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FEDERAL HOME LOAN MORTGAGE CORPORATION, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentFed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp. v. Comm'rNo. 3941-99; 15626-99
United States Tax Court 125 T.C. 248; 2005 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 33; 125 T.C. No. 12;November 21, 2005, FiledFed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp. v. Commissioner, 121 T.C. 279">121 T.C. 279 , 2003 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 44">2003 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 44 (2003)*33 P received commitment fees for entering into prior approval
purchase contracts with mortgage originators. The contracts
obligated P to purchase mortgages from originators during a
specified period of time pursuant to a pricing formula but did
not require the originators to sell mortgages to P. The
commitment fees equaled 2.0 percent of the principal amount of
the mortgages. The commitment fees consisted of a 0.5-percent
nonrefundable portion and a 1.5-percent refundable portion. In
the taxable years 1985 through 1990, P treated the 0.5-percent
nonrefundable portion of the commitment fees as premiums
received for writing put options. As a result, when an
originator sold a mortgage to P, P treated the 0.5-percent
portion of the fee as a reduction of its purchase price and
reported this amount as income over the estimated life of the
mortgage. If an originator failed to sell the mortgage to P, P
reported the 0.5 percent of the fee in the year in which the
originator failed to exercise its right to sell the mortgage. R
determined that the nonrefundable*34 commitment fees should have
been reported in the taxable year that P received the payment.
Held: In substance and form, P's prior approval purchase
contracts were put options, and P properly reported the
nonrefundable portion of the commitment fees as option premiums.
Robert A. Rudnick , James F. Warren,Alan J. Swirski ,Richard J. Gagnon, Jr. , andB. John Williams, Jr. , for petitioner.Gary D. Kallevang , for respondent.Ruwe, Robert P.ROBERT P. RUWE*248 OPINION
RUWE, Judge: Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income taxes in docket No. 3941-99 as follows:
Year Deficiency
____ __________
1985 $ 36,623,695
1986 40,111,127
*249 Petitioner claims overpayments of $ 9,604,085 for 1985 and $ 12,418,469 for 1986.
Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income taxes in docket No. 15626-99 as follows:
Year Deficiency
____ __________
1987 $ 26,200,358
1988 *35 13,827,654
1989 6,225,404
1990 23,466,338
Petitioner claims overpayments of $ 57,775,538 for 1987, $ 28,434,990 for 1988, $ 32,577,346 for 1989, and $ 19,504,333 for 1990.
In this Opinion, we decide whether certain nonrefundable commitment fees that mortgage originators paid to petitioner to enter into Conventional Multifamily Prior Approval Purchase Contracts (prior approval purchase contracts) are to be recognized when those fees are paid or should be treated as premium for "put" options, which would defer recognition until after delivery or nondelivery of the underlying mortgages. *36 Background
A. Multifamily Mortgage Program
A multifamily mortgage loan is a loan secured on a property consisting of an apartment building with more than four residences. Petitioner offered originators two programs for selling multifamily mortgages: (1) The immediate delivery purchase program, and (2) the prior approval conventional multifamily mortgage purchase program (prior approval program).
1. Immediate Delivery Purchase Program
Petitioner designed the immediate delivery purchase program to accommodate the purchase of mortgages already closed and on an originator's*38 books at the time an originator enters into a purchase contract with petitioner. Although this program is designed for portfolio mortgages, an originator may enter into an immediate delivery purchase contract with petitioner before actually closing on the mortgage. However, if for some reason the mortgage cannot be delivered, petitioner can impose sanctions on an originator.
To participate in the immediate delivery purchase program, an originator telephones petitioner to make an offer *251 for a purchase contract. When petitioner receives a telephone offer from an originator, that offer is "an irrevocable offer that the [originator] may not modify." Petitioner may accept an offer within 2 business days of receiving the telephone offer. When petitioner accepts an offer, it executes two copies of the purchase contract and mails the contract to an originator. Within 24 hours of receiving the purchase contract, an originator must execute the contract and mail one copy along with a $ 1,500 nonrefundable application/review fee or 0.1 percent of the purchase contract, whichever is greater, to petitioner's applicable regional office. If an originator failed to acknowledge and submit a copy of*39 a purchase contract, petitioner may disqualify or suspend an originator as an eligible seller to petitioner. After completing a documentation review, underwriting, and property inspections, if any, petitioner's applicable regional office will contact an originator. The mortgages acceptable to petitioner will be identified and purchased.
An originator must deliver the mortgages to petitioner within the 30-calendar-day commitment period. In most cases, the penalty for nondelivery is disqualification or suspension of an originator from eligibility to sell mortgages to petitioner. *40 Under the immediate delivery purchase program, petitioner established its required net yield when originators offered the contracts. The required net yield is the interest rate that petitioner will receive from the mortgage it purchases from an originator. Petitioner did not charge an upfront commitment fee in its immediate delivery purchase program.
2. Prior Approval Program
Alternatively, originators may sell multifamily mortgages to petitioner under the prior approval program, which began in 1976. Under this program, petitioner entered into contracts *252 with originators to purchase a multifamily mortgage before the closing date of the mortgage. In general, each executed prior approval purchase contract pertained to a single mortgage, as opposed to a pool of mortgages. Petitioner's promotional pamphlets state that this program offered originators the "peace of mind" of knowing that petitioner would purchase the loan once it closed. The pamphlets also explain that once an originator entered into a prior approval purchase contract with petitioner, "delivery of the loan is still optional, so [the originators] don't have to worry if the deal hits a snag or falls*41 through completely."
