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Elliott J. Roschuni and June Gilbert Roschuni, Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentRoschuni v. CommissionerDocket No. 58161March 31, 1958, Filed
United States Tax Court *219
Decision will be entered under Rule 50 .1.
Held , the amounts received by the petitioner June during the taxable years and claimed by petitioners to be loans from Gilbert System Hotels, Inc., constituted distributions of earnings and profits undersection 115, I. R. C. 1939 , of that corporation alone, but only to the extent of that corporation's earnings and profits available for the payment of dividends.2.
Held , the statute of limitations is not a bar to assessment of deficiencies for the taxable years 1947 and 1948, since the petitioners omitted at least 25 per cent of their gross income for each of those years.Sec. 275 (c), I. R. C. 1939 .Joseph Hartman, Esq ., andLlewellyn A. Luce, Esq ., for the petitioners.W. Preston White, Jr., Esq .,*220 for the respondent.Kern,Judge .KERN*1193 The respondent determined deficiencies in income tax against the petitioners as follows:
1947 $ 21,399.64 1948 7,015.90 1949 39,082.19 1950 6,782.02 1951 16,148.70 Those parts of the deficiencies here in issue result directly or indirectly from respondent's determination that "the amounts * * * withdrawn by you from Gilbert System Hotels, Inc. during [the taxable years] constitute dividends paid from the combined surplus of the Gilbert chain of corporations * * *." The amounts so determined to have been dividends were as follows: *1194
1947 $ 41,083.55 1948 24,658.40 1949 83,485.12 1950 22,341.71 1951 38,531.77 FINDINGS OF FACT.
Some of the facts are stipulated. The stipulation and the exhibits annexed thereto are incorporated herein by this reference.
The petitioners, Elliott J. Roschuni and June Gilbert Roschuni, are husband and wife who were married March 29, 1947, and reside in Jacksonville, Florida. They filed their joint Federal income tax returns for the taxable years ended December 31, 1947 to 1951, inclusive, with the collector of internal revenue for the district of Florida.
The father*221 of petitioner June, Hubert Gilbert, hereinafter referred to as the decedent, died intestate on April 25, 1945. His heirs at law were Ann Gilbert, wife, and June, both of whom were appointed as administratrices of his estate, hereinafter called the estate, by the County Judge's Court in and for Duval County, Florida, on June 30, 1945. They acted as such until January 27, 1947. Ann Gilbert by a later marriage became Ann Gilbert Moody.
By an agreement dated January 27, 1947, Ann transferred to June all of her interest in the estate in consideration for the sum of $ 100,000. As a result of this agreement, Ann resigned as administratrix of the estate, her resignation was accepted, and June was appointed sole administratrix by order of the County Judge's Court in and for Duval County, Florida, on January 28, 1947, and served in that capacity until November 15, 1954, when the estate was closed and she was discharged as administratrix.
During the years ended December 31, 1947 to 1951, inclusive, stock in the hereinafter-named corporations was owned as follows:
*222Number of Number of shares shares owned by owned by Estate of June G. H. Gilbert Roschuni Gilbert System Hotels, Inc. -- common 524 10 Gilbert System Hotels, Inc. -- preferred 170 Gilbert Hotel No. 2, Inc. -- common 99 1 Gilbert Hotel System of Daytona, Inc. -- common 30 10 Gilbert Hotel No. 6, Inc. -- common 34 Gilbert Hotel No. 10, Inc. -- common 39 1 Gilbert Hotel No. 26, Inc. -- common 10 552 West Peachtree Apartment Hotel, Inc. -- common 100 Gilbert Hotel No. 37, Inc. -- common 40 Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc. -- common 250 20 Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc. -- preferred 500 Total 1,796 42 Number of Total shares number of owned by shares others outstanding Gilbert System Hotels, Inc. -- common 10 544 Gilbert System Hotels, Inc. -- preferred 300 Gilbert Hotel No. 2, Inc. -- common 100 Gilbert Hotel System of Daytona, Inc. -- common 50 Gilbert Hotel No. 6, Inc. -- common 66 100 Gilbert Hotel No. 10, Inc. -- common 60 100 Gilbert Hotel No. 26, Inc. -- common 10 552 West Peachtree Apartment Hotel, Inc. -- common 100 Gilbert Hotel No. 37, Inc. -- common 40 Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc. -- common 290 Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc. -- preferred 500 Total 296 2,134 *1195 The respondent recognized that the above-listed 524 shares of the common stock of Gilbert System Hotels, Inc., hereinafter called Hotels, Inc., constituted an asset of the estate, and it was agreed for the purposes of Federal estate and other taxes that the value of this stock at the date of the decedent's death was $ 138.91 a share.
