually spent with the children. While the trial court’s approach does find support in an example used in a report issued by the South Dakota Commission on Child Support (Report of the South Dakota Commission on Child Support 21 (1997)), resort may not be had to such reports unless a statute is found ambiguous and some interpretation is required. See Petition of Famous Brands, Inc., 347 N.W.2d 882, 885 (S.D.1984)(resort to legislative history justified only when legislation is ambiguous or its literal meaning is absurd or unreason able). See also Whitney v. AGSCO Dakota, 453 N.W.2d 847, 851 (S.D.1990)(courts must apply law as legislature enacted it and must search for legislative intent by what legislature said rather than what it should have said or might have said).

[¶ 10.] There is no ambiguity in SDCL 25-7-6.14. The conditions it imposes for abatement of child support were apparently met² and the trial court erred in failing to grant the abatement as a straight percentage of monthly support according to the plain language of the statute. Therefore, the abatement of father’s support obligation is reversed and remanded for recalculation according to the plain language of SDCL 25-7-6.14.

[¶ 11.] MILLER, Chief Justice, and SABERS, AMUNDSON and KONENKAMP, Justices, concur. [¶ 12.] KONENKAMP, Justice writes the majority opinion on Issue 2.

ISSUE 2

[¶ 13.] Did the trial court abuse its discretion in modifying father’s visitation schedule?

[¶ 14.] Father argues the trial court abused its discretion in modifying his visitation schedule because the modification was imposed as punishment for his failure to comply with the visitation order already in place rather than as a change in the children’s best interests. We do not agree.

[¶ 15.] Trial courts have the authority to modify custody and visitation orders to curb the actions of parents who refuse to cooperate in visitation. SDCL 25-4-45 (best interests of the child guide decisions on custody and modifications of custody). In Yarnall v. Yarnall, 460 N.W.2d 161, 164 (S.D.1990), the mother had been cited twice for contempt for failing to cooperate with court-ordered visitation by the father. We held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting the father’s request for a change of custody from the mother to the father. In Nauman v. Nauman, 445 N.W.2d 38, 39 (S.D.1989), we also found no abuse of discretion when the trial court changed custody from the mother to the father after the mother refused to comply with the visitation order and otherwise alienated the children from then-father.

[¶ 16.] Although in both Yamall and Nauman the trial court expressly stated that the custody change was for the best interests of the children involved, that point is well shown by the facts of those cases. Here, as well, the record shows a pattern of behavior by the father that supports the trial court’s decision and indicates that the visitation change was in the children’s best interests. The modification did not deny father reasonable visitation, but it set a schedule he could not manipulate to the same extent as he had the earlier one.

[¶ 17.] The earlier visitation order called for father to have the children three weeks during the months of June, July, and August, with mother to have two three-day weekends per month during that time, on an alternating basis if possible. Mother was also entitled to visit the children one evening per week during the time they were with their father. Rather than follow this schedule, father admits he “dictated” terms that would be more advantageous to himself. When mother asserted that this was not what the visitation order said, father responded that he was in control of summer visitation, and the judge could “slap his hands” for making the change.

[¶ 18.] Father told mother which weekends he was giving her, arbitrarily switching the visitation schedule. This resulted in mother’s weekends in June 1998 falling during weekends she had scheduled graduate classes in Rapid City in reliance on the previously set schedule, and meant she could not be with the children. Father felt this was “too bad” and refused to adjust. The weekend schedule was changed to one four-day weekend and one two-day weekend. He refused to allow mother her one week per month visitation. On several Thursday afternoons during the summer weeks that the children were with their father, she tried to plan afternoon visits with the children in Sioux Falls. She asked father if she could pick the children up at 1:00 in the afternoon and take them swimming or go to a park or some similar activity. Father refused to allow her these visits and insisted she wait until 5:00 to pick up the children because, he argued, they were involved in summer activities during those times and he did not want them to miss out on any of those programs. This also went against the court’s declaration during the April 1997 modification hearing that the children are better off with a parent than at daycare and that it would be better for the children to spend time with an available parent. In light of these statements, it is apparent that the trial court’s decision was that the father was simply obstructing visitation and not considering the best interests of his two children.

[¶ 19.] Father also showed disdain for the visitation schedule beyond the summer months. On his own, he decided mother “owed him” days with the children that she had with them when there was no school, such as parent-teacher days and Veterans Day. He also felt she “owed him” for several days when he chose to leave the children with her on his visitation days. Rather than stick to the visitation order, father told mother he was making up those days during the children’s 1997 Christmas vacation.

[¶ 20.] The previous order was based on the parties’ agreement, which the court approved as in the children’s best interests. After hearing the facts and observing the parties, the court made specific findings on father’s obstructive behavior in violation of the visitation order. The court then ruled that the local “visitation guidelines” should be put into effect. After recognizing that father was unwilling to comply with an agreement that depended on- mutual cooperation, the court had little choice but to order a more rigid schedule that father could not manipulate, a schedule that would ensure visitation of the children by both parents. Saint-Pierre v. Saint-Pierre, 357 N.W.2d 250, 255 (S.D.1984) (trial court’s decision to be given appropriate deference as it was based on first hand observation of the parties). Enforcing visitation to eliminate strife and obstruction is in the best interests of the children. Certainly, allowing the father’s action to continue unrestrained was not in their best interests. These children need stability, and that cannot exist when father takes it upon himself to set his own rules for visitation, disregarding everyone’s interests but his own. Remanding this case so the trial court could obligingly intone the words “best interests of the children” would be an unnecessary and ill-advised intrusion on the trial court’s authority. “It is our duty to review the record as a whole to see whether or not the evidence supports the trial court’s decision to modify.” Jeschke v. Wockenfuss, 534 N.W.2d 602, 607 (1995) (citations omitted). The facts support the trial court’s ruling, and we hold that it was not an abuse of discretion to modify the visitation schedule.

[¶ 21.] MILLER, Chief Justice, and SABERS, Justice, concur.

[¶ 22.] GILBERTSON and AMUNDSON, Justices, dissent as to Issue 2.

[¶ 23.] GILBERTSON, Justice, writes the majority opinion as to mother’s motion for appellate attorney’s fees.

APPELLATE ATTORNEY’S FEES

[¶ 24.] Mother has filed a motion for an award of appellate attorney’s fees that is supported by an itemized statement of costs incurred and legal services rendered. See Malcolm v. Malcolm, 365 N.W.2d 863, 866 (S.D.1985). The motion is denied.

[¶ 25.] MILLER, Chief Justice, and AMUNDSON, Justice, concur.

[¶ 26.] SABERS and KONENKAMP, Justices, dissent and would award mother $1,000 in appellate attorney’s fees.

1 . The record contains no attachment outlin-tag visitation guidelines.

2 . The existence of the statutory conditions allowing abatement is not in dispute in this appeal.