Under the prior approval program, originators were not obligated to deliver the multifamily mortgage to petitioner. Petitioner's Sellers' & Servicers' Guide is part of the contract between an originator and petitioner. Petitioner's Sellers' & Servicers' Guide states: "Delivery under this program is optional. However, unless the optional delivery contract is converted to a mandatory delivery contract within the 60-day optional delivery period, the mortgage may not be delivered and [petitioner] will retain the entire 2-percent commitment fee required pursuant to
section 3004 ." The Sellers' & Servicers' Guide also provides:The optional delivery date stated in the purchase
contract will be within 60 days from the date [petitioner]
issues the purchase contract plus the 10-business-day period in
which the [originator] may accept the purchase contract. During
the 60-day period, if the [originator] intends to deliver the
mortgage(s) to [petitioner], the [originator] must convert the
optional delivery purchase contract to a 30-day mandatory
delivery purchase contract. * * *
To receive a prior*42 approval purchase contract from petitioner, an originator must submit a request for prior approval of a specific multifamily project. Along with the request, an originator paid a nonrefundable loan application fee of the greater of $ 1,500 or 0.10 percent of the original principal amount of the mortgage (but not in excess of $ 2,500). After completion of processing, including underwriting and property inspections, petitioner would determine if the mortgage is acceptable. Id. If acceptable, petitioner would execute a prior approval purchase contract (also called Form 6), which it mailed to an originator. An originator wishing to participate in the prior approval program *253 would execute the Form 6, and mail or deliver it to petitioner no later than 10 business days from the date of petitioner's offer. Form 6 would set forth details of the specific mortgage that an originator could deliver.
Between 1985 and 1991, petitioner required an originator to submit a 2-percent commitment fee with the executed prior approval purchase contract. During the years at issue, the 2-percent commitment fee consisted of a 0.5-percent nonrefundable portion and a 1.5-percent portion that was refundable if*43 an originator delivered the mortgage under the prior approval purchase contract. *44 of the fee in the event of nondelivery functioned as a delivery incentive consistent with petitioner's business preference to buy mortgages in the secondary market. *45 Petitioner required originators to service the mortgages they sold to petitioner. Originators received compensation for performing this service (the compensation is known as the minimum servicing spread). For the years at issue, the minimum servicing fee (the originator's retained spread over the *254 life of the mortgage) was 25 basis points (bps) *46 yield was the rate at which originators could contract to deliver a mortgage under the immediate delivery purchase program. The maximum required net yield was the fixed rate, or locked-in interest rate, that petitioner and an originator had previously agreed upon in Form 6. *255 was the sum of*47 the required net yield selected and the minimum servicing spread. *48 For example, suppose an originator and petitioner entered into a prior approval purchase contract with respect to a mortgage in the maximum amount of $ 6 million. The originator paid the 2-percent commitment fee in the amount of $ 120,000. The mortgage was subject to a maximum mortgage interest rate of 12.595 percent and the maximum required net yield to petitioner was 12.470 percent. The difference, 0.125 percent or 12.5 bps, represents the minimum spread to be retained by an originator for servicing the mortgage, or $ 7,500/year. If an originator contemplated selling the subject mortgage to another buyer in lieu of petitioner, it would have to consider the effect of forfeiting the otherwise refundable portion of the commitment fee, or $ 90,000, in comparison to the spread it could obtain with another purchaser.
In the event that petitioner's required net yield on any day during the 60-day (or 15-day) period exceeded the "maximum required net yield", petitioner could be required on that day to contract to purchase conforming mortgages at the maximum required net yield stated on the Form 6, instead of at its current day required net yield. This arrangement effectively ensured that*49 an originator could make a mortgage loan to a borrower at a particular rate, and would be protected against having to sell it to petitioner at a discount from par, or at an additional discount as a result of an increase in petitioner's required net yield during the 60-day (or 15-day) period. Because it could select the maximum required net yield if market rates increased, an originator was assured of dealing at a rate that was no higher than was specified in the prior approval purchase contract. Thus, an upward movement in interest rates normally would not prevent an originator from delivering a mortgage under the prior approval program. Alternatively, if interest rates went down, an originator would have the benefit (whether in the form of a greater spread or less of a discount from UPB) of selecting an alternate required net yield in lieu of the higher maximum *256 required net yield as stated in the prior approval purchase contract. *50 If an originator selected an alternate required net yield, it was required to give notice of this selection no later than the date of conversion to mandatory delivery. If an originator failed to give notice of conversion to a mandatory commitment within 5 business days of selecting an alternate required net yield, the prior approval purchase contract would be terminated, and petitioner would retain the entire 2-percent commitment fee.
Nondelivery generally occurred when the borrower repudiated or defaulted on its arrangement with the originator so that the originator did not have the mortgage to deliver. *51 In computing its taxable income for the years 1985 through 1991, petitioner treated the 0.5-percent nonrefundable portion of the commitment fees as premium received for writing put options in favor of the various mortgage originators. Petitioner generally did not include in taxable income amounts received for the 0.5-percent nonrefundable portion of the commitment fee in the year of receipt. Petitioner deducted such nonrefundable amounts from the cost basis of mortgages purchased when originators delivered mortgages to petitioner. Petitioner amortized these amounts into income over multiyear periods of 7 or 8 years (i.e., the estimated life of the mortgages in petitioner's hands). *257 if the last day of the 60-day (or 15-day) period was within the current year.