Hotels, Inc., located in Jacksonville, *223 Florida, was a managing company acting on behalf of the above-listed separate corporations, most of which owned, or leased, and operated hotels. The executives of Hotels, Inc., were also the executive officers of the other Gilbert corporations. A separate set of books was kept for each hotel corporation. The hotel corporations were charged administration fees by Hotels, Inc., for handling all the bookkeeping and for supplies furnished. A separate account was maintained on the books of Hotels, Inc., showing the administrative fees received from each hotel corporation and its other income such as interest. The administrative expenses were also shown in this account. The operating expenses of each hotel corporation were shown on the books kept for that corporation. To recapitulate, each operating hotel corporation had account books maintained in the office of Hotels, Inc., showing income and operating expenses. The necessary information for the keeping of all these accounts was submitted by daily reports to Hotels, Inc.
The managing corporation, by having supervision of all accounts, could readily determine what each hotel corporation was paying out for expenses and what each*224 hotel corporation was earning. This operation through a managing corporation was economical because it rendered unnecessary an individual bookkeeping system by each hotel and permitted a centralized procurement of supplies. The ownership of one hotel by one corporation was advisable because it limited liabilities which might arise as, for example, from a catastrophic fire.
All of the corporations employed a manager, W. W. Walker, Jr. When the decedent died, Walker took over the management of the entire hotel system. In January 1947, W. W. Walker entered into a contract with the several corporations (of which June was president and Walker was secretary) and June, personally and in her capacity as administratrix of the estate, whereby he took over the management of all of the hotels and corporations and became vice president and general manager of Hotels, Inc. The contract was to run from 1947 to 1957. The contract was modified by agreements dated November 8, 1947, and May 9, 1949.
Many difficulties arose under this contract and it was terminated by an agreement dated February 11, 1954. The termination agreement *1196 was approved by the county court of Florida which had*225 jurisdiction of the estate.
During the taxable years the books of Hotels, Inc., reflected transactions with Gilbert Hotel No. 2, Inc., Gilbert Hotel No. 6, Inc., Gilbert Hotel No. 10, Inc., Gilbert Hotel No. 26, Inc., Gilbert Hotel No. 37, Inc., 552 West Peachtree Apartment Hotel, Inc., Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc., and Gilbert Hotel System of Daytona, Inc., as follows:
Total Year number of Debits Credits transactions 1947 677 $ 179,682.22 $ 101,661.70 1948 549 77,893.88 71,546.29 1949 528 45,977.20 77,134.77 1950 331 39,156.07 46,677.21 1951 292 44,920.50 44,382.34 The debits shown represent amounts paid for or advanced to the various corporations by Hotels, Inc., while the credits shown represent amounts received by or paid for Hotels, Inc., by the various other corporations.
From 1945 up to and including the time of trial herein June maintained an account with Hotels, Inc. Bills for her personal expenses were sent to the office of that corporation and, in turn, payments were made directly to her creditors by that corporation and charged by it to her account. In other words, Hotels, Inc., took care of her personal bills and expenses. *226 From time to time she was advised of the status of her account. No notes were given to evidence an obligation to repay this amount, nor was there any security transferred to the corporation. There was no set time or place for repayment and the corporation did not charge any interest on the amounts received by June. There were also charged to this account all of the funds payable by June to Ann under the agreement of January 27, 1947, all of which were advanced to June by Hotels, Inc. Some personal expenses of her husband, Elliott, were also charged to her account on the books of this corporation at her direction. During the years 1947 to 1950, inclusive, Elliott, who was pursuing his education, had no other source of income except a small salary for part-time work and educational benefits paid by the Federal Government.
