Keystone Macaroni Mfg. Co. v. Commissioner , 18 T.C. 1078 ( 1952 )

Keystone Macaroni Manufacturing Company, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent

Keystone Macaroni Mfg. Co. v. Commissioner

Docket No. 29992

United States Tax Court

18 T.C. 1078; 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 96;

September 24, 1952, Promulgated

---

Decision will be entered for the respondent.

Claims for refund under section 721, I. R. C., based upon the realization of abnormal income from the development of a formula or process for the manufacture of spaghetti sauce denied for lack of proof as to what portion, if any, of petitioner's income for the taxable years involved is attributable to the development of the formula.

Harry J. J. Bellwoar, Jr., Esq., for the petitioner.

Charles J. Hickey, Esq., for the respondent.

LeMire, Judge.

---

LeMIRE

The respondent has determined deficiencies in income and excess profits taxes for the fiscal years ended August 31, 1945, and 1946, as follows:

		Excess
	Income	profits
Year ended	tax	tax
Aug. 31, 1945		$ 4,915.72
Aug. 31, 1946	$ 527.55	$ 12,708.00

Also in his notice of deficiency the respondent disallowed the petitioner's claims for refund of excess profits taxes under section 721, in the amounts of $ 20,361.90 for 1943; $ 10,714.48 for 1944, and $ 7,629.06 for 1945. In this proceeding petitioner is contesting only the disallowance of the claims for refund.

FINDINGS OF FACT.

Petitioner is a Pennsylvania corporation with its principal place of business located at Lebanon, Pennsylvania. Its returns for the taxable years involved were filed with the collector of internal revenue for the first district of Pennsylvania.

Since its organization in 1920, petitioner has been engaged in the manufacture and sale of spaghetti, macaroni, noodles, and related products, under the trade name of "San Giorgio."

Prior to 1940 petitioner sold under its own trade name a spaghetti sauce manufactured by Venice Maid Company, of Vineland, New Jersey. In September 1940 it began manufacturing its own spaghetti sauce under a formula which had been developed by its president, Girolamo Guerrisi, with the help of some of the other employees.

Experiments on the sauce were begun by Guerissi at his home some time in 1938. He would occasionally invite his friends and office associates to a spaghetti dinner where he would serve his experimental sauce and get their opinions as to its quality, as well as suggestions for improving the flavor. He would give samples of the sauce to guests and friends for testing. Later on, these experiments were conducted at a kitchen which had been installed at petitioner's plant. The kitchen was used for testing other products manufactured and sold by petitioner.

In November 1938 a research chemist employed by American Can Company, Glenn D. Wiles, called at petitioner's plant and made arrangements with Guerissi to do some experimental canning for petitioner. On December 20, 1938, Wiles took the necessary canning equipment to Guerissi's home and together they prepared and packed a total of 42 cans of spaghetti and other products, including four cans of spaghetti sauce prepared under the Guerrisi recipe. Wiles made a written report to American Can Company of these tests and stated that the sauce was of excellent quality and had a very fine mild flavor and that it "differed from the usual spaghetti sauce in that it contained no garlic, was not highly spiced, and contained added sugar."

This experimental pack was opened and examined by Wiles in January 1939 and a written report was submitted to petitioner by him on January 16, 1939, stating the results shown as to the various commodities tested. As to the spaghetti sauce the report stated:

The spaghetti sauce had a very fine bland flavor, slightly sweet and lacking in spices. On opening the can, a considerable layer of oil was noticed on the top of the sauce. This sauce doubtless would appeal to many individuals; however, it is somewhat different in character than the usual spaghetti sauce.

Sometime between April and September 1940 petitioner installed canning equipment in its plant and began canning its spaghetti sauce and other products. It had done no canning of its own prior to that time. Thereafter, and during all of the taxable years involved, it continued to manufacture and sell its own spaghetti sauce under its own trade name, "San Giorgio." Petitioner's net sales and cost of goods sold for the fiscal years August 31, 1939, through August 31, 1945, inclusive, were as follows:

	Net sales		Cost of goods sold
Year ending Aug. 31
	Macaroni	Spaghetti	Macaroni	Spaghetti
	products	sauce	products	sauce
1939	$ 983,301.49	$ 10,868.35	$ 699,412.79	$ 8,966.44
1940	1,133,311.24	14,679.29	827,307.47	12,313.87
1941	1,377,325.50	31,086.79	1,047,356.85	24,474.48
1942	1,563,495.27	93,613.63	1,237,697.86	64,083.81
1943	2,088,309.85	155,714.82	1,601.818.75	103,899.70
1944	2,072,170.73	176,461.56	1,642,469.02	111,857.44
1945	2,210,906.80	177,695.08	1,729,118.83	105,163.73

Petitioner did not do any special advertising of its spaghetti sauce prior to or during the taxable years involved. However, in its advertisements of spaghetti sauce and other macaroni products mention was usually made of petitioner's "San Giorgio" brand of spaghetti sauce. This trade name was used on all of petitioner's products and was widely advertised. The amounts spent on all types of advertising of all products for the years 1939 through 1945, inclusive, were as follows:

Year ending
Aug. 31	Amount
1939	$ 29,876.47
1940	24,324.60
1941	23,089.14
1942	12,425.74
1943	30,150.25
1944	64,750.67
1945	73,864.45

For the years 1943, 1944 and 1945, petitioner's direct expenses not allocated to cost of goods sold, its indirect expenses, and its net income were as follows:

		Indirect and
	Direct	other	Net
Year ending Aug. 31	expenses	expenses	income
1943	$ 293,824.50	$ 60,344.02	$ 184,275.20
1944	321,007.61	61,577.77	111,775.78
1945	354,804.15	71,933.89	128,170.35

There is no recognized standard recipe or formula for spaghetti sauce. Commercial brands, as well as those prepared for home use, all differ somewhat in flavor due to variations in the type and quality of ingredients and in the method used in preparing the sauce. The following is a recipe for a 60-gallon batch of sauce which petitioner submitted to authorities at Washington, D. C., for approval on August 6, 1940:

60 GALLON BATCH

15 lbs. beef

15 lbs. pork

5 gal. olive oil

45 lbs. onions

30 lbs. carrots

15 lbs. celery

6 lbs. salt

80 ts. white pepper

1 3/4 lbs. mushrooms

3 lb. 12 oz. sugar

2 oz. mixed spices

135 lbs. tomato paste

120 qts. water

pinch rosa marina

pinch nutmeg

pinch garlic

OPINION.

Petitioner seeks relief under section 721 (a) (2) (C) of the Internal Revenue Code. The pertinent provisions of the statute ^{*102 and the Commissioner's regulations *103 Petitioner has undertaken to show that it realized "abnormal income" (that is, income in excess of 125 per cent of the average income of that class received in the four previous tax years) from the manufacture and sale of spaghetti sauce which resulted from exploration, discovery, prospecting, research, or development of formulae, or processes, within the meaning of section 721 (a) (2) (C).}

Petitioner contends that its abnormal net income in the taxable years was due to the formula and processes which it developed for spaghetti sauce and is allocable to the prior years 1938 to 1940, inclusive, during which the "development and research" took place. The cost of developing the formula, it is claimed, was $ 5,000 in 1939 and $ 9,204.33 in 1940, a total of $ 14,204.33.

The evidence establishes that petitioner's president, with the help of one or more of its employees, did develop a formula or process for manufacturing spaghetti sauce over a period substantially as claimed, and that petitioner realized income from the sale of such sauce in the taxable years in excess of 125 per cent of its income from the sale of spaghetti sauce in the four previous taxable years. However, we are unable to find from the evidence what portion, if any, of petitioner's income from the sale of the sauce resulted from the development of the formula or what portion, if any, is attributable to prior years.

First, the evidence fails to show that there was anything unique about petitioner's spaghetti sauce formula which gave it any commercial advantage over other spaghetti sauces. In the opinion of the American Can Company research scientist it was of a fine quality and differed somewhat in flavor from other prepared sauces, but there is no evidence that for those reasons it was in greater public demand or had greater potential sale value than competitive sauces, or that those factors resulted in the increase of petitioner's sales of spaghetti sauce.