*52 During the years 1985 through 1991, petitioner received the 0.5-percent nonrefundable portion of the commitment fees pursuant to the prior approval program in amounts totaling $ 9,506,398, $ 16,489,524, $ 9,408,907, $ 4,525,606, $ 4,892,445, $ 2,805,392, and $ 41,257, respectively. On its corporate returns for the years 1985 through 1993, petitioner included taxable income of $ 5,636,762, $ 16,627,101, $ 2,035,928, $ 2,601,628, $ 3,213,184, $ 3,563,858, $ 3,569,015, $ 3,569,015, and $ 3,569,015, respectively. The adjustments in dispute in the 1985-90 taxable years are the net differences between the amounts of nonrefundable commitment fees received and reported for tax purposes, as follows:
Nonrefundable Amount in
Commitment Fees Received Reported Dispute 1985-90
_______________ ________ ________ _______________
1985 $ 9,506,398 $ 5,636,762 $ 3,869,636
1986 16,489,524 16,627,101 (137,577)
1987 9,408,907 2,035,928 *53 7,372,979
1988 4,525,606 2,601,628 1,923,978
1989 4,892,445 3,213,184 1,679,261
1990 2,805,392 3,563,858 (758,466)
In computing its taxable income for the year 1985, petitioner overstated its income attributable to such receipts under its method of accounting in the amount of $ 883,638 as a result of a computational error.
During the years 1985 through 1988, and 1990, originators failed to deliver at least 67 mortgages specified in prior approval purchase contracts to petitioner. *258 believes that the typical reason for nondelivery was failure of the underlying mortgage to have been consummated.
*54 Discussion
Petitioner argues that the 0.5-percent nonrefundable portions of the commitment fees that originators paid to enter into prior approval purchase contracts constitute "put" option
section 451 requires petitioner, as an accrual basis taxpayer, to recognize the nonrefundable commitment fees in the year of receipt because its right to retain the commitment fees was fixed and determined.*55
Section 451(a) generally provides that "The amount of any item of gross income shall be included in the gross income for the taxable year in which received by the taxpayer, unless, under the method of accounting used in computing taxable income, such amount is to be properly accounted for as of a different period." Accrual method taxpayers normally recognize income when "all the events have occurred which fix the right to receive" income and the amount of income "can be determined with reasonable accuracy."Sec. 1.451-1(a), Income Tax Regs. However, as more fully explained, infra, payments of option premiums are not recognized when received, even when the recipient has a fixed right to retain the payments, because the character of those payments is uncertain until the option has been exercised or has lapsed. E.g.,Old Harbor Native Corp. v. Commissioner, 104 T.C. 191">104 T.C. 191 , 200 (1995). Because of the unique facts in this case, we must examine the rules governing the tax treatment of option premiums and the policy underlying those rules to decide *259 whether a prior approval purchase contract constitutes an option for Federal income tax purposes."An option*56 has historically required the following two elements: (1) A continuing offer to do an act, or to forbear from doing an act, which does not ripen into a contract until accepted; and (2) an agreement to leave the offer open for a specified or reasonable period of time."
Id. at 201 (citingSaviano v. Commissioner, 80 T.C. 955">80 T.C. 955 , 970 (1983), affd.765 F.2d 643">765 F.2d 643 (7th Cir. 1985)). "The primary legal effect of an option is that it limits the promisor's power to revoke his or her offer. An option creates an unconditional power of acceptance in the offeree." Id. (citing 1Restatement, Contracts 2d, sec. 25(d) (1981)). An option normally provides a person a right to sell or to purchase "' at a fixed price within a limited period of time but imposes no obligation on the person to do so'". SeeElrod v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 1046">87 T.C. 1046 , 1067 (1986) (quotingKoch v. Commissioner, 67 T.C. 71">67 T.C. 71 , 82 (1976)). An agreement that purports to be an "option", but is contingent or otherwise conditional on some act of the offering party, is not an option.Saviano v. Commissioner, supra at 970 .An option*57 contract grants the optionee the right to accept or reject an offer according to its terms within the time and manner specified in the option.
Estate of Franklin v. Commissioner, 64 T.C. 752">64 T.C. 752 , 762 (1975), affd. on other grounds544 F.2d 1045">544 F.2d 1045 (9th Cir. 1976); 1 Williston on Contracts,sec. 5:16 (4th ed. 2004). Options have been characterized as unilateral contracts because one party to the contract is obligated to perform, while the other party may decide whether or not to exercise his rights under the contract.U.S. Freight Co. v. United States, 190 Ct. Cl. 725">190 Ct. Cl. 725 , 422 F.2d 887">422 F.2d 887, 894 (1970). Courts have found that the holder of an option must have a "truly alternative choice" to exercise the option or to allow it to lapse.Id. at 895 ; see alsoHalle v. Commissioner, 83 F.3d 649">83 F.3d 649 , 654 (4th Cir. 1996), revg. and remandingKingstowne L. P. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1994- 630 ;Koch v. Commissioner, supra at 82 . Thus,
the clear distinction between an option and a contract of sale
is that an option gives a person a right to purchase [or sell]
at a fixed price within a limited period of*58 time but imposes no
obligation on the person to do so, whereas a contract of sale
contains mutual and reciprocal obligations, the seller being
obligated to sell and the purchaser being obligated to buy.
[Koch v. Commissioner, supra at 82 .]*260 Option payments are not includable in income to the optionor until the option either has lapsed or has been exercised.
Kitchin v. Commissioner, 353 F.2d 13">353 F.2d 13 , 15 (4th Cir. 1965), revg.T.C. Memo. 1963-332 ;Va. Iron Coal & Coke Co. v. Commissioner, 99 F.2d 919">99 F.2d 919 (4th Cir. 1938), affg.37 B. T. A. 195 (1938) ;Elrod v. Commissioner, supra at 1066-1067 ;Koch v. Commissioner, supra at 89 . InRev. Rul. 58-234, 1 C.B. 279">1958-1 C.B. 279 , 283-284, the Commissioner has reiterated these same principles:
An optionor, by the mere granting of an option to sell (" put"),
or buy (" call"), certain property, may not have parted with any
physical or tangible assets; but, just as the optionee thereby
acquires a right to sell, or buy, certain property at a fixed
price during a specified future period*59 or on or before a
specified future date, so does the optionor become obligated to
accept, or deliver, such property at that price, if the option
is exercised. Since the optionor assumes such obligation, which
may be burdensome and is continuing until the option is
terminated, without exercise, or otherwise, there is no closed
transaction nor ascertainable income or gain realized by an
optionor upon mere receipt of a premium for granting such an
option. The open, rather than closed, status of an unexercised
and otherwise unterminated option to buy (in effect a "call")
was recognized, for Federal income tax purposes, in A. E.