June's withdrawals for the years 1945 to 1951, inclusive, were charged on the books of Hotels, Inc., and credits were made as follows: *1197
Year Total charges Total credits Balance, Dec. 31 1945 $ 3,363.36 $ 27.00 $ 3,336.36 1946 22,262.97 3,871.33 21,728.00 1947 181,899.82 62,811.55 1948 47,778.29 87,469.95 1949 88,151.33 4,666.21 170,955.07 1950 32,413.75 10,072.04 193,296.78 1951 18,307.40 404.75 *227 During each of the taxable years ended December 31, 1947 to 1951, inclusive, June received from Hotels, Inc., at least the following net amounts:
1947 $ 41,083.55 1948 24,658.40 1949 83,485.12 1950 22,341.71 1951 17,902.65 The books of Hotels, Inc., reflected balances in its surplus account as of June 30 of the taxable years and 1952 as follows:
1947 $ 59,921.96 1948 63,968.82 1949 74,650.08 1950 74,931.34 1951 75,706.23 1952 103,569.29 If the withdrawals of June were considered as dividends and had been reflected as such on the books of Hotels, Inc., its surplus account would have shown as available for dividends the following amounts for 1947, 1948, and 1949:
1947 $ 59,921.96 1948 22,885.27 1949 8,908.13 There would have been no amounts available*228 for the payments of dividends from surplus in 1950 or 1951, since the deficit in the surplus account after 1949 would have been $ 74,576.99.
In 1950 Hotels, Inc., had a net loss of $ 364.17 and in 1951 had a net income of $ 1,088.23.
As of the end of their respective fiscal years ending during the taxable years, Gilbert Hotel No. 2, Inc., Gilbert Hotel No. 6, Inc., Gilbert Hotel No. 10, Inc., Gilbert Hotel No. 26, Inc., Gilbert Hotel No. 37, Inc., 552 West Peachtree Apartment Hotel, Inc., Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc., and Gilbert Hotel System of Daytona, Inc., had combined surpluses in the following total amounts: *1198
1947 $ 109,374.32 1948 131,434.33 1949 174,868.73 1950 201,793.32 1951 213,717.24 During the taxable years ended December 31, 1947 to 1949, June maintained an account with, and made withdrawals from, Gilbert Hotel No. 6, Inc., Gilbert Hotel No. 26, Inc., and Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc. The circumstances surrounding the withdrawal of these funds were the same as those surrounding the withdrawal of funds from Hotels, Inc. The amounts withdrawn were as follows:
Name 1947 1948 1949 Gilbert Hotel No. 6, Inc $ 6,125 $ 5,713.66 Gilbert Hotel No. 26, Inc $ 2,500 Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc 2,625 *229 The credits to the account of June on the books of Hotels, Inc., for the years 1952 to 1956, inclusive, were as follows:
1952 $ 4.86 1953 1954 79,611.66 1955 1956 During the taxable years ended December 31, 1947 to 1950, inclusive, Elliott did not have an account on the books of Hotels, Inc. An account was set up for him during the taxable year ended December 31, 1951, during which he received at least $ 20,629.19.