It will be noted that petitioner had substantial sales of spaghetti sauce in 1939 and 1940 before it began manufacturing its own sauce. It had net sales of $ 10,868.35 in 1939 and $ 14,679.20 in 1940. The evidence is that petitioner was in production of its own sauce in September 1940. In 1941, the first full year of production, its sales of spaghetti sauce increased to $ 31,086.79, and in 1942, to over $ 93,000. These increased sales could hardly have been attributable to consumer demand for this particular sauce so soon after its introduction to the trade and with practically no advertising except of the general trade name under which it was sold. Petitioner's sales of spaghetti sauce continued to increase to approximately $ 155,000 in 1943, $ 176,000 in 1944, and $ 177,000 in 1945. Over the same period net sales of petitioner's other products rose from $ 983,301.49 in 1939 to approximately $ 2,089,000 in 1943 and $ 2,211,000 in 1945. This would indicate that the increased sales of spaghetti sauce in the taxable years were due in large part to the general increase in the consumption of spaghetti and related products.

There is evidence too that during 1943, 1944, and 1945, there was a growing demand for canned foods and that spaghetti sauce was favored under the wartime point system of food rationing as a substitute for meat and for use as a relish with the cheaper cuts of meat which the public was forced to buy. It has not been shown that during the taxable years there was not a like increase in the sales of other spaghetti sauces manufactured by other concerns, or that petitioner's own brand of sauce was favored by the public over other brands because of its flavor or other characteristics attributable to the formula under which it was produced.

To be entitled to relief under section 721(a)(2)(C) it was incumbent upon petitioner to show not only that there was abnormal income reasonably attributable to the development of the formula but, also, what amounts of such income are attributable to what prior years. The act provides that the amount of abnormal income attributable to prior years or future taxable years shall be determined under regulations prescribed by the Commissioner. The Commissioner's regulations provide that the amounts so attributable are to be determined "in the light of the events in which such items had their origin," and that --

* * * To the extent that any items of net abnormal income in the taxable year are the result of high prices, low operating costs, or increased physical volume of sales due to increased demand for or decreased competition in the type of product sold by the taxpayer, such items shall not be attributed to other taxable years. * * *

The evidence does not show that petitioner's abnormal income for the taxable years did not result from the factors enumerated in the regulations. The facts do show that both the price and the sales volume of petitioner's spaghetti sauce increased, but, as pointed out above, we do not know that the increased sales were not due to increased demand for that type of product rather than for the particular product sold by the petitioner.

For the reasons stated we must conclude that petitioner's claims for relief were properly disallowed.

Reviewed by the Special Division.

Decision will be entered for the respondent.

---

Footnotes

• 1. Internal Revenue Code:

  SEC. 721. ABNORMALITIES IN INCOME IN TAXABLE PERIOD.

  (a) Definitions. -- For the purposes of this section --

  (1) Abnormal Income. -- The term "abnormal income" means income of any class includible in the gross income of the taxpayer for any taxable year under this subchapter if it is abnormal for the taxpayer to derive income of such class, or, if the taxpayer normally derives income of such class but the amount of such income of such class includible in the gross income of the taxable year is in excess of 125 per centum of the average amount of the gross income of the same class for the four previous taxable years, or, if the taxpayer was not in existence for four previous taxable years, the taxable years during which the taxpayer was in existence.

  (2) Separate Classes of Income. -- Each of the following subparagraphs shall be held to describe a separate class of income:

  * * * *

  (C) Income resulting from exploration, discovery, prospecting, research, or development of tangible property, patents, formulae, or processes, or any combination of the foregoing, extending over a period of more than 12 months; * * *

  (b) Amount Attributable to Other Years. -- The amount of the net abnormal income that is attributable to any previous or future taxable year or years shall be determined under regulations prescribed by the Commissioner with the approval of the Secretary. * * *↩

• 2. Regulations 112:

  Sec. 35.721-3. Amount Attributable to Other Years. -- The mere fact that an item includible in gross income is of a class abnormal either in kind or in amount does not result in the exclusion of any part of such item from excess profits net income. It is necessary that the item be found attributable under these regulations in whole or in part to other taxable years. Only that portion of the item which is found to be attributable to other years may be excluded from the gross income of the taxpayer for the year for which the excess profits tax is being computed.

  Items of net abnormal income are to be attributed to other years in the light of the events in which such items had their origin, and only in such amounts as are reasonable in the light of such events. * * * Thus, no portion of an item is to be attributed to other years if such item is of a class of income which is in excess of 125 percent of the average income of the same class for the four previous taxable years solely because of an improvement in business conditions. In attributing items of net abnormal income to other years, particular attention must be paid to changes in those years in the factors which determined the amount of such income, such as changes in prices, amount of production, and demand for the product. * * *↩