Hollingsworth v. Commissioner, 27 B.T.A. 621">27 B.T.A. 621 , * * * (1933).
It is manifest, from the nature and consequences of "put" or
"call" option premiums and obligations, that there is no Federal
income tax incidence on account of either the receipt or the
payment of such option premiums, i.e., from the standpoint of
either the optionor or the optionee, unless and until the
options have been terminated, by failure to exercise, *60 or
otherwise, with resultant gain or loss. The optionor, seeking to
minimize or conclude the eventual burden of his option
obligation, might pay the optionee, as consideration for
cancellation of the option, an amount equal to or greater than
the premium. Hence, no income, gain, profits, or earnings are
derived from the receipt of either a "put" or "call" option
premium unless and until the option expires without being
exercised, or is terminated upon payment by the optionor of an
amount less than the premium. Therefore, it is considered that
the principle of the decision in North American Oil
Consolidated v. Burnet, 286 U.S. 417">286 U.S. 417 , 52 S. Ct. 613">52 S. Ct. 613, 76 L. Ed. 1197">76 L. Ed. 1197, 1 C.B. 293">1932-1 C.B. 293 * * * (1932), which
involved the receipt of "earnings," is not applicable to
receipts of premiums on outstanding options.Rev. Rul. 58-234, supra at 284, 285 , summarizes the tax treatment of put option premiums as follows:[T]he amount (premium) received by the writer (issuer or
optionor) of a "put" or "call" option which is not exercised
constitutes ordinary income, for Federal income tax purposes,
*61 under
section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 , *261 to beincluded in his gross income only for the taxable year in which
the failure to exercise the option becomes final.
* * * * * * *
[W]here a "put" option is exercised, the amount (premium)
received by the writer (issuer or optionor) for granting it
constitutes an offset against the option price, which he paid
upon its exercise, in determining his (net) cost basis of the
securities that he purchased pursuant thereto, for subsequent
gain or loss purposes. * * *
See also
Rev. Rul. 78-182, 1 C.B. 265">1978-1 C.B. 265 .A contract is an option contract when it provides (A) the option to buy or sell, (B) certain property, (C) at a stipulated price, (D) on or before a specific future date or within a specified time period, (E) for consideration.
W. Union Tel. Co. v. Brown, 253 U.S. 101">253 U.S. 101 , 110, 40 S. Ct. 460">40 S. Ct. 460, 64 L. Ed. 803">64 L. Ed. 803 (1920);Halle v. Commissioner, supra at 654 ;Old Harbor Native Corp. v. Commissioner, 104 T.C. at 201 ;Estate of Franklin v. Commissioner, supra at 762-763 ;*62Rev. Rul. 58-234 , supra. To determine whether a contract constitutes an option, courts look at the contractual language and the economic substance of the agreement.Halle v. Commissioner, supra. Petitioner's prior approval purchase contracts exhibit the following characteristics of an option for tax purposes: (1) The prior approval purchase contracts satisfy the formal requirements of option contracts; (2) the economic substance of the prior approval purchase contracts indicates that the contracts are an option; and (3) the rationale for granting open transaction treatment to option premium applies to petitioner's transactions.
1. Formal Requirements of the Option
Petitioner's prior approval purchase contracts provide for the optional delivery of mortgages by an originator. The Sellers' and Servicers' Guide states: "Delivery under this program is optional. However, unless the optional delivery contract is converted to a mandatory delivery contract within the 60- day optional delivery period, the mortgage may not be delivered". (Emphasis added.) The contractual terms specifically provide that an originator has the right, but not an obligation, *63 to sell the mortgage to petitioner. The prior approval purchase contract specified the mortgage that petitioner was obligated to purchase if an originator exercised its option. To participate *262 in the prior approval program, an originator would execute and deliver to petitioner a Form 6, which set forth the details of a specific mortgage to be delivered.
Despite the language of the prior approval purchase contracts, respondent argues that the form of the contracts does not create an option. In support of its argument, respondent quotes the Sellers' & Servicers' Guide, which states: "' Under this program, [petitioner] will contract with the [originator] before the closing date of the mortgage to purchase a multifamily mortgage on a specific existing project. '" Respondent argues that the terms contain an explicit offer to purchase by petitioner and an explicit acceptance by an originator.
We agree that petitioner has made an explicit offer to purchase an originator's mortgage; this is consistent with an option contract. In fact, an essential characteristic of an option contract is that one party is obligated to perform, while the other party may decide whether or not to exercise*64 his rights under the contract.
U.S. Freight Co. v. United States, 422 F.2d 887">422 F.2d 887 , 190 Ct. Cl. 725">190 Ct. Cl. 725 (1970). Respondent's position ignores both the reality and the language in the Sellers' & Servicers' Guide that delivery of the mortgage by an originator is "optional".Respondent argues that the prior approval purchase contracts are not options because these contracts lack a fixed purchase price that petitioner will pay in the event an originator delivered a mortgage. Respondent contends that the price was not fixed because an originator could deliver a mortgage at either the maximum required net yield or the alternate required net yield, which was not fixed until an originator converted a prior approval purchase contract into a mandatory delivery contract.