The credits to the account of Elliott for the years 1951 to 1956, inclusive, on the books of Hotels, Inc., were as follows:
1951 $ 3,840.80 1952 6,250.00 1953 15,000.00 1954 4,840.36 1955 8,790.06 1956 4,750.00 During the taxable years ended December 31, 1947 to 1951, inclusive, the officers of the nine corporations were as follows:
Name Office Years (inclusive) June Gilbert Roschuni President 1947 to 1951. Treasurer 1947 to 1951. Elliott J. Roschuni Vice president Jan. 19, 1948 to 1951. W. W. Walker, Jr Assistant secretary Jan. 1, 1947 to Jan. 28, 1947. Secretary Jan. 28, 1947 to 1951. Vice president 1947 to 1951. Arthur Robertson Assistant secretary Jan. 28, 1947 to 1951. Ann Gilbert Secretary Jan. 1, 1947 to Jan. 28, 1947. *1199 *230 During the taxable years ended December 31, 1947 to 1951, inclusive, the board of directors of the nine corporations consisted of the following:
Name Years (inclusive) June Gilbert Roschuni 1947 to 1951. Elliott J. Roschuni Jan. 19, 1948 to 1951. W. W. Walker, Jr 1947 to 1951. Arthur Robertson Jan. 28, 1947 to 1951. Ann Gilbert Jan. 1, 1947 to Jan. 28, 1947. Maude Gilbert *231 taxable years ended December 31, 1944 to 1951, inclusive, Gilbert Hotel No. 10, Inc., did not declare any formal dividends with the exception of a $ 3,000 dividend in 1948. During its fiscal years ended June 30, 1945 to 1952, inclusive, Gilbert Hotel No. 26, Inc., did not declare any formal dividends with the exception of a $ 2,500 dividend in 1948. During its taxable years ended December 31, 1944 to 1951, inclusive, Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc., did not declare any formal dividends with the exception of a $ 6,125 dividend in 1948. During its taxable years ended December 31, 1944 to 1951, inclusive, Gilbert Hotel System of Daytona, Inc., did not declare any formal dividends with the exception of a $ 3,000 dividend in 1948. The dividends formally declared by Gilbert Hotel No. 2, Inc., Gilbert Hotel No. 10, Inc., Gilbert Hotel No. 26, Inc., Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc., and Gilbert Hotel System of Daytona, Inc., in 1948, together with dividends from certain other corporations, were first credited to June's account on the books of Hotels, Inc. An entry was made later, however, whereby this credit was reversed and the amounts were credited to the estate of Hubert*232 Gilbert.
The books of Hotels, Inc., show dividends to the estate as of April 30, 1948, as follows: *1200
Gilbert Hotel No. 10, Inc $ 966.18 Gilbert Hotel System of Daytona, Inc 544.45 552 West Peachtree Apartment Hotel, Inc 115.03 Gilbert Hotel No. 2, Inc 6,114.28 Gilbert Hotel No. 37, Inc 4,123.51 Gilbert Hotel System of Daytona, Inc 2,400.00 Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc 3,250.00 By a deed dated May 1, 1954, June transferred her personal residence to Hotels, Inc. At the same time her husband, Elliott, leased the house back from the corporation at a rental of $ 550 per month. By virtue of this transaction, her account on the books of Hotels, Inc., was credited in the amount of $ 70,884.65, which was included in the $ 79,611.66 figure for the year 1954. This transaction occurred after the respondent's examining officer had contacted the petitioners with respect to this case. The respondent's examining officer first contacted petitioners in 1952.
On their joint Federal income tax returns for the taxable years ended December 31, 1947 to 1951, inclusive, the petitioners reported gross income as follows:
*233Income 1947 1948 1949 Salary: Gilbert System Hotels, Inc $ 6,000.12 $ 4,800.12 $ 8,030.87 Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc 1,200.00 Gilbert Hotel No. 2, Inc Interest 50.82 27.50 Total 6,050.94 6,000.12 8,058.37 Income 1950 1951 Salary: Gilbert System Hotels, Inc $ 9,810.72 $ 10,015.04 Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc Gilbert Hotel No. 2, Inc 200.00 Interest 138.50 738.24 Total 9,949.22 10,953.28 On November 4, 1952, a consent extending the period for the assessment of Federal income tax for the taxable year 1947 to June 30, 1954, was executed by the petitioners. This consent was renewed by the parties on January 7, 1954, and the time for the assessment of Federal income tax was extended to June 30, 1955.
A consent extending until June 30, 1955, the period for the assessment of income taxes for the taxable year 1948 was executed by the parties on January 7, 1954.
The statutory notice of deficiency herein was mailed to petitioners on March 9, 1955.
The net amount of the withdrawals by petitioner June from Hotels, Inc., during the taxable years constituted distributions equivalent to the payment of dividends to the extent that Hotels, Inc., had earnings and profits available for the payment of dividends during each of said years.
OPINION.