The prior approval purchase contracts establish a formula to determine the price, which petitioner and an originator agreed to use. Form 6 identified the amount of the mortgage that petitioner was obligated to purchase. The maximum required net yield provides the minimum price that petitioner would pay to an originator to purchase the mortgage. While the alternate required net yield allowed an originator to potentially*65 receive a more favorable purchase price, we do not think that this feature of the contract changes the fact that the parties to the prior approval purchase contracts *263 agreed to a formula that determined the stipulated price. See
Estate of Franklin v. Commissioner, 64 T.C. at 763-764 .In an option contract, the seller agrees to hold an offer open for a specified period of time.
Old Harbor Native Corp. v. Commissioner, supra at 201 . It is clear that the prior approval purchase contracts establish a specific time for an originator to exercise its right to sell the mortgage to petitioner.Petitioner granted an option for consideration. The Sellers' and Servicers' Guide states:
A commitment fee of 2 percent of the amount of the purchase
contract must be submitted by the [originator] with the executed
purchase contract. Three-fourths of the commitment fee is
refundable on the Freddie Mac funding date, when the mortgage,
meeting all of the terms of the purchase contract and section
3803, is delivered to the applicable Freddie Mac regional office
on or before the delivery date stated in the purchase contract.
*66 When petitioner and an originator entered into a prior approval purchase contract, petitioner was entitled to retain the 0.5-percent nonrefundable portion of the commitment fee. This nonrefundable portion of the commitment fee constitutes consideration to petitioner for granting an option.
2. Economic Substance of the Option
An essential part of any option is that its potential value to the optionee and its potential future detriment to the optionor depends on the uncertainty of future events. An optionee is willing to pay for potential future value, and the optionor is willing to accept a potential future detriment for a price. For example, in a typical put option, the optionee is willing to pay a premium to the optionor for the right to sell a security to the optionor at an agreed price sometime in the future. If the market value of the security falls below the exercise price, the optionee can sell the security to the optionor at a price greater than its value on the exercise date. That potential opportunity is what the optionee paid for. Likewise, the premium received by the optionor is compensation for accepting the potential risk of having to purchase at*67 an unfavorable price. If the market value of the security rises above the exercise price, the option will not be *264 exercised, and the optionor keeps the option premium for having accepted the risk associated with uncertainty.
The prior approval program involves an option to sell exercisable by an originator. An originator (optionee) can choose to enforce its rights to sell a mortgage to petitioner (optionor) at an agreed pricing formula but is under no legal obligation to do so. During the period when it can exercise its option to sell, the originator can choose between the agreed maximum yield for petitioner or, if interest rates fall, a lesser yield for petitioner. If interest rates rise above the agreed maximum yield, petitioner is required to purchase the mortgage on terms less favorable than they would have been at current rates.
The option of whether to sell the mortgage also protects an originator from the risk it might not close the subject mortgage, making the sale to petitioner impossible. Without the option, the originator's failure to deliver could result in serious sanctions including the originator's disqualification from further dealings with petitioner. An originator*68 could avoid the commitment fee altogether by entering into an immediate delivery purchase contract; however, a failure to deliver the mortgage to petitioner under an immediate delivery purchase contract can result in sanctions including disqualification of an originator from future mortgage sales to petitioner. In most cases, the penalty for nondelivery is disqualification of an originator from eligibility to sell mortgages to petitioner. Given petitioner's prominent position in the secondary mortgage market, disqualification of an originator would seem to be of great importance to an originator and would explain why an originator is willing to pay the nonrefundable commitment fee in return for retaining the option to deliver the mortgage. The uncertainty of an originator's ability to deliver a mortgage that has not closed and the potential detriment to be suffered in that event, constitutes a future contingency that the optionee is willing to pay to protect itself against. This contingency, while apparently unlikely to occur, is obviously of sufficient concern to originators to justify selection of the prior approval purchase contract and payment of the nonrefundable portion of the*69 commitment fee, rather than entering into an immediate delivery purchase contract and risk default and the related sanctions. Petitioner, on the other hand, is willing to make delivery *265 optional, and thereby give up the rights and remedies it would have had under an immediate delivery contract, in return for the nonrefundable portion of the commitment fee.
Respondent argues that the possible forfeiture of the 1.5- percent refundable portion of the commitment fee makes it virtually certain that the mortgage sale will be consummated, negating any real option for an originator. Petitioner acknowledges that potential loss of the refundable portion of the commitment fee was intended to encourage an originator to sell the mortgage if there was a mortgage to sell. Indeed, an originator's agreement to forfeit the nonrefundable portion indicates its intent to follow through with the sale if possible. But the possible inability to deliver and related sanctions were apparently of sufficient concern to originators to justify payment of the 0.5-percent nonrefundable portion in order to make delivery optional. If such risk were not significant, originators could simply have entered into mandatory*70 delivery contracts and avoided the nonrefundable fee.
Respondent cites
Halle v. Commissioner, 83 F.3d 649">83 F.3d 649 (4th Cir. 1996), as authority for his argument that there was no option. In Halle, a corporation owned land, which the taxpayer wanted to purchase. The taxpayer formed a limited partnership to purchase all the stock of the corporation. The limited partnership and the corporation entered into a stock purchase agreement, which stated that "' Seller hereby agrees to sell to Buyer, and Buyer agrees to purchase from Seller'" the stock of the corporation for $ 29 million. The agreement required the limited partnership to pay a $ 3 million deposit and the balance at settlement. The agreement permitted the limited partnership to defer the settlement date by paying monthly installments of $ 225,000. If the limited partnership defaulted, the contract provided that it would forfeit the downpayment and monthly installments already paid. The limited partnership paid the seller $ 900,000 to defer settlement and deducted those payments as settlement interest on its income tax returns. The Commissioner disallowed the claimed interest deduction, arguing that the agreement was an option.*71 The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit examined the language of the stock purchase agreement and the economic substance of the transaction to determine whether the contract *266 was an option. The Court found that under the terms of the agreement, the seller had an unconditional obligation to sell the stock, the limited partnership had an unconditional obligation to purchase the stock, and the agreement did not expressly provide the limited partnership with the option to withdraw from the transaction. The court also found that the economic substance of the stock purchase agreement created indebtedness. To find that the contract created indebtedness, the court relied on "(1) the amount of the contractually specified liquidated damages, (2) the extent to which [the limited partnership] assumed real economic burdens of ownership before settlement, (3) [the limited partnership's] peripheral activities before settlement, and (4) the absence of apparent motives for creating an option contract."
Id. at 655 .Unlike Halle v. Commissioner, supra , we find that the terms and the economic realities of the prior approval purchase contracts indicate that these contracts*72 were options. The Sellers' & Servicers' Guide indicates that the prior approval purchase contract offers an alternative to the immediate delivery purchase program when an originator and the borrower have not closed on a mortgage. By entering into an immediate delivery purchase contract, an originator could receive a commitment from petitioner without paying the 0.5- percent nonrefundable fee. However, originators who participated in the prior approval program chose to pay the commitment fee to protect themselves from fluctuations in interest rates during the period when the option was open and the uncertainty associated with the possibility that the mortgages might not close within the delivery period. Had originators been absolutely certain that they could deliver the mortgages, they could have entered into an immediate delivery purchase contract and avoided any commitment fee. The prior approval purchase contracts provided an originator with protection in the event it could not deliver a mortgage to petitioner. Thus, despite the fact that originators delivered mortgages to petitioner in approximately 99 percent of the prior approval purchase contracts, originators were apparently*73 willing to pay a premium for the option because they were uncertain about when or whether they would in fact have a mortgage to sell to petitioner.*267 3. Rationale for Option Treatment
The policy rationale for the tax treatment of an option as an open transaction is that the outcome of the transaction is uncertain at the time the payments are made. That uncertainty prevents the proper characterization of the premium at the time it is paid. See
Dill Co. v. Commissioner, 33 T.C. 196">33 T.C. 196 , 200 (1959), affd.294 F.2d 291">294 F.2d 291 (3d Cir. 1961). "Since the optionor assumes such obligation, which may be burdensome and is continuing until the option is terminated, without exercise, or otherwise, there is no closed transaction nor ascertainable income or gain realized by an optionor upon mere receipt of a premium for granting such an option."Rev. Rul. 58-234, 1958-1 C.B. at 283 .Respondent argues that open transaction treatment is inappropriate because petitioner had a fixed right to the nonrefundable portion of the commitment fee at the time the prior approval purchase contracts were executed. However, the fixed right to a payment does not determine*74 the tax treatment of an option premium. In
Va. Iron Coal & Coke Co. v. Commissioner, 37 B. T. A. 195 (1938) , affd.99 F.2d 919">99 F.2d 919 (4th Cir. 1938), the taxpayer received payments for an option and had a fixed right to retain them. The Court explained that these payments were entitled to open transaction treatment, despite the taxpayer's right to retain the payments, because the taxpayer did not know whether the funds would represent income or a return of capital when they were received.The uncertainty associated with the 0.5-percent nonrefundable portion of the commitment fee is similar to the uncertainty described by the
Board of Tax Appeals in Va. Iron Coal & Coke Co. v. Commissioner, supra. In that case (involving a call option), the Court stated:
Had the option been exercised, they [the premium] would have
represented a return of capital, that is, a recovery of a part
of the basis for gain or loss which the property had in the
hands of the seller. In that event they would not have been
income and their return as income when received would have been
improper. * * * But in case of termination of the option*75 andabandonment by the Texas Co. of its right to have the payments
applied as a part of the purchase price, it would be apparent
for the first time that the payments represented clear gain to
the petitioner. In that case, since no property would be sold,
there would be no reason to reduce the basis of that retained.
Id. at 198 . *268 In the instant case, when an originator delivered a mortgage, petitioner properly treated the nonrefundable portion of the commitment fee as a reduction in the consideration that it paid for the mortgage. SeeRev. Rul. 78-182, 1 C.B. 265">1978-1 C.B. 265 , 266;Rev. Rul. 58-234, 1958-1 C.B. at 285 ("[W] here a 'put' option is exercised, the amount (premium) received by the writer (issuer or optionor) for granting it constitutes an offset against the option price, which he paid upon its exercise, in determining his (net) cost basis of the securities that he purchased pursuant thereto, for subsequent gain or loss purposes."). In those instances when an originator failed to deliver a multifamily mortgage to petitioner within the delivery period, petitioner realized income in the year that an originator allowed*76 the option to lapse. SeeRev. Rul. 58-234 , supra.Finally, respondent relies on
Chesapeake Fin. Corp. v. Commissioner, 78 T.C. 869">78 T.C. 869 (1982), to support his argument against treating the nonrefundable portion of the commitment fee as option premium. In Chesapeake Fin. Corp., the taxpayer made construction and permanent loans available to developers and received commitment fees. Typically, a borrower would apply for a loan for a proposed project, and the taxpayer would determine whether the project was economically feasible. If the taxpayer decided the project was feasible, it would obtain the borrower's authorization to place a loan with an institutional investor. If the institutional investor approved the loan, it issued a commitment to the taxpayer; upon acceptance, the commitment constituted a contract between the institutional investor and the taxpayer. The commitment specified the terms of the proposed loan and generally required the taxpayer to pay a nonrefundable commitment fee. Most commitments also required the taxpayer to pay an additional "deposit fee" in the event the loan failed to close. The "deposit fee" usually equaled 1 percent of the proposed*77 loan. When the taxpayer received the commitment from the institutional investor, the taxpayer issued its own commitment to the borrower, which incorporated the terms and conditions of the institutional investor's commitment. The borrower was required to pay a commitment fee and an additional fee equal to the nonrefundable fee that the taxpayer paid to the institutional investor. The taxpayer had a fixed right to the commitment fee when the borrower *269 accepted its commitment; however, the taxpayer reported the fees in income when the loans were permanently funded. The taxpayer argued that under the "all events" test, it had not earned the fees until the loans were actually funded.The Court found that the taxpayer's "commitment fees were received as a payment for specific services rendered to the borrower in arranging for a favorable loan package for the borrower with an institutional investor."