The principal issue for our decision is whether certain amounts received by the petitioners from Hotels, Inc., *234 during *1201 the taxable years ended December 31, 1947 to 1951, inclusive, constituted distributions equivalent to the payment of dividends within the meaning of
section 115 (a), I. R. C. 1939 , as respondent has determined, or, as petitioners contend, were loans to petitioners from the corporation. The respondent's argument as to this question is adequately summarized in his brief as follows:The respondent contends that the withdrawals from the hotel corporations by petitioner and her husband were distributions of earnings or profits of the entire chain of Gilbert hotel corporations and should be taxed as dividends for the following reasons: (1) the corporations were closely held and controlled; (2) no note, no interest, and no security were given to the hotel corporations by petitioners; (3) there was no definite time specified for repayment of the amounts withdrawn; (4) the withdrawals were substantial and for the petitioners' personal expenses; (5) there was no apparent ceiling on the amount that could be withdrawn by the petitioners; (6) the withdrawals were not to meet an unusual, nonrecurring emergency; (7) the constant practice of withdrawing corporate earnings on open*235 account with only negligible repayments over a long period of years indicates an established method of dividend distribution; (8) the hotel corporations had a poor previous dividend record; (9) there was no effort to enforce collection on the part of the hotel corporations; (10) there was no plan or tangible means for repayment of the withdrawals by petitioners; (11) there were no large credits to petitioner's account until after she had been contacted by respondent's examining officer; (12) the hotel corporations had large surpluses; (13) the petitioner, who made most of the withdrawals, failed to testify, and (14) logic, as well as the decided cases, [supports] the respondent's determination.
The petitioners argue that the respondent's determination was erroneous and that the withdrawals constituted bona fide loans made by the corporation on open account to June, as it had the right to do, and were recognized as such by both the corporation and the petitioners in that the petitioners intended to repay these advances and did make substantial repayments. Petitioners also argue that the distributions could not be dividends because June was only a minority stockholder in Hotels, *236 Inc., and because the distributions were greatly in excess of that corporation's earnings and profits. Another issue as to whether the assessments of the additional taxes for the taxable years 1947 and 1948 are barred by the statute of limitations will depend on whether and to the extent we sustain the respondent's determination of the deficiencies as to those years. If it develops that there has been a 25 per cent omission of gross income for each of those taxable years, the assessment would not be barred by reason of the provisions of
sections 275 (c) and276 (b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 . An additional issue involving the amount of the allowable deduction for medical expenses in the taxable year ended December 31, 1951, will also be dependent on our holding on the principal issue.Whether withdrawals from a corporation represent loans or taxable distributions depends on all the facts and circumstances surrounding *1202 the transactions between the stockholders and the corporation.
Harry E. Wiese , 35 B. T. A. 701 (1937)93 F. 2d 921 (C. A. 8, 1938), certiorari denied304 U.S. 562">304 U.S. 562 (1938),*237 rehearing denied304 U.S. 589">304 U.S. 589 (1938);W. T. Wilson , 10 T. C. 251 (1948)W. T. Wilson, supra ; Ben R. Meyer , 45 B. T. A. 228 (1941)In our opinion, the evidence indicates that the withdrawals by June in the instant case constituted distributions of corporate earnings and profits equivalent to dividends within the meaning of the statute. Briefly, the record portrays the following situation:
Hotels, Inc., was controlled by June, for, although she only owned outright a small percentage of the common stock of Hotels, Inc. (10 shares), she controlled practically all of the common stock of that corporation by virtue of her position as sole heir and sole administratrix of her father's estate which held 524 shares of the 544 shares outstanding. As to the question of whether June's stock interest in Hotels, Inc., was sufficient to justify the treatment of the withdrawals as dividends, the case of
Ben R. Meyer, supra These are factors supporting the respondent's determination that the withdrawals in reality constituted dividends. Petitioners, in arguing *1203 that the withdrawals in reality constituted loans rather than dividends, point out as factors favoring their contention that petitioners and Hotels, Inc., recognized these withdrawals as liabilities in that they were set up on the corporation's books as debts on open account, that petitioners intended to repay to the corporation the amounts withdrawn, that substantial repayments were made, that the withdrawals were in no way proportionate to stock ownership, and that the earnings and profits of Hotels, Inc., were not sufficient to justify the treatment of these withdrawals as dividends.
*240 The fact that the books of the corporation reflected these withdrawals in the form of open accounts is not a controlling factor in determining the intentions of the parties or, to be realistic, the intention of June since she controlled the corporation. June did not testify in these proceedings. The testimony of her husband as to her intention, to which no objection was made, is not helpful. We must determine what that intention was by circumstantial evidence. We conclude that during the taxable years June had no intention with regard to the repayment of these withdrawals, that she considered the corporation as hers, and intended to use its available funds as her own financial needs and conveniences dictated.