Id. at 878 . The Court explained that the commitment fees compensated the taxpayer for "evaluating the economic potential of the proposed project, finding a willing investor to provide financing and then negotiating two separate commitments, one from the institutional investor and*78 one that it issues to the borrower." Id. The Court held that the commitment fees were taxable in the year of receipt.Chesapeake Fin. Corp. are distinguishable from the nonrefundable portion of the commitment fees received by petitioner for granting options. Whereas the taxpayer in Chesapeake Fin. Corp. acted as a loan originator for the borrower, petitioner agrees to purchase a mortgage from an originator. *79 Indeed, in Chesapeake Fin. Corp., there was apparently no argument and certainly no consideration or discussion by the Court about whether the fees might constitute option premiums. Instead, the taxpayer in Chesapeake Fin. Corp. argued that the "all events" test was satisfied when the loans were actually funded, not when it received the fees.Conclusion
Because the terms and the economic substance of the prior approval purchase contracts indicate that petitioner and originators entered into option contracts, we hold that petitioner *270 properly treated the 0.5-percent nonrefundable portion of the commitment*80 fees as option premiums.
To reflect the foregoing,
An appropriate order will be issued.
Appendix
Mortgages Not Delivered To Petitioner Under
The Prior Approval Program
During the taxable years 1985 through 1988, and 1990, the 67 mortgages, which the originators failed to deliver to petitioner, are as follows:
Expiration of 0.5 Percent
Contract 60-day (or 15-day) Nonrefundable
Contract No. Amount Period Fee
____________ ________ __________________ _____________
1 8504030076 $ 1,000,000 5/17/85 $ 5,000
2 8501170017 153,000 6/7/85 765
3 8510110117 430,000 11/10/85 2,150
4 8505100095 100,000 11/15/85 500
5 8511050016 560,000 12/5/85 2,800
6 8511210097 4,200,000 12/21/85 21,000
*81 7 8605200051 2,939,000 6/2/86 14,695
8 8602070074 269,000 8/11/86 1,345
9 8607310296 1,365,000 8/30/86 6,825
10 8512120155 600,000 9/9/86 3,000
11 8606130126 539,000 9/10/86 2,695
12 8607170569 1,145,000 9/10/86 5,725
13 8602260159 100,000 9/17/86 500
14 8609220258 2,450,000 9/30/86 12,250
15 8609090420 194,000 10/9/86 970
16 8609100388 2,365,000 10/10/86 11,825
17 8609150342 4,020,000 10/15/86 20,100
18 8607110490 1,145,000 10/23/86 5,725
19 8609290083 504,000 10/29/86 2,520
20 8608060428 1,312,000 *82 11/3/86 6,560
21 8610270173 396,000 11/4/86 1,980
22 8610300720 297,000 11/7/86 1,485
23 8610300728 250,000 11/7/86 1,250
24 8603260291 1,635,000 11/12/86 8,175
25 8610140245 750,000 11/13/86 3,750
26 8605160050 250,000 11/14/86 1,250
27 8607140072 379,000 11/17/86 1,895
28 8610210279 738,000 11/20/86 3,690
29 8611200558 350,000 11/24/86 1,750
30 8610200110 410,000 11/25/86 2,050
31 8610310637 354,000 11/30/86 1,770
32 8611040013 605,000 12/4/86 3,025
33 8612150095 268,000 12/17/86 1,340
34 8611210206*83 300,000 12/21/86 1,500
35 8612240362 1,565,000 2/4/87 7,825
36 8704300034 537,000 7/14/87 2,685
37 8708100024 355,000 10/9/87 1,775
38 8708120349 1,600,000 10/11/87 8,000
39 8708120350 850,000 10/11/87 4,250
40 8708120351 255,000 10/11/87 1,275
41 8708200206 1,400,000 10/19/87 7,000
42 8708200328 515,000 10/19/87 2,575
43 8709255114 1,080,000 10/25/87 5,400
44 8712075071 525,000 1/6/88 2,625
45 8801225093 2,602,000 2/21/88 13,010
46 8802085188 700,000 3/9/88 3,500
47 8803245036 450,000 4/23/88 *84 2,250
48 8805105385 1,712,000 6/9/88 8,560
49 8808055045 2,900,000 9/4/88 14,500
50 8808265106 2,000,000 9/25/88 10,000
51 8809305154 3,400,000 10/30/88 17,000
52 8810045195 800,000 11/3/88 4,000
53 8810175155 585,000 11/16/88 2,925
54 8811215091 700,000 11/28/88 3,500
55 8811085234 3,600,000 12/8/88 18,000
56 8811095145 750,000 12/9/88 3,750
57 8912125085 4,240,000 1/11/90 21,200
58 8912115094 985,000 1/26/90 4,925
59 9001105083 970,000 2/9/90 4,850
60 9001255072 835,000 2/24/90 4,175
61 9002055068 2,335,000 *85 3/7/90 11,775
62 9001195042 700,000 4/10/90 3,500
63 9002205045 130,000 5/22/90 650
64 9001175071 5,490,000 6/29/90 27,450
65 9007115075 100,000 8/10/90 500
66 9002215058 256,000 10/1/90 1,280
67 9008135001 667,700 12/31/90 3,335
Total: $ 77,961,700 $ 389,905
Footnotes
1. The adjustments proposed in the notices of deficiency for 1985 through 1990 pertaining to the commitment fee issue included a small amount of commitment fees related to single-family optional delivery mixed in with the prior approval program. The parties have since resolved the commitment fee issue as to the single-family program.↩
2. See
Fed. Home Loan Mortgage Corp. v. Commissioner, 121 T.C. 129">121 T.C. 129 , 121 T.C. 254">121 T.C. 254, 121 T.C. 279">121 T.C. 279 (2003), T.C. Memo. 2003-298↩.3. All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure, and all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the taxable years in issue.↩
4. Petitioner's Sellers' & Servicers' Guide, which is part of the contract, states that petitioner "may disqualify or suspend a * * * [an originator] for * * * [an originator's] failure to deliver any documents under a * * * mandatory delivery purchase program, as required by section 0601". Sec. 0601 of the Sellers' and Servicers' Guide states that "Delivery under the * * * immediate delivery purchase programs is mandatory. * * * Delivery is not mandatory under the home mortgage optional delivery purchase programs." The guide also provides that petitioner may disqualify or suspend an originator for "failure to observe or comply with any term or provision of the purchase document". In addition to disqualification and suspension, petitioner "reserves the right to take whatever other action it deems appropriate to protect its interests and enforce its rights".↩
5. In 1982, petitioner charged a commitment fee equal to 2 percent of the commitment amount (the principal amount of the mortgage to be delivered), which was fully refunded to a mortgage originator if the mortgage was delivered. In September 1983, the commitment fee was changed so that the amount charged to a mortgage originator was still 2 percent, with 1 percent being nonrefundable and 1 percent refundable when the mortgage loan was delivered. The commitment fee structure was changed again for the years in issue.↩
6. For Federal income tax purposes, the 1.5-percent refundable portion of the commitment fee was treated by petitioner as a payable upon its receipt and was taken into income only if the underlying mortgages were not delivered to petitioner. Petitioner's tax accounting for the 1.5-percent refundable portion of the fee is not at issue.↩
7. The Sellers' & Servicers' Guide does not use the term "put options" or "put option" to describe these commitment arrangements.↩
8. A basis point (bp) is 1/100th of a percent.↩
9. Effective July 1986, upon electing to effectuate delivery with a mandatory delivery contract with an alternative required net yield, an originator could request an increase in the maximum amount of the mortgage to be delivered. The amount of any increase was at the sole discretion of petitioner. Upon the request for an increase, an originator was required to remit $ 1,000 plus 2 percent of the increased mortgage amount within 24 hours. Of this 2 percent, 0.5 percent was nonrefundable and, if approved, petitioner was entitled to retain the fee. Upon purchase of the mortgage, petitioner refunded 1.5 percent of the total mortgage amount as increased.↩
10. The maximum required net yield is the maximum interest rate that petitioner may receive from the mortgage delivered by an originator.↩
11. When an originator serviced a mortgage for petitioner, it received the amount of interest on the mortgage in excess of the required net yield. The minimum servicing spread is the difference between the maximum mortgage interest rate and the maximum required net yield.↩
12. If petitioner's required net yield on the day of delivery election was lower than the maximum required net yield, an originator holding a higher than current market-rate mortgage would normally obtain a spread greater than the minimum servicing spread specified in
sec. 2603 ↩ of petitioner's Sellers' and Servicers' Guide.13. An originator finding a more attractive opportunity for disposing of a mortgage had to consider the forfeiture of the 1.5-percent refundable portion of the commitment fee.↩
14. When a mortgage was delivered in the same year that petitioner received the commitment fee, petitioner recognized the nonrefundable portion of the commitment fee in the year of receipt, to the extent of amortization for that year.↩
15. Petitioner was unable to locate records of the prior approval purchase contracts executed in 1989 that would identify the mortgages from that year, if any, where the specified mortgages were undelivered.↩
16. A "put" option gives the option holder the right, but not the obligation, to sell something at an agreed upon price or pricing formula for a limited period of time.↩
17. In addition to the fees in issue, petitioner also received a nonrefundable application/review fee of the greater of $ 1,500 or 0.10 percent of the original principal amount of the mortgage (but not in excess of $ 2,500). This fee, which is not at issue, appears to compensate petitioner for the type of services for which the taxpayer received commitment fees in
Chesapeake Fin. Corp. v. Commissioner, 78 T.C. 869">78 T.C. 869↩ (1982).18. Loans are not sales transactions. "When a taxpayer receives a loan, he incurs an obligation to repay that loan at some future date. Because of this obligation, the loan proceeds do not qualify as income to the taxpayer."
Commissioner v. Tufts, 461 U.S. 300">461 U.S. 300 , 307, 103 S. Ct. 1826">103 S. Ct. 1826, 75 L. Ed. 2d 863">75 L. Ed. 2d 863↩ (1983). Petitioner did not make loans to the originators; instead, petitioner agreed to purchase a mortgage from the originators.
Document Info
Docket Number： No. 3941-99; 15626-99
Judges： "Ruwe, Robert P."
Filed Date： 11/21/2005
Precedential Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/14/2024