Insofar as June's financial needs and conveniences permitted, credits were made from time to time to this account, but there appears to have been no deliberate attempt on her part to take affirmative steps toward repayment or indicating an intention of repayment until after the taxable years and after respondent's investigation indicated the tax dangers of the situation. Then petitioners transferred their home to their controlled corporation at a valuation to which they *241 as officers and directors of the corporation agreed, and leased it back for a rental to be paid the corporation, practically all of the common stock of which was to be owned by June within the year. This transaction itself indicates that no plans had been made for the repayment of the withdrawals since June apparently had no cash resources available for this purpose.
In connection with petitioners' contentions relating to intention and repayment, it is interesting to note the differences between June's withdrawals and those of Elliott. Elliott, who was not a stockholder of Hotels, Inc., but was merely a husband and employee, was permitted to make withdrawals only after he had established his own financial responsibility, his repayments on account were regular and really substantial, and he testified convincingly concerning his own intention of repayment. June was a stockholder and controlled the corporation, there were no limitations upon the extent of her withdrawals, the credits to her account were irregular and were so relatively unsubstantial that the balance of her account reflecting these *1204 withdrawals increased from $ 3,336 to $ 211,199 in 6 years, and she failed*242 to testify at the trial herein.
The fact that distributions may be in amounts which have no reference to the proportions in which stock is held is not controlling.
Lincoln Nat. Bank v.Burnet , 63 F. 2d 13123 B. T. A. 1304 (1931) ;Roy J. Kinnear , 36 B. T. A. 153 (1937)C. W. Murchison , 32 B. T. A. 32 (1935)Ben R. Meyer, supra This latter case has been cited by respondent in connection with petitioners' argument that the withdrawals cannot be distributions equivalent to the payment of dividends in that, or at least to the extent that, they are in excess of the earnings and profits of Hotels, Inc., available for the payment of dividends. Respondent argues that since the various corporations*243 for which Hotels, Inc., acts as the management corporation are controlled by Hotels, Inc., or the estate of June's father, and since June controls Hotels, Inc., and the estate, it follows that the surplus accounts of these corporations must be considered in determining the amounts available for the payments of dividends by Hotels, Inc. In our opinion, that case is not pertinent and respondent's argument on this question is without merit. Although the circumstances here present are somewhat unusual, we know of no authority which would justify respondent in disregarding the separate corporate identity of the various corporations here involved in determining the earnings and profits, or surplus of Hotels, Inc., available for the payment of dividends, as "dividends" is defined in
section 115 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 .We conclude that the net withdrawals from Hotels, Inc., made by petitioner June during each of the taxable years, constituted distributions equivalent to the payment of dividends but only to the extent that the surplus or earnings and profits of Hotels, Inc. (and that corporation alone), were available for the payment of dividends.
As we have already pointed*244 out, the remaining issues are both dependent on the result just reached. Because there was an omission of at least 25 per cent of gross income for each of the taxable years 1947 and 1948, the assessment of taxes for those years is not barred by the statute of limitations. The amount of the allowable deduction for medical expenses for the taxable year ended December 31, 1951, will be determined in the recomputations hereinafter to be filed.
Decision will be entered under Rule 50 .Footnotes
1. Owned by seven individuals not related to the Gilberts.↩
2. Owned by Gilbert System Hotels, Inc.↩
3. Owned by June's half sister.↩
1. Included in this amount is a credit in the amount of $ 89,000 to reverse an entry of $ 100,000 for stock entered on the books at one time.↩
2. Included in this amount is a credit in the amount of $ 21,747.27 for dividends from the various corporations which were later reversed out of the account.↩
3. Other credits contained in the account were for technical adjustments and correcting entries.↩
1. Only Osceola Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc.↩
Document Info
Docket Number： Docket No. 58161
Citation Numbers： 29 T.C. 1193, 1958 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 219
Judges： Kern
Filed Date： 3/31/1958
Precedential Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/14/2024
Authorities (1)
